Studying social interactions through immersive virtual environment technology: Virtues, pitfalls, and future challenges

Thegoalofthepresentreviewistoexplainhowimmersivevirtualenvironmenttechnology(IVET)canbeusedforthestudyofsocialinteractionsandhowtheuseofvirtualhumansinimmersivevirtualenvironmentscanadvanceresearchandapplicationinmanydifferentfields.Researchersstudyingindividualdifferencesinsocialinteractionsaretypicallyinterestedinkeepingthebehaviorandtheappearanceoftheinteractionpartnerconstantacrossparticipants.WithIVETresearchershavefullcontrolovertheinteractionpartners,canstandardizethemwhilestillkeepingthesimulationrealistic.Virtualsimulationsarevalid:growingevidenceshowsthatindeedstudiesconductedwithIVETcanreplicatesomewell-knownfindingsofsocialpsychology.Moreover,IVETallowsresearcherstosubtlymanipulatecharacteristicsoftheenvironment(e.g.,visualcuestoprimeparticipants)orofthesocialpartner(e.g.,his/herrace)toinvestigatetheirinfluencesonparticipants'behaviorandcognition.Furthermore,manipulationsthatwouldbedifficultorimpossibleinreallife(e.g.,changingparticipants'height)canbeeasilyobtainedwithIVET.Besidetheadvantagesfortheoreticalresearch,weexplorethemostrecenttrainingandclinicalapplicationsofIVET,itsintegrationwithothertechnologies(e.g.,socialsensing)andfuturechallengesforresearchers(e.g.,makingthecommunicationbetweenvirtualhumansandparticipantssmoother).

High Altitude Increases Alteration in Maximal Torque but Not in Rapid Torque Development in Knee Extensors after Repeated Treadmill Sprinting.

We assessed knee extensor neuromuscular adjustments following repeated treadmill sprints in different normobaric hypoxia conditions, with special reference to rapid muscle torque production capacity. Thirteen team- and racquet-sport athletes undertook 8 × 5-s "all-out" sprints (passive recovery = 25 s) on a non-motorized treadmill in normoxia (NM; FiO2 = 20.9%), at low (LA; FiO2 = 16.8%) and high (HA; FiO2 = 13.3%) normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitudes of ~1800 m and ~3600 m, respectively). Explosive (~1 s; "fast" instruction) and maximal (~5 s; "hard" instruction) voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) of the knee extensors (KE), with concurrent electromyographic (EMG) activity recordings of the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles, were performed before and 1-min post-exercise. Rate of torque development (RTD) and EMG (i.e., Root Mean Square or RMS) rise from 0 to 30, -50, -100, and -200 ms were recorded, and were also normalized to maximal torque and EMG values, respectively. Distance covered during the first 5-s sprint was similar (P > 0.05) in all conditions. A larger (P < 0.05) sprint decrement score and a shorter (P < 0.05) cumulated distance covered over the eight sprints occurred in HA (-8 ± 4% and 178 ± 11 m) but not in LA (-7 ± 3% and 181 ± 10 m) compared to NM (-5 ± 2% and 183 ± 9 m). Compared to NM (-9 ± 7%), a larger (P < 0.05) reduction in MVC torque occurred post-exercise in HA (-14 ± 9%) but not in LA (-12 ± 7%), with no difference between NM and LA (P > 0.05). Irrespectively of condition (P > 0.05), peak RTD (-6 ± 11%; P < 0.05), and normalized peak RMS activity for VL (-8 ± 11%; P = 0.07) and RF (-14 ± 11%; P < 0.01) muscles were reduced post-exercise, whereas reductions (P < 0.05) in absolute RTD occurred within the 0-100 (-8 ± 9%) and 0-200 ms (-10 ± 8%) epochs after contraction onset. After normalization to MVC torque, there was no difference in RTD values. Additionally, the EMG rise for VL muscle was similar (P > 0.05), whereas it increased (P < 0.05) for RF muscle during all epochs post-exercise, independently of the conditions. In summary, alteration in repeated-sprint ability and post-exercise MVC decrease were greater at high altitude than in normoxia or at low altitude. However, the post-exercise alterations in RTD were similar between normoxia and low-to-high hypoxia.

L'Écho de Paris

1888/10/12 (Numéro 1664).

L'Écho de Paris

1888/08/25 (Numéro 1616).

Novum Testamentum, pars.

Avec prologues et arguments. Evang. Matthaei (2), etc. — Actus Apost. (121) ; VII Epist. canon. (156) ; Apocalypsis (170v) ; XIV Epist. Pauli, cum epist. ad Laodicenses (186, 236). — Interpretationes nominum hebraicorum : « Andreas, decus in statione... — ... Ellenon... sive scientia Dei. » (253v).

Coran.

Al-Qur'ān

Vies de saints de janvier et février.

Adelardus (17). - Agatha (259 v°). - Agnes (187 v°). - Aldegundis (236). - Amandus (270 v°). - Andreas, ep. Fesuz. (32 v°). - Ansbertus (293). - Antonius abbas (147 v°). - Arcadius (89). - Austreberta (298). - Babylas (209). - Bathildis (227 v°). - Bazianus, ep. Laudensis (169). - Benedictus Anglus (90). - Berardus et alii discipuli s. Francisci (142 v°). - Bertulphus (260 v°). - Blasius (255). - Bonitus (128 v°). - Brigitta (249). - Canutus rex (40). - Clans Vienn. 13). - Constantius, ep. Perus.(234 v°). - Desiderius Vienn. (309 v°). - Dorothea (267). - Ephrem (245 v°). - Epiphanius Ticin. (192). - Eutimius (176 v°). - Felix Nolanus (113). - Fructuosus (190 v°). - Fulgentius Rusp. (1v°). - Furseus (141). - Gaudentius (200). - Gentilis Ravenn. (233). - Gertrudes ab Oesten (37). - Godefridus, comes Cappenb. (107 v°). - Gordius centurio (23 v°). - Guarinus, ep. Praenest. (274). - Gudula (62). - Guill. dux Aquit. (301). - Guill. archiep. Bitur. (81). - Helena (275). - Herminus (28). - Hilerius (91 v°). - Honoratus Lirin. (133 v°). - Ignatius (244). - Ildephonsus (207 v°). - Joh. elem. (202). - Julianus Saba (115 v°). - Juventius et Maximus (210 v°). - Laurentius Cantuar. (254 v°). - Laurentius Justinianus (66 v°). - Leobardus (162 v°). - Macarius (14). - Marcella (239). - Marcus (241). - Marguareta Hungar. (230 v°). - Martina (1). - Maurus (119 v°). - Odilo (9 v°). - Patroclus (189 v°). - Paula (223). - Petrus Aulonensis (23). - Polycarpus (220 v°). - Poppo Stabul. (214). - Praejectus (242). - Rambertus (256). - Remigius (95 v°). - Remundus a Penia Forti (46). - Richardus, rex Angl. (275 v°). - Romualdus (276). - Sebastianus (171). - Severinus Nauric. (52). - Severinus Agaun. (308 v°). - Severus Ravenn. (251 v°). - Sigebertus rex (252 v°). - Speusippus (145). - Sulpitius (159). - Vedastus (268). - Vincentius diac. (199). - Volstanus, ep. Wigorn. (165 v°).

Anthologie latine.

Acquis entre 1752 et 1753 du fils de Jean-Baptiste Lantin de Dijon, parent de Claude Saumaise, parmi les mss. de Cl. Saumaise vendus à l'abbé Sallier pour la Bibliothèque du roi pour le prix global de 600 livres; cf. B.n.F., département des Manuscrits, Archives Modernes 492bis, registre des acquisitions du département des Manuscrits 1806-1820, f. 55-59, et Archives Ancien Régime 65, f. 313-314 et 349 "In f°. Codex pmembranaceus quo continentur epigrammata et poematia vetera, eadem pleraque quae edita sunt Lugduni anno 1616 apud Jacobum Chovet. Auctores in hac collectione recensiti sunt (...)"; cf. Delisle, Cab. des mss., I, 362 (éd. du catalogue des mss. de Saumaise) et 426; — ex-libris "Cl. Salmasii" (1)