Inter-American programme to promote the human rights of migrants within the framework of the Organization of American States

Includes bibliography

A pragmatic approach to State intervention: the Brazilian case

Includes bibliography

Adjusting power between the State and the market

Includes bibliography

The role of the State and the quality of the public sector

Includes bibliography

Markets and the State in the evolution of the "Prebisch manifesto"

Includes bibliography

Titanium in Dentistry: Historical development, state of the art and future perspectives

Titanium is a metallic element known by several attractive characteristics, such as biocompatibility, excellent corrosion resistance and high mechanical resistance. It is widely used in Dentistry, with high success rates, providing a favorable biological response when in contact with live tissues. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe the different uses of titanium in Dentistry, reviewing its historical development and discoursing about its state of art and future perspective of its utilization. A search in the MEDLINE/PubMed database was performed using the terms 'titanium', 'dentistry' and 'implants'. The title and abstract of articles were read, and after this first screening 20 articles were selected and their full-texts were downloaded. Additional text books and manual search of reference lists within selected articles were included. Correlated literature showed that titanium is the most used metal in Implantology for manufacturing osseointegrated implants and their systems, with a totally consolidated utilization. Moreover, titanium can be also employed in prosthodontics to obtain frameworks. However, problems related to its machining, casting, welding and ceramic application for dental prosthesis are still limiting its use. In Endodontics, titanium has been used in association to nickel for manufacturing rotatory instruments, providing a higher resistance to deformation. However, although the different possibilities of using titanium in modern Dentistry, its use for prostheses frameworks still needs technological improvements in order to surpass its limitations. © 2012 Indian Prosthodontic Society.

Resolution 627(XXXI): Admission of Japan as a member State of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Report of the Expert Group Meeting on Migration, Human Rights and Development in the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Report of the Latin American countries of the present state of the preparatory activities for the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development

Extracto del informe de la Reunión Latinoamericana de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, 31 octubre-2 noviembre 1977

The role of the State and the quality of the public sector

Sectoral policies make explicit and implicit assumptions about the behaviour and capabilities of the agents (such as dynamic responses to market signals, demand-led assistance, collaborative efforts, participation in financing); which we consider to be rather unrealistic. Because of this lack of realism, policies that aim to be neutral often turn out to be highly exclusive. They fail to give sufficient importance to the special features of the sector -with its high climatic, biological and commercial risks and its slow adaptation- or to the fact that those who take decisions in agriculture are now mostly in an inferior position because of their incomes below the poverty line, their inadequate training, their traditions based on centuries of living in precarious conditions, and their geographical location in marginal areas, far from infrastructure and with only a minimum of services and sources of information. These people have only scanty and imperfect access to the markets which, according to the prevailing model, should govern decisions and the (re);distribution of the factors of production. In our opinion, this explains the patchy and lower-than-expected growth registered by the sector after the reforms to promote the liberalization of markets and external openness in the region. In view of the results of the application of the new model, it may be wondered whether Latin America can afford a form of development which excludes over half of its agricultural producers; what the alternatives are; and what costs and benefits each of them offers in terms of production and monetary, social, spatial and other aspects. The article outlines the changes in policies and their results at the aggregate level, summarizes the arguments usually put forward to explain agricultural performance in the region, and proposes a second set of explanations based on a description of the agents and the responses that may be expected from them, contrasting the latter with the supposedly neutral nature of the policies.

A participação dos conselhos de saúde na fiscalização da política de saúde: uma análise da sua ineficiência na RMB

Historicamente, o controle social das políticas públicas como direito Constitucional foi uma conquista da sociedade civil, por meio de inúmeras reivindicações e lutas pela defesa do SUS, como garantia de direito à saúde para todos os cidadãos. A participação social surge também como resultado desse processo de luta popular, e a inserção de novos atores sociais na gestão das políticas públicas é reconhecido e legitimado com a promulgação da Constituição federal de 1988. Neste sentido, os Conselhos de Saúde têm apresentado um quadro favorável à inserção de diversos segmentos nas decisões da agenda governamental. Os Conselhos de Saúde da Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB), especificamente os municípios Belém, Marituba e Benevides, foram objeto de pesquisa neste trabalho, que tem como objetivo central identificar a atuação dos Conselhos de Saúde da Região Metropolitana de Belém na fiscalização das ações do SUS. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados nesta pesquisa foram: a entrevista; a observação; o questionário de entrevista aplicado aos conselheiros; e a pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. Utilizamos também a análise de discurso e de conteúdo, considerando principalmente a análise de anunciação e a análise temática, configurando em uma pesquisa quali e quantitativa. Os resultados da pesquisa constataram que, por meio de dados empíricos e conceituais de organização, na perspectiva de Olson (1999) e Michels (1982), de participação social, controle social e fiscalização utilizada neste trabalho, os entraves de cunho ideológico, social e econômico interferem de forma direta ou indireta na ineficiência das ações dos Conselhos. Sobretudo, são as questões políticas que influenciam de forma expressiva na fiscalização dos CS, muitas vezes de maneira “silenciosa” nas decisões e, consequentemente, na ineficiência da participação da sociedade nos Conselhos em sua função que, apesar de ser inerente, não funciona – a função fiscalizadora. Portanto, contribuir conceitual e metodologicamente para a análise dos níveis de fiscalização existentes nos CS foi o grande desafio deste trabalho, realizado por meio da construção da matriz da fiscalização, a fim de alterar o quadro situacional da ineficiência dos Conselhos na atualidade, considerando as diversidades, divergências e convergências existentes entre os atores envolvidos no processo de construção da Política de Saúde Municipal. Os resultados da pesquisa refletem um panorama desfavorável à efetiva fiscalização dos Conselhos, quando nos remetemos aos resultados centrais da referida pesquisa: os CS não cumprem seu papel fiscalizador; não há relação direta entre o que é decidido nas plenárias pelos conselheiros e os serviços implementados nos municípios; e não existem prioridades estabelecidas no processo decisório das ações a serem implementadas pelo CS. Sendo assim, o nível de fiscalização dos CS da RMB é predominantemente o nível 1, isto é, sem fiscalização. Neste sentido, afirmamos que os Conselhos de Saúde, apesar de ser uma conquista de lutas populares pela ampliação da participação na gestão pública, ainda predomina um baixo nível de fiscalização ou até mesmo nenhuma fiscalização da política municipal de saúde, o que pode ser considerado um dos entraves à consolidação do SUS, como estratégia à concretização do Estado democrático no país.

State of the art on animal embryonic chimeras

Embryonic chimerism is generally used in basic research and in vivo diagnosis of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells (ESC), mostly using mice embryos, although there have been reports in the literature on using rat, rabbit, sheep, chicken, primate, bovine, goat and pig embryos. Several techniques can currently be used to produce chimeric embryos, including microinjection, co-culture with ESC, fusion and aggregation. Although microinjection is the most commonly used method in mice, the mere aggregation of embryos with ESC may result in viable chimeras and be as efficient as microinjection. In mice, this chimerism technique has been shown to have the advantage of aggregating embryos in different stages of development with different ploidy, in addition to using ESC in the tetraploid complementation assay. Compared to other techniques for producing chimeras, the aggregation technique is a cheaper, faster and easier methodology to be performed. Moreover, aggregation can be simplified by chemically removing the zona pellucida with pronase or acidic Tyrode’s solution and be enhanced by using the Well of the Well culture system in combination with adhesion molecules, such as phytohemagglutinin. The most commonly used stages for chimerism by aggregation are those that precede the full compaction of the morula. In these stages, embryos have low-tension adherent junctions at the tangential point between two blastomeres. During the embryonic development of mice, the inner cell mass differentiates into epiblast and hypoblast. These layers will originate the fetal tissues and a portion of the extraembryonic tissues (yolk sac, allantois and amnion), whereas the trophectoderm (TE) gives rise to the chorion. A functional TE is essential for the complex molecular communications that occur between the embryo and the uterus. Embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer, such as commercial cattle clones or endangered species, are subject to large fetal and neonatal losses. Hence embryo complementation with heterologous TE could be of assistance to decrease these losses and might as well assist development of high-value embryos in other approaches.