Warped extra dimensions: flavor, precision tests and Higgs physics

In this thesis, the phenomenology of the Randall-Sundrum setup is investigated. In this context models with and without an enlarged SU(2)_L x SU(2)_R x U(1)_X x P_{LR} gauge symmetry, which removes corrections to the T parameter and to the Z b_L \bar b_L coupling, are compared with each other. The Kaluza-Klein decomposition is formulated within the mass basis, which allows for a clear understanding of various model-specific features. A complete discussion of tree-level flavor-changing effects is presented. Exact expressions for five dimensional propagators are derived, including Yukawa interactions that mediate flavor-off-diagonal transitions. The symmetry that reduces the corrections to the left-handed Z b \bar b coupling is analyzed in detail. In the literature, Randall-Sundrum models have been used to address the measured anomaly in the t \bar t forward-backward asymmetry. However, it will be shown that this is not possible within a natural approach to flavor. The rare decays t \to cZ and t \to ch are investigated, where in particular the latter could be observed at the LHC. A calculation of \Gamma_{12}^{B_s} in the presence of new physics is presented. It is shown that the Randall-Sundrum setup allows for an improved agreement with measurements of A_{SL}^s, S_{\psi\phi}, and \Delta\Gamma_s. For the first time, a complete one-loop calculation of all relevant Higgs-boson production and decay channels in the custodial Randall-Sundrum setup is performed, revealing a sensitivity to large new-physics scales at the LHC.

The structuring body : a critical study in the description & explanation of perceptual experience

The aims of the dissertation are to find the right description of the structure of perceptual experience and to explore the ways in which the structure of the body might serve to explain it. In the first two parts, I articulate and defend the claim that perceptual experience seems direct and the claim that its objects seem real. I defend these claims as integral parts of a coherent metaphysically neutral conception of perceptual experience. Sense-datum theorists, certain influential perceptual psychologists, and early modern philosophers (most notably Berkeley) all disputed the claim that perceptual experience seems direct. In Part I, I argue that the grounds on which they did so were poor. The aim is then, in Part II, to give a proper appreciation of the distinctive intentionality of perceptual experience whilst remaining metaphysically neutral. I do so by drawing on the early work of Edmund Husserl, providing a characterisation of the perceptual experience of objects as real, qua mind-independent particulars. In Part III, I explore two possible explanations of the structure characterising the intentionality of perceptual experience, both of which accord a distinctive explanatory role to the body. On one account, perceptual experience is structured by an implicit pre-reflective consciousness of oneself as a body engaged in perceptual activity. An alternative account makes no appeal to the metaphysically laden concept of a bodily self. It seeks to explain the structure of perceptual experience by appeal to anticipation of the structural constraints of the body. I develop this alternative by highlighting the conceptual and empirical basis for the idea that a first-order structural affordance relation holds between a bodily agent and certain properties of its body. I then close with a discussion of the shared background assumptions that ought to inform disputes over whether the body itself (in addition to its representation) ought to serve as an explanans in such an account.

The phenomenological experiences of Autobiographical Memory: A cross-sectional and a longitudinal study

Phenomenology is a critical component of autobiographical memory retrieval. Some memories are vivid and rich in sensory details whereas others are faded; some memories are experienced as emotionally intense whereas others are not. Sutin and Robins (2007) identified 10 dimensions in which a memory may vary—i.e., Vividness, Coherence, Accessibility, Sensory Details, Emotional Intensity, Visual Perspective, Time Perspective, Sharing, Distancing, and Valence—and developed a comprehensive psychometrically sound measure of memory phenomenology, the Memory Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ). Phenomenology has been linked to underlining stable dispositions—i.e. personality, as well as to a variety of positive/negative psychological outcomes—well-being and life satisfaction, depression and anxiety, among others. Using the MEQ, a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study were conducted on a large sample of American and Italian adults. In both studies, participants retrieved two ‘key’ personal memories, a Turning Point and a Childhood Memory, and rated the affect and phenomenology of each memory. Participants also completed self-reported measures of personality (i.e. Neuroticism and Conscientiousness), and measures of depression, well-being and life satisfaction. The present research showed that phenomenological ratings tend (a) to cross-sectionally increase across adulthood (Study 1), and (b) to be moderately stable over time, regardless the contents of the memories (Study 2). Interrelations among memory phenomenology, personality and psychological outcome variables were also examined (Study 1 and Study 2). In particular, autobiographical memory phenomenology was proposed as a dynamic expression of personality functioning that partially explains adaptive/maladaptive psychological outcomes. In fact, the findings partially supported the hypothesized mediating effect of phenomenology on the personality association with psychological outcomes. Implications of the findings are discussed proposing future lines of research. In particular, the need for more longitudinal studies is highlighted, along with the combined application of both self-report questionnaires and narrative measures.

Transport of nanoparticles into polymersomes : a minimal model system of particles passage through biological membranes

This thesis focuses on the design and characterization of a novel, artificial minimal model membrane system with chosen physical parameters to mimic a nanoparticle uptake process driven exclusively by adhesion and softness of the bilayer. The realization is based on polymersomes composed of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(2-methyloxazoline) (PMDS-b-PMOXA) and nanoscopic colloidal particles (polystyrene, silica), and the utilization of powerful characterization techniques. rnPDMS-b-PMOXA polymersomes with a radius, Rh ~100 nm, a size polydispersity, PD = 1.1 and a membrane thickness, h = 16 nm, were prepared using the film rehydratation method. Due to the suitable mechanical properties (Young’s modulus of ~17 MPa and a bending modulus of ~7⋅10-8 J) along with the long-term stability and the modifiability, these kind of polymersomes can be used as model membranes to study physical and physicochemical aspects of transmembrane transport of nanoparticles. A combination of photon (PCS) and fluorescence (FCS) correlation spectroscopies optimizes species selectivity, necessary for a unique internalization study encompassing two main efforts. rnFor the proof of concepts, the first effort focused on the interaction of nanoparticles (Rh NP SiO2 = 14 nm, Rh NP PS = 16 nm; cNP = 0.1 gL-1) and polymersomes (Rh P = 112 nm; cP = 0.045 gL-1) with fixed size and concentration. Identification of a modified form factor of the polymersome entities, selectively seen in the PCS experiment, enabled a precise monitor and quantitative description of the incorporation process. Combining PCS and FCS led to the estimation of the incorporated particles per polymersome (about 8 in the examined system) and the development of an appropriate methodology for the kinetics and dynamics of the internalization process. rnThe second effort aimed at the establishment of the necessary phenomenology to facilitate comparison with theories. The size and concentration of the nanoparticles were chosen as the most important system variables (Rh NP = 14 - 57 nm; cNP = 0.05 - 0.2 gL-1). It was revealed that the incorporation process could be controlled to a significant extent by changing the nanoparticles size and concentration. Average number of 7 up to 11 NPs with Rh NP = 14 nm and 3 up to 6 NPs with Rh NP = 25 nm can be internalized into the present polymersomes by changing initial nanoparticles concentration in the range 0.1- 0.2 gL-1. Rapid internalization of the particles by polymersomes is observed only above a critical threshold particles concentration, dependent on the nanoparticle size. rnWith regard possible pathways for the particle uptake, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) has revealed two different incorporation mechanisms depending on the size of the involved nanoparticles: cooperative incorporation of nanoparticles groups or single nanoparticles incorporation. Conditions for nanoparticle uptake and controlled filling of polymersomes were presented. rnIn the framework of this thesis, the experimental observation of transmembrane transport of spherical PS and SiO2 NPs into polymersomes via an internalization process was reported and examined quantitatively for the first time. rnIn a summary the work performed in frames of this thesis might have significant impact on cell model systems’ development and thus improved understanding of transmembrane transport processes. The present experimental findings help create the missing phenomenology necessary for a detailed understanding of a phenomenon with great relevance in transmembrane transport. The fact that transmembrane transport of nanoparticles can be performed by artificial model system without any additional stimuli has a fundamental impact on the understanding, not only of the nanoparticle invagination process but also of the interaction of nanoparticles with biological as well as polymeric membranes. rn

Applications of SCET to the pair production of supersymmetric particles at hadron colliders

In this thesis we investigate the phenomenology of supersymmetric particles at hadron colliders beyond next-to-leading order (NLO) in perturbation theory. We discuss the foundations of Soft-Collinear Effective Theory (SCET) and, in particular, we explicitly construct the SCET Lagrangian for QCD. As an example, we discuss factorization and resummation for the Drell-Yan process in SCET. We use techniques from SCET to improve existing calculations of the production cross sections for slepton-pair production and top-squark-pair production at hadron colliders. As a first application, we implement soft-gluon resummation at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic order (NNNLL) for slepton-pair production in the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM). This approach resums large logarithmic corrections arising from the dynamical enhancement of the partonic threshold region caused by steeply falling parton luminosities. We evaluate the resummed invariant-mass distribution and total cross section for slepton-pair production at the Tevatron and LHC and we match these results, in the threshold region, onto NLO fixed-order calculations. As a second application we present the most precise predictions available for top-squark-pair production total cross sections at the LHC. These results are based on approximate NNLO formulas in fixed-order perturbation theory, which completely determine the coefficients multiplying the singular plus distributions. The analysis of the threshold region is carried out in pair invariant mass (PIM) kinematics and in single-particle inclusive (1PI) kinematics. We then match our results in the threshold region onto the exact fixed-order NLO results and perform a detailed numerical analysis of the total cross section.

Spettroscopia di assorbimento di raggi X: apparato per misure in condizioni di illuminazione ottica differenziale come primo passo verso una misura risolta in tempo della struttura locale di molecole metallo-organiche

Il continuo sviluppo negli ultimi anni di diverse declinazioni della spettroscopia d'assorbimento a raggi X (XAS) con radiazione di sincrotrone ha permesso la determinazione della struttura locale di campioni di ogni tipo, dagli elementi puri, ai più moderni materiali, indagando e approfondendo la conoscenza di quei meccanismi che conferiscono a questi ultimi delle proprietà innovative e, a volte, rivoluzionarie. Il vantaggio di questa tecnica è quello di poter ottenere informazioni sulla struttura del campione soprattutto a livello locale, rendendo relativamente agevole l'analisi di sistemi senza ordine a lungo raggio, quali per esempio i film molecolari. Nell'elaborato verrà preliminarmente illustrata la fenomenologia della XAS e l’interpretazione teorica dell'origine della struttura fine. Saranno successivamente descritte le innovative tecniche di misura che permettono di studiare i cambiamenti della struttura locale indotti dall'illuminazione con luce visibile, inclusi gli esperimenti di tipo pump probe. Un capitolo della tesi è interamente dedicato alla descrizione dei campioni studiati, di cui sono stati analizzati alcuni dati acquisiti in condizioni statiche. Quest'analisi è stata compiuta sfruttando anche dei cammini di multiplo scattering dedicando particolare attenzione alla trattazione del fattore di Debye Waller. Nella parte principale della tesi verranno descritti la progettazione ed il test di un apparato sperimentale per l'acquisizione di spettri differenziali da utilizzare alla beamline BM08 dell'European Synchrotron Radiation Facility di Grenoble. Saranno presentate principalmente le modifiche apportate al software d'acquisizione della linea e la progettazione di un sistema ottico d'eccitazione da montare nella camera sperimentale. Nella fase di studio dell'ottica è stato creato in LabView un simulatore basato sul metodo Monte Carlo, capace di prevedere il comportamento del sistema di lenti.

Hadronic matrix elements in lattice QCD

The lattice formulation of Quantum ChromoDynamics (QCD) has become a reliable tool providing an ab initio calculation of low-energy quantities. Despite numerous successes, systematic uncertainties, such as discretisation effects, finite-size effects, and contaminations from excited states, are inherent in any lattice calculation. Simulations with controlled systematic uncertainties and close to the physical pion mass have become state-of-the-art. We present such a calculation for various hadronic matrix elements using non-perturbatively O(a)-improved Wilson fermions with two dynamical light quark flavours. The main topics covered in this thesis are the axial charge of the nucleon, the electro-magnetic form factors of the nucleon, and the leading hadronic contributions to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. Lattice simulations typically tend to underestimate the axial charge of the nucleon by 5 − 10%. We show that including excited state contaminations using the summed operator insertion method leads to agreement with the experimentally determined value. Further studies of systematic uncertainties reveal only small discretisation effects. For the electro-magnetic form factors of the nucleon, we see a similar contamination from excited states as for the axial charge. The electro-magnetic radii, extracted from a dipole fit to the momentum dependence of the form factors, show no indication of finite-size or cutoff effects. If we include excited states using the summed operator insertion method, we achieve better agreement with the radii from phenomenology. The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon can be measured and predicted to very high precision. The theoretical prediction of the anomalous magnetic moment receives contribution from strong, weak, and electro-magnetic interactions, where the hadronic contributions dominate the uncertainties. A persistent 3σ tension between the experimental determination and the theoretical calculation is found, which is considered to be an indication for physics beyond the Standard Model. We present a calculation of the connected part of the hadronic vacuum polarisation using lattice QCD. Partially twisted boundary conditions lead to a significant improvement of the vacuum polarisation in the region of small momentum transfer, which is crucial in the extraction of the hadronic vacuum polarisation.

High precision tools for slepton pair production processes at hadron colliders

In this thesis, we develop high precision tools for the simulation of slepton pair production processes at hadron colliders and apply them to phenomenological studies at the LHC. Our approach is based on the POWHEG method for the matching of next-to-leading order results in perturbation theory to parton showers. We calculate matrix elements for slepton pair production and for the production of a slepton pair in association with a jet perturbatively at next-to-leading order in supersymmetric quantum chromodynamics. Both processes are subsequently implemented in the POWHEG BOX, a publicly available software tool that contains general parts of the POWHEG matching scheme. We investigate phenomenological consequences of our calculations in several setups that respect experimental exclusion limits for supersymmetric particles and provide precise predictions for slepton signatures at the LHC. The inclusion of QCD emissions in the partonic matrix elements allows for an accurate description of hard jets. Interfacing our codes to the multi-purpose Monte-Carlo event generator PYTHIA, we simulate parton showers and slepton decays in fully exclusive events. Advanced kinematical variables and specific search strategies are examined as means for slepton discovery in experimentally challenging setups.

Intangible and tangible heritage

‘Intangible and tangible heritage – a topology of culture in contexts of faith’ presents a conceptual framework which could enable heritage professionals to approach cul-tural heritage in a more holistic understanding. My work emphasizes opportunities for a re-combination – in conceptual and practical terms – of two recently divided heritage typologies: the so-called ‘intangible’ and ‘tangible’ heritage. In arguing that the above division cannot be maintained when observing the dynamic construction and re-affirmation processes of heritage and identity, and further, that this division is a risk to the preservation of the heritage of humankind, I will emphasize that it is important to halt and redirect the progressing divergence of the two fields. This is particularly necessary in the context of UNESCO, which is the driving force behind this conceptual separation. rnTo achieve a conceptual recombination I propose to approach heritage by means of topologies instead of typologies. In topological analysis the researcher’s focus shifts from heritage expressions towards ideas or concepts of heritage, which are defined as logos localised in place, topos, and are proposed to be analysed by means of semiotic phenomenology. Finally, I describe the findings of a topological analysis conducted for a particular heritage concept: the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus.

Studio della struttura locale di droganti in quantum dots mediante spettroscopia di assorbimento di raggi X

La capacità della spettroscopia di assorbimento di riuscire a determinare la struttura locale di campioni di ogni tipo e concentrazione, dagli elementi puri ai più moderni materiali nanostrutturati, rende lo studio dei meccanismi di incorporazione di droganti in matrici di semiconduttori il campo che meglio ne esprime tutto il potenziale. Inoltre la possibilità di ottenere informazioni sulla struttura locale di un particolare elemento in traccia posto in sistemi senza ordine a lungo raggio risulta, ovviamente, nello studio dei semiconduttori di grandissimo interesse. Tuttavia, la complessità di determinate strutture, generate dalla incorporazione di elementi eterovalenti che ne modificano la simmetria, può far si che all’analisi sperimentale si debbano affiancare dei metodi avanzati ab-initio. Questi approcci garantiscono, attraverso la simulazione o di strutture atomiche o dello stesso spettro XAS, di ottenere una più completa e precisa interpretazione dei dati sperimentali. Nella fase preliminare di questo elaborato si illustrerà la fenomenologia della spettroscopia di assorbimento e i fondamenti teorici che stanno alla base dell’analisi della struttura fine di soglia. Si introdurranno contemporaneamente le tecniche sperimentali con cui si realizzano le misure di spettri di assorbimento su una beamline che sfrutta sorgente di radiazione di sincrotrone facendo riferimento agli strumenti montati sulla linea LISA (o BM08) presso l’European Synchrotron Radiation Facility di Grenoble su cui si sono realizzati gli esperimenti di questo lavoro. Successivamente si realizzerà una rassegna di alcuni esperimenti simbolo della analisi della struttura locale di droganti in semiconduttori mediante XAFS, andando ad approfondire i metodi sperimentali associati. Nella parte principale della tesi verranno descritti alcuni tipi di analisi avanzate effettuate su Colloidal Quantum Dots a base di solfuro di piombo drogati con antimonio. Tali sistemi, particolarmente interessanti per potenziali applicazioni in campo optoelettrico, sono stati analizzati mediante misure di fluorescenza ottenute sulla beamline LISA. La fase di analisi ha visto la progettazione di una suite di programmi in C++ per realizzare simulazioni di uno spettro XAS teorico completo basato su strutture ottenute (anche esse) da metodi ab-initio.

Misura dell'angolo γ a LHCb

L’esperimento LHCb al CERN di Ginevra è stato appositamente progettato per effettuare misure di precisione nel settore della fisica del sapore, per verificare la validità delle previsioni del Modello Standard. Il Modello Standard descrive le trasformazioni dello stato di flavour dei quark secondo lo schema di mixing compendiato nella matrice unitaria di Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa. La verifica dell’unitarietà della matrice di mixing è dunque uno dei campi d’indagine più importanti nella fisica delle particelle. I modelli teorici che estendono il Modello Standard prevedono infatti meccanismi alternativi a quello CKM per la trasformazione del flavour che implicherebbero una violazione della unitarietà. Allo scopo di studiare la dinamica del flavour l’esperimento LHCb realizza misure della violazione della simmetria di coniugazione di carica e parità CP. Le misure di violazione della simmetria CP permettono di determinare i valori dei parametri complessi della matrice CKM (modulo e fase). Esse si basano sulla misura delle asimmetrie di decadimento di stati coniugati di carica di mesoni costituiti da quark charm (mesoni D) e beauty (mesoni B) in stati finali costituiti da particelle scelte opportunamente. Di particolare importanza in questo programma di ricerca è la misura della fase del termine Vub della matrice CKM, denominata γ. Scopo della tesi è lo studio dei metodi di misura della fase γ. La tesi è organizzata in quattro capitoli. Nei primi tre capitoli sono state poste le basi teoriche per la comprensione della fenomenologia delle interazioni deboli e della sua descrizione nel Modello Standard. È stata discussa in dettaglio la dinamica del sistema dei mesoni neutri e la violazione della simmetria CP dovuta sia al decadimento sia alla oscillazione. Dopo l’inquadramento teorico, nel quarto e ultimo capitolo, sono stati presentati i tre modelli teorici generalmente utilizzati per la misura della fase γ e impiegati dagli esperimenti dedicati alla fisica del flavour. I metodi proposti sono quelli più importanti, che fino ad oggi hanno consentito di misurare γ. Al momento LHCb ha ottenuto la migliore misura di γ, con un errore relativo del 13%, combinando le tre metodologie di analisi. Si prevede che l’esperimento LHCb possa migliorare significativamente la precisione di misura raccogliendo nel prossimo futuro un campione di eventi di dimensione un’ordine di grandezza maggiore dell’attuale.

Ricerca di una risonanza ad alta massa nello stato finale mu+mu- a sqrt(s)=13 TeV con il rivelatore CMS

Il Modello Standard descrive la fenomenologia delle interazioni fondamentali con estrema precisione; tuttavia è incompleto e deve esistere nuova fisica oltre tale modello. Al momento non si è in grado di prevedere come e a che scala di energia tale fisica si manifesti. Un’eventuale risonanza nello stato finale μ + μ − a masse elevate costituirebbe un segnale di nuova fisica. Un fenomeno di questo tipo viene catalogato come produzione della particella Z' , la quale non rappresenterebbe necessariamente un nuovo bosone vettore sequenziale alla Z_0 . Questa tesi si colloca nell’ambito della ricerca della Z' nei processi di interazione protone-protone a LHC in termini di una generica risonanza che decade in coppie di muoni di carica opposta. I limiti attualmente fissati stabiliscono che non vi siano segnali di nuove risonanze per il Modello Sequenziale (SSM) al di sotto dei 2960 GeV. In questo lavoro di tesi si effettua un’analisi per un’eventuale Z ', fino a 5 TeV di massa. A Maggio 2015, LHC ha raggiunto un’energia nel centro di massa di 13 TeV aumentando di un fattore 10 o più il potere di scoperta per oggetti con massa superiore a 1 TeV. In questo scenario, favorevole all’osservazione di fenomeni rari, si inserisce la mia ricerca.

Vortici in He II superfluido

Studio delle principali proprietà dei fluidi e dei vortici classici. Teorie sui gas di Bose ideali e debolmente interagenti. Proprietà dell'He II. La superfluidità. Cenni alla teoria di Landau e soluzione vorticosa della GPE. Fenomenologia dei vortici quantizzati e quantizzazione della circolazione.

Earth: A Wandering

Earth is the name of our planet and of an element from which we emerge. Pre-modern and non-modern traditions show us how to live at this conjunction better than many modern simulacra. This reflection examines in particular early medieval Christian tradition, set in dialogue with the emerging twenty-first-century field of ecosemiotics, while wandering from the Susquehanna Valley to Middle-earth.

Visual hallucinations

Research into visual hallucinations has accelerated over the last decade from around 350 publications per year in 2000 to over 500 in 2010. Increased recognition of the frequent occurrence of visual hallucinations in a number of common disorders, coupled with improvements in the measurement of phenomenology, and more sophisticated imaging techniques have allowed the development and initial testing of sophisticated models. However, key questions remain unanswered. Amongst these are: whether there is a satisfactory definition of hallucinations in a constructive visual system; whether there are one, two or several core varieties of hallucinations; what are the underlying brain mechanisms for hallucinations; and what, if anything, can be done to treat them when they lead to distress? Looking across research in several clinical areas suggests a tentative integrative model that allows the possibility of answering these questions, but much work remains to be done.