El uso del volador o zumbador en la pesca de la lisa Mugil cephalus

Presenta los resultados de la evaluación realizada del 10 al 12 de marzo de 1995 en los alrededores del puerto de Supe, con la finalidad de determinar los efectos del uso de la herramienta volador o zumbador (arte de pesca) sobre la captura de peces.

Efectos del Fenómeno «El Niño» sobre el Fitoplancton

El fenómeno «El Niño» (EN) que se caracteriza por la presencia de aguas de altas temperaturas y salinidades mayores de 35%0 o menos de 34,8%0 , de acuerdo a la masa de agua que ingresa, produce cambios significativos en la comunidad fitoplanctónica tanto en la abundancia, distribución, así como en la composición específica. La biomasa planctónica en la costa peruana normal­ mente es alta, presentando volúmenes promedios ma­ yores de 3 mi m -3, pero cuando se producen alteraciones como el fenómeno EN encontramos los volúmenes promedio bajos, menores que 1 mi m -3 . En cuanto a la distribución, el fitoplancton en épocas normales está constituido principalmente por las diatomeas, las mismas que se distribuyen a lo largo de la costa y en su mayoría hasta las 60 millas, afuera de ella el fitoplancton está representado por los dinotlagela­ dos; mientras que, en épocas consideradas como EN las diatomeas se distribuyen dentro de las 10 millas y los dinotlagelados propios de aguas calientes se acercan generalmente hasta las 10 millas de la costa. La composición del fitoplancton también varía. En años considerados normales la predominancia está dada por diatomeas como : Schroderella delicatula, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Skeletonema costatum, Asterionella japonica y Chaetoceros y los dinotlagela­ dos: Ceratiumfurca, Protoperidinium obtusum, etc. En épocas consideradas anormales se presentan otras especies como : Thalassiosira partheneia, Rhizosolenia temperei, Rh. castracanei, Streptotheca thamensis y Biddulphia sinensis ; dentro de los dinotlagelados : Cera­ tium breve, C. extensum, C. longirostrum, C. trichoceros, Ceratocorys horrida, Ornithocercus magnificus, O. qua­ dratus, O. steinii y Protoperidinium elegans.

Variaciones del fitoplancton en el área de Chimbote durante 1977

Anliza alrededor de 139 muestras de agua entre marzo y noviembre de 1977 distribuidas en cerca de 50 estaciones de superficie, cerca y lejos de la costa.

Primera alimentación, sobrevivencia y tiempo de actividad de las larvas de anchoveta (Engraulis ringens J.)

Estudio sobre la primera alimentación de larvas de Engraulis ringens J. a bordo del CSS BAFFIN y en el acuario de IMARPE.

The evolution of inequity in the access to health care in Spain: 1987-2001

This paper reports an analysis of the evolution of equity in access to health care in Spain over the period 1987-2001, a time span covering the development of the modern Spanish National Health System. Our measures of access are the probabilities of visiting a doctor, using emergency services and being hospitalised. For these three measures we obtain indices of horizontal inequity from microeconometric models of utilization that exploit the individual information in the Spanish National Health Surveys of 1987 and 2001. We find that by 2001 the system has improved in the sense that differences in income no longer lead to different access given the same level of need. However, the tenure of private health insurance leads to differences in access given the same level of need, and its contribution to inequity has increased over time, both because insurance is more concentrated among the rich and because the elasticity of utilization for the three services has increased too.

Monitoreo oceanográfico pesquero en áreas seleccionadas MOPAS Callao. Mayo 1997

Presenta información que confirma que las aguas ecuatoriales se han seguido proyectando hacia el sur, siendo detectadas en el mes de mayo en el área que cubrió el MOPAS-Callao 9705, mezcladas con Aguas Subtropicales Superficiales (ASS), lo que ha originado una elevación de la temperatura tanto en la superficie como en la columna de agua; paralelamente a las anomalías térmicas.

Influence of age and diet on the performance of Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) a parasitoid of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

The importance of age and feeding on the performance of Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), a parasitoid of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) was investigated in the laboratory. Groups of female parasitoids were subject to the following treatments: a group fed during one, five and ten days after emergence of adults with coffee borer larvae; another group fed only with honey solution during five days after emergence; and as a control, a third group was kept without food for five days. At the end of each treatment, survivorship, parasitoid activity (walking and flying capacity in an arena), search capacity for finding coffee borer-infested berries, host feeding and oviposition (on immature hosts), were assessed. Unfed females showed a significant decrease in survivorship compared to individuals that were fed. The type of meal (insects or honey) did not significantly influence parasitoid activity, search and oviposition capacities. Females fed with honey solution significantly consumed less immature coffee borers. Younger females (one day old) walked and flew out of the arena significantly faster than older ones (5 and 10 days old). Implications of these results are discussed on the performance of C. stephanoderis as a biological control agent of the coffee berry borer.

Monitoreo oceanográfico pesquero en áreas seleccionadas. MOPAS Paita 0012

Presenta los resultados del monitoreo oceanográfico pesquero realizado entre el 28 y 30 de diciembre del 2000, cubriendo el área desde Punta Aguja hasta Talara. Detalla que las condiciones oceanográficas han mostrado una ambiente frío observado desde inicios del otoño de 1998, lo que se ha traducido en el registro de anomalías térmicas negativas. Se presenta la totalidad de los parámetros estudiados: físicos, quimicos, y biológicos con sus respectivas tablas y gráficos.

Informal care and labour force participation among middle-aged women in Spain

Informal care is today the form of support most commonly used by those who need other peoplein order to carry out certain activities that are considered basic (eating, dressing, taking a shower,etc.), in Spain and in most other countries in the region. The possible labour opportunity costsincurred by these informal carers, the vast majority of whom are middle-aged women, have not asyet been properly quantified in Spain. It is, however, crucially important to know these quantities ata time when public authorities appear to be determined to extend the coverage offered up to nowas regards long-term care.In this context, we use the Spanish subsample of the European Community Household Panel (1994-2001) to estimate a dynamic ordered probit and so attempt to examine the effects of various typesof informal care on labour behaviour. The results obtained indicate the existence of labouropportunity costs for those women who live with the dependent person they care for, but not forthose who care for someone outside the household. Furthermore, whereas caregiving for morethan a year has negative effects on labour force participation, the same cannot be said of those who start caregiving and stop caregiving .

Regional differences in socio-economic health inequalities in Spain

This paper reports an analysis of income related health inequalities at the AutonomousCommunity level in Spain using the self assessed health measure in the 2001 edition of theEncuesta Nacional de Salud. We use recently developed methods in order to cardinalise andmodel self assessed health within a regression framework, decompose the sources ofinequality and explain the observed differences across regions. We find that the regions with the highest levels of mean health tend to enjoy the lowest degrees of income related health inequality and vice-versa. The main feature characterizing regions where income related health inequality is low is the absence of a positive gradient between income and health. In turn, the regions where income related health inequality is greater are characterized by a strong and significant positive gradient between health and income. These results suggest that policies aimed at eliminating the gradient between health and income can potentially lead to greate r reductions in socio-economic health inequalities than policies aimed at redistributing income.

Fitness cost of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

Selection pressure to obtain resistant genotypes can result in fitness cost. In this study, we report the effects of the selection pressure of a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis on biological aspects of a Dipel-resistant strain of velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner. Comparisons of Dipel-resistant and susceptible individuals revealed significant differences in pupal weight and larval development time. Both strains (Dipel-resistant and susceptible) were susceptible to Cry1Ac toxin expressed in foliar cotton tissues. Resistant and susceptible strains showed low survival rates of 22.5% and 51.2%, respectively, when fed with Greene diet containing Bt-cotton. Larvae bioassayed after three laboratory generations presented lower survival and less instar numbers than individuals maintained in the laboratory for more than 144 generations. Pupal weight was 9.4% lower and larval development time was 1.9 days longer in the resistant population than in the susceptible strain. Other parameters, such as duration of pupal stage, adult longevity, number of eggs per female, oviposition period, and egg fertility, remained unaffected.

Determinación de las condiciones bioambientales de la poza La Arenilla, La Punta, Callao

Da a conocer los resultados de la prospección realizada en la Poza La Arenilla, La Punta, Callao entre mayo y julio de 1989, con la finalidad de determinar las características biológicas y ambientales que permitan establecer la factibilidad de crear un vivero marino, para así contribuir al ornato y recreación del distrito de La Punta.

Monitoreo oceanográfico pesquero en áreas seleccionadas: Paita, Chimbote, Callao, Pisco e Ilo (MOPAS 9711). Noviembre, 1997

Da a conocer las características del segundo pico de El Niño 1997 - 1998, en su fase inicial, considerando la posibilidad de un segundo pico cuya intensidad no se puede calcurar. El objetivo del estudio, es obtender información precisa y anticipada para que el Gobierno peruano pueda tomar las medidas necesarias ante un desastre natural de mayores consideraciones.

Hypothesis on immigration and welfare

The number of hypothesis trying to explain which are the reasons behind the decision to migrate to work into a developed country are diverse and at the same time, difficult to test due to the multiplicity of factors which affect it. This papers attempts to move forward trying to disentangle which are the socio-economic factors that explain the differences in the figures of immigrants in the OECD countries. We show empirical evidence about the determinants of the migratory flows to 17 OECD countries from 65 countries in the 1980-2000 period. Our results reveal the importance to differentiate the inflows composition by at least income in the origin countries. Thus, regarding inflows from non-high-income countries, the results suggest that there is a pull effect from monetary and not real income, and then, the welfare magnets hypothesis should be rejected. This group reacts more to the migratory policy than the inflows coming from high-income countries, although those policies designed to slow down the inflows have not been able, in the aggregate, to reduce them.

Biotic potential and reproductive parameters of Spodoptera eridania (Stoll) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in the laboratory

Biotic potential and reprodutcive parameters of Spodoptera eridania (Stoll) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in the laboratory: This study aimed to evaluate the biotic potential and reproductive parameters of Spodoptera eridania (Stoll, 1782) under controlled conditions (25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10% RH and 14 hour photophase). The longevity, pre-, post- and oviposition periods, fecundity and fertility of 15 couples was evaluated. The longevity of females (10.80 days) was not significantly higher than those of males (9.27 days). The mean durations of the pre, post and oviposition periods were 2.067, 0.600 and 8.133 days, respectively. The mean fecundity per female was 1,398 eggs and the mean fertility was 1,367.50 larvae. On average, females copulated 1.133 times. A strong positive correlation was observed between the number of mating and fecundity (r = 0.881, P <0.001). However a strong negative correlation was observed between the number of copulations and the duration of the pre-oviposition period (r = -0.826, P = 0.002) and longevity (r = -0.823, P = 0.001). The biotic potential of S. eridania was estimated at 1.894 x 10(25) individuals/female/year. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was 560.531 times per generation and the mean generation time (T) was 35.807 days. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was 0.177, with a finite rate of increase (l) of 1.193, per week