976 resultados para Groundwater abstraction


Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli löytää vastauksia siihen, mikä on tärkeimpien avoimen lähdekoodin kirjastojen toteutuksen tämän hetkinen taso. Työssä tutkittiin WxWidgetsin, GTK+:n ja Qt:n toteutuksen tasoa käytämällä hyväksi McCaben, Henry&Kafuran ja Chidamberin & Kemererin esittelemiä staattisia menetelmiä. Lisäksi ikkunointikirjastojen lähdekoodin käännetty koko mitattiin eri käyttöjärjestelmissä. Tutkimuksessa esitellään valittujen kirjastojen arkkitehtuuri ja vertaillaan esiteltävien kirjastojen arkkitehtuurisia ratkaisuja toisiinsa. Tämän jälkeen arvioidaan staattisten menetelmien tuottamien tuloksien merkitystä kahdesta näkökulmasta: mitä tulokset kertovat kirjastoista kun niitä verrataan toisiinsa ja mitä silloin kun niitä verrataan kyseisen kirjaston ja muiden kirjastojen arkkitehtuurisiin ratkaisuihin. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin Qt:n sisältävän kaikkein vähiten kirjaston ulkopuolisia riippuvuuksia. Tämän lisäksi sen huomattiin sisältävän muista kirjastoista puuttuvia ominaisuuksia. Osittain edellämainitusta syystä johtuen Qt:n ongelmakohdaksi havaittiin joidenkin sen osien suuri monimutkaisuus ja tästä seuraava mahdollinen vaikeasti ylläpidettävä lähdekoodi. GTK+:n lähdekoodi sisältää muita kirjastoja vähemmän sisäisiä riippuvuuksia samaan kirjastoon, on korkeammalla abstraktiotasolla ja kirjaston osat ovat siirrettävissä ja erotettavissa toisistaan. Joissakin kohdissa GTK+:n ja etenkin sen C++-rajapinnan GTKmm:n lähdekoodi on kuitenkin tarpeettoman monimutkaista. WxWidgetsin toteutuksen havaittiin Qt:n tavoin olevan hyvin itsenäinen kokonaisuus, WxWidgetsin lähdekoodin monimutkaisuus on useimmiten jotakin GTK+:n ja Qt:n väliltä. WxWidgets on Qt:a vähemmän itsenäinen mutta kuitenkin itsenäisempi kuin GTK+. Kuten muutkin kirjastot myös wxWidgetsillä on omat kohtansa, joissa sen lähdekoodi on tarpeettoman monimutkaista.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Diplomityössä tutkittiin kromatografian, elektroforeesin ja spektrometrian käyttöä ympäristövesianalytiikassa. Kokeellisessa osassa analysoitiin Saimaan Vesi- ja Ympäristötutkimus Oy:n keräämistä kaatopaikka-, jätevesi-, pohjavesi-, vesistö-, uimahalli-, yksityiskaivo-, poreallas- ja suovesinäytteistä epäorgaaniset anionit (F-, Cl-, Br-, NO3-, NO2- SO42-ja PO42-) sekä ionikromatografilla että kapillaarielektroforeesilla. Näytteet on kerätty Saimaan alueen ympäristökunnista. Kapillaarielektroforeesilla analysoitiin lisäksi tiosulfaatti. Liekkiatomiabsorptio-spektrometrilla analysoitiin Cu, Fe, Na ja Al. Natriumia löytyi jokaisesta vesinäytteestä. Pohjavesistä ei löytynyt rautaa eikä alumiinia ja kuparipitoisuudet olivat alle määritysrajan. Vesistövesistä kahdessa näytteessä oli alle määritysrajan olevia rautapitoisuuksia. Muissa näytteissä ei rautaa ollut. Suovesistä kuparia löytyi hyvin pieniä määriä ja yhdestä näytteestä alumiinia alle määritysrajan. Kaatopaikkavesissä kuparipitoisuudet sekä kolmessa näytteessä alumiinipitoisuudet olivat alle määritysrajan. Jätevesistä oletettiin löytyvän suuria määriä typpispesieksiä ja fosforia. Niitä kuitenkin esiintyi isoissa pitoisuuksissa vain suovesinäytteissä. Jätevesinäytteet sisälsivät bromidia, nitraattia ja fluoridia jopa yli 140 mg/l. Kapillaarielektroforeesilla ja ionikromatografilla mitatut anionipitoisuudet korreloivat hyvin toisiaan. Kontaminoituja vesiä löytyi pohja-, kaatopaikka-, jäte- ja vesistövesistä sekä uima-altaan terapiaaltaan vedestä.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Työssä tutkitaan puolustusvoimien pohjavesialueilla sijaitsevien ampuma- ja harjoitus-alueiden toimintojen riskejä ja määritellään niiden perusteella toimintamallia pohjavesien suojelemiseksi. Työn tilaajana on puolustusvoimat, jolla on useita harjoitusalueita luokitelluilla pohjavesialueilla. Pohjavesi on rajallinen maanalainen vesivarasto, joka on haavoittuvainen ympäristövai-kutuksille vaikean puhdistettavuutensa takia. Pohjaveden pilaaminen on lailla kielletty. Lainsäädäntö velvoittaa toiminnanharjoittajia olemaan selvillä toimintojen ympäristö-vaikutuksista ja ennalta ehkäisemään mahdollisia vaikutuksia. Työn tarkoituksena oli selvittää ampuma- ja harjoitusalueiden toimintojen riskejä poh-javedensuojelua ajatellen. Riskejä arvioitiin sijainnin ja päästöjen kannalta, satunnais-päästöriskianalyysiä käyttäen. Riskit luokiteltiin merkittävyyden kannalta eri riskiluok-kiin, joista merkittävimmille laadittiin toimenpide-ehdotuksia. Esimerkkikohteena käy-tettiin Taipalsaaren ampuma- ja harjoitusaluetta, jolle laadittiin riskianalyysin perusteella tarkkailusuunnitelmaehdotus. Työn lopputuloksena syntyi toimintamalliehdotus riskien arvioimiselle ja tarkkailu-suunnitelman laatimiselle. Tätä mallia voidaan käyttää hyväksi ampuma- ja harjoitus-alueiden ympäristövaikutuksien hallinnan suunnittelussa.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Groundwater from nine wells of three different districts, located at Sana'a secretariat was analyzed for hydrochemical quality assessment. Measurements of water quality parameters including pH, EC, CO3(2-), HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-), Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, K+, and Na+ were carried out . Classification of the groundwater samples according to Cl, SO4(2-), CO3(2-) and HCO3-, hardness (H), total dissolved solids (TDS), base-exchange, and meteoric genesis was demonstrated. Suitability of ground water samples for irrigation and industrial uses according to sodium adsorption ration (SAR), ratio of dissolved sodium (RDS), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and saturation index (SI) was also investigated. The results of this study showed that almost all ground water samples were of good quality that makes them suitable for drinking and domestic uses. Results also indicated that even though some of the ground water samples were suitable for irrigation purposes, almost all of them were found not be good for industrial uses. Despite all drawbacks of the sewerage system built around Sana'a secretariat at the beginning of the first decade of the third millennium, the results of this study indicate that there is scope of significant improvement in Sana'a secretariat ground water quality.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Systems biology is a new, emerging and rapidly developing, multidisciplinary research field that aims to study biochemical and biological systems from a holistic perspective, with the goal of providing a comprehensive, system- level understanding of cellular behaviour. In this way, it addresses one of the greatest challenges faced by contemporary biology, which is to compre- hend the function of complex biological systems. Systems biology combines various methods that originate from scientific disciplines such as molecu- lar biology, chemistry, engineering sciences, mathematics, computer science and systems theory. Systems biology, unlike “traditional” biology, focuses on high-level concepts such as: network, component, robustness, efficiency, control, regulation, hierarchical design, synchronization, concurrency, and many others. The very terminology of systems biology is “foreign” to “tra- ditional” biology, marks its drastic shift in the research paradigm and it indicates close linkage of systems biology to computer science. One of the basic tools utilized in systems biology is the mathematical modelling of life processes tightly linked to experimental practice. The stud- ies contained in this thesis revolve around a number of challenges commonly encountered in the computational modelling in systems biology. The re- search comprises of the development and application of a broad range of methods originating in the fields of computer science and mathematics for construction and analysis of computational models in systems biology. In particular, the performed research is setup in the context of two biolog- ical phenomena chosen as modelling case studies: 1) the eukaryotic heat shock response and 2) the in vitro self-assembly of intermediate filaments, one of the main constituents of the cytoskeleton. The range of presented approaches spans from heuristic, through numerical and statistical to ana- lytical methods applied in the effort to formally describe and analyse the two biological processes. We notice however, that although applied to cer- tain case studies, the presented methods are not limited to them and can be utilized in the analysis of other biological mechanisms as well as com- plex systems in general. The full range of developed and applied modelling techniques as well as model analysis methodologies constitutes a rich mod- elling framework. Moreover, the presentation of the developed methods, their application to the two case studies and the discussions concerning their potentials and limitations point to the difficulties and challenges one encounters in computational modelling of biological systems. The problems of model identifiability, model comparison, model refinement, model inte- gration and extension, choice of the proper modelling framework and level of abstraction, or the choice of the proper scope of the model run through this thesis.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Mikkelin talousvedestä kahden kolmasosan tullessa Pursialan pohjavesialueelta on alueen suojeleminen tärkeää. Pohjaveden laatua uhkaavat etenkin alueella sattuneet pohjavedenpilaantumistapaukset. Merkittävimmät pohjaveden pilaantumistapaukset ovat VAPO Oy:n sahan aiheuttama pohjaveden pilaantuminen kloorifenoleilla (CP) ja VR:n ratapölkkykyllästämön aiheuttama pohjaveden pilaantuminen kreosoottiöljyllä sekä Rinnekadun Nesteen aiheuttama pohjaveden pilaantuminen MTBE:llä. Alueella on tehty tutkimuksia ja kunnostuksia pilaantumiin liittyen, mutta näiden tuloksia ei ole aikaisemmin koottu yhteen. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli koota tulokset samaan aineistoon. Työssä keskityttiin kloorifenolien leviämisen tarkasteluun sen Pursialan pohjavedenottamolle muodostaman suurimman uhan vuoksi. Kallioperätietojen, maanpintatietojen ja näytetietojen pohjalta laadittiin myös pienoismalli CP-pilaantuman leviämisen kokonaiskuvan hahmottamiseksi. Työn tavoitteena oli lisäksi tehdä riskitarkastelua CP-pilaantumaan liittyen ja etsiä keinoja hallita havaittuja riskejä. Riskinhallintaan liittyen työssä tutkittiin kloorifenoleilla pilaantuneen alueen maaperä- ja kalliotietoja sekä pohjaveden laatutietoja. Pursialan pohjavedessä on runsaasti rautaa ja mangaania sekä aggressiivista hiilihappoa. Pohjaveden pH on alueella noin 6,5, lämpötila noin 7,5 ºC ja happipitoisuus noin 0,7 mg/l. Pursialan kaupunginalueen kallioperässä on havaittavissa VAPO Oy:n sahalta vedenottamolle etenevä kalliopainanne, jota pitkin CP etenee. Alueen kallioperä on kiillegneissiä, jossa on pohjois–etelä-suuntaista rakoilua. Maaperätuloksien perusteella on havaittavissa vettä hyvin johtavien maakerrosten jatkuminen koko vedenottamon ja sahan välisen matkan, mikä tarkoittaa, että CP-pitoisella pohjavedellä voi olla aiemmin oletettua nopeampikin yhteys sahalta vedenottamolle. Suurin CP-pitoisuus noin 100 000 µg/l on mitattu KY-5-altaan kohdalle asennetun M14-pohjavesiputken pohjasta. Talousvesiasetuksen raja-arvo CP:lle on 10 µg/l. Sahan ja vedenottamon puolivälissä on havaittu yli 10 000 µg/l meneviä CP-pitoisuuksia. Suurin vedenottamon kaivoista (kaivo 10) mitattu pitoisuus on 149 µg/l. Jakotukilta raakavedestä otetuissa näytteissä tai talousvedessä ei ole kuitenkaan havaittu talousvesiasetuksen ylittäviä CP-pitoisuuksia. Pienoismallin perusteella CP sijaitsee sahan alueella lähellä kallionpintaa ja hajaantuu koko pohjavesipatjaan vedenottamolle päin mentäessä. CP-mittaustuloksissa on havaittavissa pulssimaisuutta. Tämä johtuu todennäköisesti Saimaan pinnan vaihtelun seurauksena muuttuvasta rantaimeytyneen pohjaveden määrästä. Saimaan pinnan nousu näyttäisi tuloksien perusteella nostavan CP-pitoisuuksia saha-alueella ja laskevan lähellä vedenottamoa. Pohjaveden pintatietojen perusteella tehdyn tarkastelun mukaan pohjavesi voi kulkeutua sahalta vedenottamolle parhaimmillaan noin vuodessa. Työssä arvioitiin KY-5–liuoksen vuosittaiseksi käyttömääräksi noin 648–970 m3. Allassakkaa arvioitiin syntyneen yhteensä noin 10–31 m3. Pohjaveteen arvioitiin joutuneen toiminnan aikana yhteensä noin 3 000–4 000 kg CP:tä. Kloorifenolit esiintyvät pohjavedessä lähes täysin kloorifenolaatteina. Kloorifenolien hajoaminen ja muuntuminen pohjavedessä on epätodennäköistä. Käsitteellisen mallin mukaan kloorifenolipilaantuman suurimmat riskit aiheutuvat kloorifenolien mahdollisuudesta pilata Pursialan vedenottamon talousvesi. Tällä hetkellä riskejä hallitaan kloorifenolien leviämisen tarkkailulla, sahan ja vedenottamon puolivälissä sijaitsevalla koepumppauksella sekä varautumalla aktiivihiilijauheen syöttöön talousvesiprosessiin. Koepumppauksen avulla on saatu ylös tällä hetkellä noin 69 kg kloorifenoleita. Tutkimuksen perusteella suositeltavimmat riskinhallintatoimet tulevaisuudessa ovat sahalla sijaitseva kunnostuspumppaus, sahan ja vedenottamon väliin sijoittuva suojapumppaus- ja vesiverhoyhdistelmä sekä sahan rannan kautta tapahtuvan rantaimeytymisen estäminen.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In areas where there is irrigated agriculture, the recuperation of water reserves in alluvial aquifers may occur preferentially due to precipitation. Recharging can be evaluated from variation information of water depth measured in piezometers or observation wells. Thus, the aim of this research is to study the recharge in the alluvial aquifer formed by the Mimoso temporary stream in the semiarid region of Pernambuco (PE), Brazil, using the method of the fluctuation of the water level. This system is typical on the Brazilian Northeast semiarid region, using groundwater for domestic supply and for irrigation on small scale agriculture. Monthly potentiometric levels and rainfall data were used. The selected period for the study, from January 2002 to October 2009, involved extreme events of flooding and droughts as well as regular years, providing a better understanding of the behavior of the alluvial recharge. It was found that the system responds significantly to precipitation events. It was also observed that even with different soil textures in the study area, recharge factors were not significantly different. The study provided a better understanding of the behavior of aquifer recharge and its relationship with the soil and the rainfall events in the region.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of sunflower plants irrigated with different levels of domestic treated sewage and groundwater well with different doses of nitrogen. It was used randomized blocks design in split-split plots with four replications. In the plots, we evaluated the effect of two types of irrigation water, in the subplots we evaluated the five irrigation levels expressed as 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of the Class A pan Evaporation (CAE), and in the sub subplots, we evaluated the effect of four different doses of nitrogen (25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1). The irrigation of sunflower with domestic sewage produced greater yield potential of grain and oil. The use of water from treated wastewater can replace up to 50 kg N ha-1 without affecting productivity. It is recommended for the commercial production of sunflower the use of treated sewage water with irrigation depth relative to 100% of CAE (296.64 mm) and nitrogen of 25 kg ha-1.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Memristive computing refers to the utilization of the memristor, the fourth fundamental passive circuit element, in computational tasks. The existence of the memristor was theoretically predicted in 1971 by Leon O. Chua, but experimentally validated only in 2008 by HP Labs. A memristor is essentially a nonvolatile nanoscale programmable resistor — indeed, memory resistor — whose resistance, or memristance to be precise, is changed by applying a voltage across, or current through, the device. Memristive computing is a new area of research, and many of its fundamental questions still remain open. For example, it is yet unclear which applications would benefit the most from the inherent nonlinear dynamics of memristors. In any case, these dynamics should be exploited to allow memristors to perform computation in a natural way instead of attempting to emulate existing technologies such as CMOS logic. Examples of such methods of computation presented in this thesis are memristive stateful logic operations, memristive multiplication based on the translinear principle, and the exploitation of nonlinear dynamics to construct chaotic memristive circuits. This thesis considers memristive computing at various levels of abstraction. The first part of the thesis analyses the physical properties and the current-voltage behaviour of a single device. The middle part presents memristor programming methods, and describes microcircuits for logic and analog operations. The final chapters discuss memristive computing in largescale applications. In particular, cellular neural networks, and associative memory architectures are proposed as applications that significantly benefit from memristive implementation. The work presents several new results on memristor modeling and programming, memristive logic, analog arithmetic operations on memristors, and applications of memristors. The main conclusion of this thesis is that memristive computing will be advantageous in large-scale, highly parallel mixed-mode processing architectures. This can be justified by the following two arguments. First, since processing can be performed directly within memristive memory architectures, the required circuitry, processing time, and possibly also power consumption can be reduced compared to a conventional CMOS implementation. Second, intrachip communication can be naturally implemented by a memristive crossbar structure.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The modern society is getting increasingly dependent on software applications. These run on processors, use memory and account for controlling functionalities that are often taken for granted. Typically, applications adjust the functionality in response to a certain context that is provided or derived from the informal environment with various qualities. To rigorously model the dependence of an application on a context, the details of the context are abstracted and the environment is assumed stable and fixed. However, in a context-aware ubiquitous computing environment populated by autonomous agents, a context and its quality parameters may change at any time. This raises the need to derive the current context and its qualities at runtime. It also implies that a context is never certain and may be subjective, issues captured by the context’s quality parameter of experience-based trustworthiness. Given this, the research question of this thesis is: In what logical topology and by what means may context provided by autonomous agents be derived and formally modelled to serve the context-awareness requirements of an application? This research question also stipulates that the context derivation needs to incorporate the quality of the context. In this thesis, we focus on the quality of context parameter of trustworthiness based on experiences having a level of certainty and referral experiences, thus making trustworthiness reputation based. Hence, in this thesis we seek a basis on which to reason and analyse the inherently inaccurate context derived by autonomous agents populating a ubiquitous computing environment in order to formally model context-awareness. More specifically, the contribution of this thesis is threefold: (i) we propose a logical topology of context derivation and a method of calculating its trustworthiness, (ii) we provide a general model for storing experiences and (iii) we formalise the dependence between the logical topology of context derivation and its experience-based trustworthiness. These contributions enable abstraction of a context and its quality parameters to a Boolean decision at runtime that may be formally reasoned with. We employ the Action Systems framework for modelling this. The thesis is a compendium of the author’s scientific papers, which are republished in Part II. Part I introduces the field of research by providing the mending elements for the thesis to be a coherent introduction for addressing the research question. In Part I we also review a significant body of related literature in order to better illustrate our contributions to the research field.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Abstract—This paper discusses existing military capability models and proposes a comprehensive capability meta-model (CCMM) which unites the existing capability models into an integrated and hierarchical whole. The Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture is used as a structure for the CCMM. The CCMM takes into account the abstraction level, the primary area of application, stakeholders, intrinsic process, and life cycle considerations of each existing capability model, and shows how the models relate to each other. The validity of the CCMM was verified through a survey of subject matter experts. The results suggest that the CCMM is of practical value to various capability stakeholders in many ways, such as helping to improve communication between the different capability communities.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Today's networked systems are becoming increasingly complex and diverse. The current simulation and runtime verification techniques do not provide support for developing such systems efficiently; moreover, the reliability of the simulated/verified systems is not thoroughly ensured. To address these challenges, the use of formal techniques to reason about network system development is growing, while at the same time, the mathematical background necessary for using formal techniques is a barrier for network designers to efficiently employ them. Thus, these techniques are not vastly used for developing networked systems. The objective of this thesis is to propose formal approaches for the development of reliable networked systems, by taking efficiency into account. With respect to reliability, we propose the architectural development of correct-by-construction networked system models. With respect to efficiency, we propose reusable network architectures as well as network development. At the core of our development methodology, we employ the abstraction and refinement techniques for the development and analysis of networked systems. We evaluate our proposal by employing the proposed architectures to a pervasive class of dynamic networks, i.e., wireless sensor network architectures as well as to a pervasive class of static networks, i.e., network-on-chip architectures. The ultimate goal of our research is to put forward the idea of building libraries of pre-proved rules for the efficient modelling, development, and analysis of networked systems. We take into account both qualitative and quantitative analysis of networks via varied formal tool support, using a theorem prover the Rodin platform and a statistical model checker the SMC-Uppaal.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Hydraulic head is distributed through a medium with porous aspect. The analysis of hydraulic head from one point to another is used by the Richard's equation. This equation is equivalent to the groundwater ow equation that predicts the volumetric water contents. COMSOL 3.5 is used for computation applying Richard's equation. A rectangle of 100 meters of length and 10 meters of large (depth) with 0,1 m/s fl ux of inlet as source of our fl uid is simulated. The domain have Richards' equation model in two dimension (2D). Hydraulic head increases proportional with moisture content.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The capabilities and thus, design complexity of VLSI-based embedded systems have increased tremendously in recent years, riding the wave of Moore’s law. The time-to-market requirements are also shrinking, imposing challenges to the designers, which in turn, seek to adopt new design methods to increase their productivity. As an answer to these new pressures, modern day systems have moved towards on-chip multiprocessing technologies. New architectures have emerged in on-chip multiprocessing in order to utilize the tremendous advances of fabrication technology. Platform-based design is a possible solution in addressing these challenges. The principle behind the approach is to separate the functionality of an application from the organization and communication architecture of hardware platform at several levels of abstraction. The existing design methodologies pertaining to platform-based design approach don’t provide full automation at every level of the design processes, and sometimes, the co-design of platform-based systems lead to sub-optimal systems. In addition, the design productivity gap in multiprocessor systems remain a key challenge due to existing design methodologies. This thesis addresses the aforementioned challenges and discusses the creation of a development framework for a platform-based system design, in the context of the SegBus platform - a distributed communication architecture. This research aims to provide automated procedures for platform design and application mapping. Structural verification support is also featured thus ensuring correct-by-design platforms. The solution is based on a model-based process. Both the platform and the application are modeled using the Unified Modeling Language. This thesis develops a Domain Specific Language to support platform modeling based on a corresponding UML profile. Object Constraint Language constraints are used to support structurally correct platform construction. An emulator is thus introduced to allow as much as possible accurate performance estimation of the solution, at high abstraction levels. VHDL code is automatically generated, in the form of “snippets” to be employed in the arbiter modules of the platform, as required by the application. The resulting framework is applied in building an actual design solution for an MP3 stereo audio decoder application.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The intensive use of pesticides have contaminated the soil and groundwater. The application of herbicides as controlled release formulations may reduce the environmental damage related to their use because it may optimize the efficiency of the active ingredient and reducing thus the recommended dose. The objective of this study was to evaluate the persistence of the herbicide atrazine applied as commercial formulation (COM) and as controlled release formulation (xerogel - XER) in Oxisol. The experimental design used was split-plot randomized-blocks with four replications, in a (2 x 6) + 1 arrangement. The two formulations (COM and XER) were assigned to main plots and different atrazine concentrations (0, 3.200, 3.600, 4.200, 5.400 and 8.000 g atrazine ha-1) were assigned to sub-plots. Persistence was determined by means of dissipation kinetics and bioavailability tests. The methodology of bioassays to assess the atrazine availability is efficient and enables to distinguish the tested formulations. The availability of atrazine XER is higher than the commercial in two different periods: up to 5 days after herbicide application and at the 35th day after application. The XER formulation tends to be more persistent in relation to COM formulation.