Variações anátomo-fisiológicas face à aclimatação sazonal - estudo em vacas leiteiras com diferente potencial leiteiro

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a caracterização de variações anátomo-fisiológicas que decorrem do processo de aclimatação sazonal em bovinos leiteiros com alto (Altas) e baixo (Baixas) potencial leiteiro, com vista a selecionar animais que conciliem bons desempenhos produtivos e índices de adaptabilidade que possibilitem a mudança de homeostase face às condições climáticas presentes no clima mediterrânico. O estudo foi realizado numa herdade comercial, situada no Alentejo, utilizando 13 vacas multíparas (6 Baixas e 7 Altas), durante três períodos: P1 (animais aclimatados ao verão; presença de stresse térmico); P2 (animais aclimatados ao verão; termoneutralidade); P3 (animais aclimatados ao inverno; termoneutralidade). Em stresse térmico (P1), verificaram-se maiores esforços termolíticos e maiores armazenamentos de calor no grupo das Altas. Observou-se também que a produção de leite das Altas foi afetada pelo stresse térmico, evidênciando uma redução 24-48h após os valores de temperatura retal mais elevados. Nesta situação, as Baixas apresentaram uma variação na produção oposta à das Altas. Em P1, os valores de proteína e de gordura no leite foram significativamente mais baixos que em P3, em ambos os grupos. A ureia no leite foi significativamente mais elevada nas Altas durante o P1, revelando potencial como biomarcador de stresse térmico. Do P1 para o P3 obser-vou-se uma redução gradual do hematócrito, da hemoglobina e da triiodotironina (T3). As Altas apresentaram uma maior redução de triiodotironina (T3) que as Baixas, como consequência de uma maior intensidade de aclimatação. Nos pelos não se registaram diferenças entre os períodos, o que contrasta com alguma bibliografia. Porém, a ausência da insolação direta poderá ter sido um fator determinante; ABSTRACT: The main objective of the present study was the characterization of anatomical and physiological variations that occur in the seasonal acclimatization process of dairy cows with high (Altas) and low (Baixas) milk yield potential. In this way it should be possible to do a selection of animals with good productive traits and also with adaptability indexes that allow a change in homeostasis to cope with the climatic conditions of the mediterranean climate. Meteorological, clinical, productive, physiological and anatomical data were collected. The study was conducted in an Alentejo's dairy farm, using 13 multiparous cows (6 with low milk yield and 7 with high milk yield), during three periods: P1 (animals acclimated to summer, in heat stress); P2 (animals acclimated to summer, thermoneutrality); P3 (animals acclimated to winter; thermoneutrality). In thermal stress (P1), the high milk yield group (Altas) shown greater thermolytic efforts and also higher heat storage. The milk yield in this group was also affected by heat stress, showing a decrease in production when the rectal temperature increased, with a delay of 24-42 hours. In this situation the Baixas group showed an opposite milk production variation. In P1, the protein and fat milk content was lower than in P3, in both groups. Milk urea levels were significantly higher during P1 in the Altas group, revealing potential as an heat stress biomarker. Hematocrit, hemoglobin and triiodothyronine (T3) values gradualy decreased from P1 to P3. T3 values were lower in Altas than in Baixas group, as a consequence of a more intense acclimatization. The hair analysis didn’t show the standard seasonal acclimatization process, indicating the absence of direct solar radiation as a determinant factor.

Comparação de diferentes tipos de exercício na composição corporal e força em jovens desportistas do sexo feminino

O estudo pretende comparar o efeito de diferentes tipos de exercício físico na composição corporal e força em jovens desportistas do sexo feminino. A amostra foi constituída por vinte e seis desportistas femininas com idades compreendidas entre os 16 e 21 anos. Previamente ao início do estudo foram sujeitas ao 1º momento de avaliação, e após vinte e quatro semanas realizaram o segundo e ultimo momento de avaliação. Os parâmetros avaliados foram a composição corporal através da técnica de absorciometria radiológica de dupla energia; a força isocinética, nomeadamente os momentos de força (peak-torques) e rácios nos músculos extensores e flexores do joelho; a potência muscular nos membros inferiores através dos saltos verticais Squat jump e Countermovement jump. Posteriormente foram separadas em quatro grupos, grupo natação e exercício vibratório (NAT EV; n= 6), grupo natação (NAT; n=6), grupo futsal (FUTS; n= 6) e o grupo de controlo (CONT; n= 8). O grupo (NAT/EV), participou num programa de exercício vibratório (EV), três sessões por semana complementar ao treino de natação. O grupo de (NAT) cumpriu o plano de treino correspondente à disciplina, o grupo de (FUTS) cumpriu o treino referente à respetiva modalidade, o grupo controlo (CONT) realizou somente os exercícios físicos inerentes às aulas de educação física na escola. Resultados: Nas comparações inter grupos, verificou-se no grupo FUTS um aumento de 0,1 (g/m2) ± 0,0 nos valores da DMO-PE, quando comparado com o grupo de CONT, nas comparações intra grupo o grupo de NAT EV registou um acréscimo de 0,1 (g/m2) ± 0,1 nos valores da DMO-TC. Em conclusão, os resultados obtidos sugerem que a modalidade de FUTS promoveu mais alterações na composição corporal, nomeadamente na DMO-PE, no entanto dados conseguidos pelo grupo de NAT EV sugerem que o exercício vibratório poderá influenciar positivamente o incremento da DMO; ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to compare the effect of different types of exercise on body composition and strength in young female athletes. The sample consisted of twenty-six female athletes aged between 16 and 21. Before the study there was a 1st evaluation point, after twenty-four weeks there was the 2nd and final evaluation. We evaluated body composition through x-ray absorptiometry technique of dual energy, isokinetic strength, including the peak-torques and ratios in the extensor and flexor muscles of the knee; the muscle power in the lower limbs was evaluatated through the vertical jumps Squat jump and countermovement jump. During the study they were separated into four groups, swimming exercise group and vibration (NAT EV; n = 6), swimming group (NAT; n= 6), footsal group (FUTS; n= 6) and control group (CONT; n= 8). The NAT/EV group, participated in a vibrating exercise program (EV), complementary to swimming training, with three sessions per week. The NAT group fulfilled the corresponding swimming workout plan, FUTS group fulfilled the training related to futsal, the CONT group only performed the usual exercises in physical education classes at school. Results: In intergroup comparisons, there was an increase in FUTS group of 0.1 (g / m2) ± 0.0 in the values of MBD-PE, when compared with the CONT group comparisons in intra-group group NAT EV increased by 0.1 (g / m2) ± 0.1 in BMD-TC values. In conclusion, the results suggest that FUTS group promoted more changes in body composition, particularly in BMD-PE, but data obtained by NAT EV group suggest that vibration exercise can positively influence the increase in BMD.

Composição racial e a avaliação da reação intradérmica de Montenegro em portadores da leishmaniose cutâneo-mucosa

Em um estudo retrospectivo, indivíduos com a forma mucosa da leishmaniose foram pareados (sexo, idade e ocupação) a outros pacientes com a forma cutânea em atividade, não demonstrando-se diferença significante da freqüência nos grupos raciais. Do mesmo modo, o teste intradérmico de Montenegro não se mostrou diferente nos diversos grupos raciais, entre os 96 pares de pacientes estudados. Uma maior enduração foi observada em pacientes com o acometimento mucoso quando comparado aos cutâneos. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT

Síntese, estudo cinético e análise microestrutural do sistema cério-níquel obtido pelo método pechini

The cerium oxide has a high potential for use in removing pollutants after combustion, removal of organic matter in waste water and the fuel-cell technology. The nickel oxide is an attractive material due to its excellent chemical stability and their optical properties, electrical and magnetic. In this work, CeO2-NiO- systems on molars reasons 1:1(I), 1:2(II) e 1:3(III) metal-citric acid were synthesized using the Pechini method. We used techniques of TG / DTG and ATD to monitor the degradation process of organic matter to the formation of the oxide. By thermogravimetric analysis and applying the dynamic method proposed by Coats-Redfern, it was possible to study the reactions of thermal decomposition in order to propose the possible mechanism by which the reaction takes place, as well as the determination of kinetic parameters as activation energy, Ea, pre-exponential factor and parameters of activation. It was observed that both variables exert a significant influence on the formation of complex polymeric precursor. The model that best fitted the experimental data in the dynamic mode was R3, which consists of nuclear growth, which formed the nuclei grow to a continuous reaction interface, it proposes a spherical symmetry (order 2 / 3). The values of enthalpy of activation of the system showed that the reaction in the state of transition is exothermic. The variables of composition, together with the variable temperature of calcination were studied by different techniques such as XRD, IV and SEM. Also a study was conducted microstructure by the Rietveld method, the calculation routine was developed to run the package program FullProf Suite, and analyzed by pseudo-Voigt function. It was found that the molar ratio of variable metal-citric acid in the system CeO2-NiO (I), (II), (III) has strong influence on the microstructural properties, size of crystallites and microstrain network, and can be used to control these properties

Estudo morfológico da blenda polimérica poli(metacrilato de metila)/poli(tereftalato de etileno) reciclado (PMMA/PET)

Among the options for plastics modification more convenient, both from a technical-scientific and economic, is the development of polymer blends by processing in the molten state. This work was divide into two stages, with the aim to study the phase morphology of binary blend PMMA / PET blend and this compatibilized by the addition of the poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) copolymer (MMA-GMA-EA). In the first stage is analyzed the morphology of the blend at a preliminary stage where we used the bottle-grade PET in a Haake torque rheometer and the effect of compatibilizer in this blend was evaluated. In the second stage the blend was processed using the recycled PET in a single screw extruder and subsequently injection molding in the shape of specimens for mechanical tests. In both stages we used a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe the morphologies of the samples and an image analyzer to characterize them. In the second stage, as well as analysis by TEM, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was performed to correlate the morphology with the mechanical properties. The samples used in morphological analyzes were sliced by cryo-ultramicrotomy technique for the analysis by TEM and the analysis by SEM and AFM, we used the flat face of the block after cut cryogenic. It was found that the size of the dispersed phase decreased with the addition of MMA-GMA-EA in blends prepared in a Haake. In the tensile test, the values of maximum tensile strength and modulus of elasticity is maintained in a range between the value of pure PMMA the pure PET, while the elongation at break was influenced by the composition by weight of the PMMA mixture. The coupling agent corroborated the results presented in the blend PMMA / PETrec / MMA-GMA-EA (80/15/5 %w/w), obtained by TEM, AFM and SEM. It was concluded that the techniques used had a good morphologic correlation, and can be confirmed for final analysis of the morphological characteristics of the blends PMMA / PET

Estudo da viabilidade do sistema LZAS para uso como selante de PaCOS

Cells the solid oxide fuel are systems capable to directly convert energy of a chemical reaction into electric energy in clean, quiet way and if its components in the solid state differentiate of excessively the techniques for having all. Its more common geometric configurations are: the tubular one and to glide. Geometry to glide beyond the usual components (anode, cathode and electrolyte) needs interconnect and sealant. E the search for materials adjusted for these components is currently the biggest challenge found for the production of the cells. The sealants need to present chemical stability in high temperatures, to provoke electric isolation, to have coefficient of compatible thermal expansion with the excessively component ones. For presenting these characteristics the glass-ceramics materials are recommended for the application. In this work the study of the partial substitution of the ZrO2 for the Al2O3 in system LZS became it aiming at the formation of system LZAS, this with the addition of natural spodumene with 10, 20 and 30% in mass. The compositions had been casting to a temperature of 1500°C and later quickly cooled with the objective to continue amorphous. Each composition was worn out for attainment of a dust with average diameter of approximately 3μm and characterized by the techniques of DRX, FRX, MEV, dilatometric analysis and particle size analysis. Later the samples had been conformed and treated thermally with temperatures in the interval between 700-1000 °C, with platform of 10 minutes and 1 hour. The analyses for the treated samples had been: dilatometric analysis, DRX, FRX, electrical conductivity and tack. The results point with respect to the viability of the use of system LZAS for use as sealant a time that had presented good results as isolating electric, they had adhered to a material with similar α of the components of a SOFC and had presented steady crystalline phases

Estudo da incorporação da cal em composições binárias de solo-cimento para produção de tijolos maciços

The use of binders in the soil for the production of solid bricks is an old construction technique that has been used by several civilizations over time. At the same time, the need for environmental preservation and the tendency of scarcity of natural resources make the construction invest in researching new concepts, methods and materials for building systems for the sustainability of their economic activities. Thus arises the need to obtain building materials with low power consumption, capable of reducing the growing housing shortage of rural and urban population. Currently, research has been conducted on this topic to better understand the cementitious and pozzolanic reactions that occur in the formation of the microstructure of the soil-cement when added to other materials such as, for example, lime, and the relationship between microstructure and formed interfaces with the physical, mechanical and chemical analysis in compounds made from these ternary compositions. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the results of the influence of the incorporation of lime to the soil-cement to form a ternary mixture to produce soil-cement bricks and mortar without structural purposes. From the inclusion of contents of 6 %, 8 %, 10% and 12% lime to the soil, and soil-cement mixes in amounts of 2 %, 3 %, 4 % and 5 % were shaped-bodies of -cylindrical specimens to determine the optimum moisture content and maximum dry apparent specific weight. Then they were cured, and subjected to the tests of compressive strength, absorption and durability modified. Compositions obtained the best results in the tests performed on the bodies-of-proof cylindrical served as a parameter for molding of solid bricks, which underwent the same experimental methodology previously cited. The raw materials used, as well as compositions in which the bricks were molded solid, were characterized by physical and chemical tests, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained in the study indicate that the compositions studied, that showed the best results in terms of compressive strength, water absorption and durability ternary composition was soil, 10 % cement and 2 % lime

Estudo da viabilidade técnica para obtenção de superfície duplex em aço inoxidável martensítico AISI 410 através do processo de deposição a plasma por gaiola catódica

The technique of plasma nitriding by the cathode cage mainly stands out for its ability to produce uniform layers, even on parts with complex geometries. In this study, it was investigated the efficiency of this technique for obtaining duplex surface, when used, simultaneously, to nitriding treatment and thin film deposition at temperatures below 500°C. For this, were used samples of AISI 41 0 Martensitic Stainless Steel and performed plasma treatment, combining nitriding and deposition of thin films of Ti and/or TiN in a plasma atmosphere containing N2-H2. It was used a cathodic cage of titanium pure grade II, cylindrical with 70 mm diameter and 34 mm height. Samples were treated at temperature 420ºC for 2 and 12 hours in different working pressures. Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with micro-analysis by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and analysis of Vickers Microhardness were used to investigate coating properties such as homogeneity and surface topography, chemical composition, layer thickness, crystalline phase, roughness and surface microhardness. The results showed there is a direct proportionality between the presence of H2 in plasma atmosphere and the quantity of titanium in surface chemical composition. It was also observed that the plasma treatment at lowpressure is more effective in formation of TiN thin film

Alterações causadas por incêndio florestal na composição de espécies de uma floresta primária no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira.

A floresta amazônica é impactada por agressões antrópicas e pelas mudanças climáticas. Devido à alta umidade retida a floresta amazônica é considerada imune a queimadas, todavia, sob condições climáticas extremas torna-se vulnerável. Este estudo objetiva avaliar os impactos de incêndios florestais ocorridos na grande seca de 2005 sobre a composição de espécies de uma floresta natural primária sob manejo florestal, localizada no estado do Acre. Foram implantadas 40 parcelas amostrais permanentes de 400 m2 cada e monitorados os efeitos do fogo em árvores lenhosas, palmeiras e cipós em três níveis de amostragem: I - DAP ≥ 5 cm; II - 5 cm > DAP ≥ 2 cm; e III - DAP < 2 cm e altura ≥ 1 m. Foram efetuadas cinco avaliações entre novembro de 2005 e janeiro de 2009. Os resultados mostraram que quanto menor o tamanho das árvores, maiores são as taxas de mortalidade e as alterações na estrutura das espécies. Ainda que tenha havido aumento de 42,5% no número de espécies na regeneração (Nível III), o monitoramento revelou expressiva redução nos demais níveis de amostragem (15,6% no Nível I; 32,3% no Nível II; 28,8% nos níveis I e II juntos e 16,1% nos três níveis juntos), indicando que a floresta foi modificada quanto à sua composição de espécies.

Estudo de massa cerâmica triaxial visando à otimização do ciclo de queima da indústria de cerâmica estrutural

Over recent years the structural ceramics industry in Brazil has found a very favorable market for growth. However, difficulties related to productivity and product quality are partially inhibiting this possible growth. An alternative for trying to solve these problems and, thus, provide the pottery industry the feasibility of full development, is the substitution of firewood used in the burning process by natural gas. In order to contribute to this process of technological innovation, this paper studies the effect of co-use of ceramic phyllite and kaolin waste on the properties of a clay matrix, verifying the possible benefits that these raw materials can give to the final product, as well as the possibility of such materials to reduce the heat load necessary to obtain products with equal or superior quality. The study was divided into two steps: characterization of materials and study of formulations. Two clays, a phyllite and a residue of kaolin were characterized by the following techniques: laser granulometry, plasticity index by Atterberg limits, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, mineralogical composition by Rietveld, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. To study the formulations, specifically for evaluation of technological properties of the parts, was performed an experimental model that combined planning involving a mixture of three components (standard mass x phyllite x kaolin waste) and a 23 factorial design with central point associated with thermal processing parameters. The experiment was performed with restricted strip-plot randomization. In total, 13 compositional points were investigated within the following constraints: phyllite ≤ 20% by weight, kaolin waste ≤ 40% by weight, and standard mass ≥ 60% by weight. The thermal parameters were used at the following levels: 750 and 950 °C to the firing temperature, 5 and 15 °C/min at the heating rate, 15 and 45min to the baseline. The results showed that the introduction of phyllite and/or kaolin waste in ceramic body produced a number of benefits in properties of the final product, such as: decreased absorption of water, apparent porosity and linear retraction at burn; besides the increase in apparent specific mass and mechanical properties of parts. The best results were obtained in the compositional points where the sum of the levels of kaolin waste and phyllite was maximal (40% by weight), as well as conditions which were used in firing temperatures of 950 °C. Regarding the prospect of savings in heat energy required to form the desired microstructure, the phyllite and the residue of kaolin, for having small particle sizes and constitutions mineralogical phases with the presence of fluxes, contributed to the optimization of the firing cycle.

A dança de salão no processo de composição coreográfica em Jomar Mesquita

Esta dissertação apresenta como objetivos conhecer e descrever o processo de composição coreográfica de Jomar Mesquita, onde a transposição da Dança de Salão do seu contexto genuíno e social para o contexto cênico constitui a dimensão estruturante do processo criativo. A obra de Jomar Mesquita pode ser vista principalmente através das apresentações da Mimulus Companhia de Dança (MCD), a qual ele dirige, por isso a pesquisadora foi a Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais – Brasil, onde a companhia funciona, realizar a pesquisa de campo. Esta pesquisa apresenta-se como um estudo de caso cuja metodologia é de natureza qualitativa. Foram usados como instrumentos desta pesquisa a observação não-participante da rotina diária do estabelecimento onde funcionam a Mimulus Companhia de Dança, a Mimulus Escola de Dança e a Associação Cultural Mimulus; entrevistas semiestruturadas a integrantes da Mimulus Companhia de Dança e dois funcionários da Mimulus Escola de Dança; questionários a alunos da Mimulus Escola de Dança; e fontes documentais acerca da Mimulus Companhia de Dança. Esta pesquisa demonstrou que o processo de composição coreográfica em Jomar Mesquita caracteriza-se principalmente pelas desconstruções dos passos e figuras padronizados da Dança de Salão, assim como das representações e conceitos incutidos nessa dança. Caracteriza-se ainda pela participação dos bailarinos tanto nos processos vivenciados pela MCD, quanto nos processos vivenciados em outras companhias de dança.

Estudo sobre a aptidão papeleira de quatro espécies de eucalipto: E. botryoides, E. propinqua, E. maculata e E. sideroxylon

Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

Estudo da substituição de agregados miúdos naturais por pó de pedra em concreto de cimento portland

The sharp consumption of natural resources by the construction industry has motivated numerous studies concerning the application of waste to replace partially or fully, some materials, such as aggregates, thereby reducing the environmental impact caused by the extraction of sand and crushing process. The application of stone dust from crushing process arising as an aggregate for the production of Portland cement concrete is a viable alternative in view of the high cost of natural sands, in addition to the environmental damage which causes its operation to the environment. The stone dust has reduced cost compared to natural sand because it is produced in the beds of their own quarries, which are usually located close to major urban centers. This study examined the feasibility of using stone dust from the crushing of rock gneisses in the state of Bahia, replacing natural quartz sand. In the development of scientific study was conducted to characterize physical and chemical raw materials applied and molded cylindrical specimens , using as reference values Fck 20, Fck 25 and Fck 30 MPa ( resistance characteristic of the concrete after 28 days) in following compositions stone powder: 10%, 30%, 50 %, 100% and 100% with additive. The specimens were cured and subjected to the tests of compressive strength and water absorption, then the samples were subjected to the tests of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained showed that the composition with 10% stone powder showed the best results regarding the physical and mechanical tests performed, confirming the reduction in compressive strength and increased water uptake increased as the content of the powder stone in the concrete composition

Estudo da síntese e propriedade magnética de ferritas de manganês/cobalto dopadas com níquel

For the chemical method of synthesis of co-precipitation were produced ferrite powders manganese-cobalt equal stoichiometric formula Mn (1-x) Co (x) Fe2O4, for 0 < x < 1, first reagent element using as the hydroxide ammonium and second time using sodium hydroxide. The obtained powders were calcined at 400 ° C, 650 ° C, 900 ° C and 1150 ° C in a conventional oven type furnace with an air atmosphere for a period of 240 minutes. Other samples were calcined at a temperature of 900 ° C in a controlled atmosphere of argon, to evaluate the possible influence of the atmosphere on the final results the structure and morphology. The samples were also calcined in a microwave oven at 400 ° C and 650 ° C for a period of 45 minutes possible to evaluate the performance of this type of heat treatment furnace. It was successfully tested the ability of this group include isomorphic ferrite with the inclusion of nickel cations in order to evaluate the occurrence of disorder in the crystalline structures and their changes in magnetic characteristics.To identify the structural, morphological, chemical composition and proportions, as well as their magnetic characteristics were performed characterization tests of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric (TG), vibrating sample magnetometry (MAV) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. These tests revealed the occurrence of distortion in the crystal lattice, changes in magnetic response, occurrence of nanosized particles and superparamagnetism

Análise da composição florística de uma Área de Reserva Legal 33 anos após recomposição.

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a composição florística e a diversidade da vegetação espontânea em um sistema silvicultural, 33 anos após o plantio na região do Tapajós, visando estabelecer métodos sustentáveis para recomposição da Reserva Legal. Analisou-se a estrutura horizontal e a diversidade da vegetação espontânea. Foram identificados 483 indivíduos pertencentes a 81 espécies, 63 gêneros e 32 famílias. O Índice de Shannon- Weaver encontrado foi 3,72. Conclui-se que a vegetação espontânea estabelecida na área apresenta elevada riqueza e diversidade de espécies, evidenciando que o sistema silvicultural analisado é uma alternativa viável, podendo ser utilizado para a recomposição e manejo de Reserva Legal.