Potential impact of invasive anuran species in western Newfoundland

Successful dispersal and establishment of invasive anurans (frogs and toads) may be influenced by competitive exclusion and/or niche differentiation with competing species. I investigated the dispersal of anurans in western Newfoundland using anuran calling surveys and pond-edge visual encounter surveys. The Mink Frog, Lithobates septentrionalis, had dispersed ~50 km northeast from the original (2001) discovery location and ~34 km southwest; displaying spatial separation from Green Frogs, Lithobates clamitans, at landscape and local scales. Visual encounter surveys did not reveal any correlation between adult Mink Frogs and odonate competitors. Additionally, I assessed the impact of varying tadpole densities on removal of epilithic periphyton by providing epilithon covered substrates for American Toad, Anaxyrus americanus, tadpoles raised in laboratory or field enclosures. Higher tadpole densities resulted in smaller tadpoles that removed more periphyton from substrates. As anuran population ranges expand, there may be effects on ecological resources for vertebrate and invertebrate competitors.

In-situ infrared spectroscopy as a non-invasive technique to study carbon sequestration at high pressure and high temperature

We would like to thank EPSRC for a Doctoral Training Grant (G.A.M) and the Erasmus programme for supporting the study visit to Turin (R.W). We would also like to thank Dr. Federico Cesano for SEM/EDX measurements and for fruitful discussion. Dr. Jo Duncan is thanked for his tremendous insight during XRD interpretation.

Rate of exposure of a sentinel species, invasive American mink (Neovison vison) in Scotland, to anticoagulant rodenticides

Open Access funded by Natural Environment Research Council Acknowledgements Field sample collection was funded by NERC grants NE/E006434/1 and NE/J01396X/1 to XL and a Marie Curie FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IEF 300288-grant to YM. We thank the Scottish Mink Initiative, staff, funders and multiple mink volunteers for the continued effort, samples and data. Also to Eduardo Salazar Villaverde for his assistance in the preparation of figures in early drafts of this manuscript, and Professor Colin Prescott (Reading University) for comments on the biochemistry of ARs. Finally, to Kenneth McNeill for providing data on farm sizes and distributions.

A tumoral and invasive phenotype independent of c-Met mutation

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Effet de l'aération d'appoint, de la saison et de l'espèce de macrophytes dans le traitement d'un effluent piscicole par marais artificiel

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Identification de gènes exprimés dans les cellules de la granulosa de follicules dominants chez l'espèce bovine

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Impact of the invasive macroalgae Asparagopsis armata - an ecotoxicological assessment

Os Oceanos representam o maior sistema de suporte de vida sendo a uma grande fonte de riqueza, oportunidade e abundância. No entanto, a humanidade tem levado este ecossistema ao seu limite com crescentes níveis de poluição e outras pressões antropogénicas. A introdução de espécies não-nativas é reconhecida como uma das maiores ameaças à biodiversidade e a segunda maior causa de extinção das espécies. A macroalga vermelha Asparagopsis armata é uma espécie invasora originária da Austrália e que atualmente apresenta uma ampla distribuição em todo o globo devido à sua estratégia oportunista, ausência de predadores e altas taxas de crescimento. Uma questão emergente está relacionada com a capacidade destas espécies invasoras produzirem grandes quantidades de metabolitos halogenados potencialmente tóxicos. Esta característica pode representar um perigo adicional para o equilíbrio ecológico da comunidade invadida. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial ecotoxicológico dos exsudatos de A. armata usando um gastrópode, Gibbula umbilicalis, como organismo modelo. A macroalga recolhida na costa de Peniche (Portugal) foi colocada em tanques no laboratório, durante 12 h, sendo depois o meio recolhido e filtrado para ensaios posteriores com os exsudatos da alga. No ensaio agudo, observou-se a mortalidade de G. umbilicalis que foi exposta a crescentes diluições do exsudato durante 96 h. Adicionalmente, os gastrópodes foram expostos a concentrações não letais do exsudato e analisou-se as respostas bioquímicas recorrendo a biomarcadores relacionados com destoxificação, defesas antioxidantes, danos oxidativos, danos neurotóxicos e metabolismo energético. Os resultados revelaram que os exsudatos de A. armata afetaram significativamente a sobrevivência dos organismos expostos com uma CL50 96h de 5.03% de exsudato da alga. A exposição aos exsudatos da alga também resultou em efeitos bioquímicos e metabólicos ao nível subcelular com resultados significativos na inibição da glutationa-S-transferase (GST), perda de integridade do ADN e níveis crescentes de atividade da lactato desidrogenase (LDH), dando uma indicação dos mecanismos de toxicidade desta alga marinha. Os níveis mais elevados de danos no ADN ocorreram quando a GST apresentou os níveis mais baixos de atividade e esta mesma atividade aumentou quando os danos no ADN diminuíram, em simultâneo com o aumento dos níveis de atividade da LDH, indicando que as necessidades energéticas aumentam devido à necessidade de sintetizar mais enzima. Conclui-se que a A. armata tem capacidade de libertar substâncias tóxicas que podem ter potenciais impactos no ambiente envolvente. Adicionalmente, as respostas bioquímicas estudadas em G. umbilicalis têm potencial para serem usadas como sinais de aviso na determinação dos efeitos provocados pelos compostos libertados por esta macroalga vermelha.

Design of experiments to study the impact of process parameters on droplet size and development of non-invasive imaging techniques in tablet coating

Atomisation of an aqueous solution for tablet film coating is a complex process with multiple factors determining droplet formation and properties. The importance of droplet size for an efficient process and a high quality final product has been noted in the literature, with smaller droplets reported to produce smoother, more homogenous coatings whilst simultaneously avoiding the risk of damage through over-wetting of the tablet core. In this work the effect of droplet size on tablet film coat characteristics was investigated using X-ray microcomputed tomography (XμCT) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). A quality by design approach utilising design of experiments (DOE) was used to optimise the conditions necessary for production of droplets at a small (20 μm) and large (70 μm) droplet size. Droplet size distribution was measured using real-time laser diffraction and the volume median diameter taken as a response. DOE yielded information on the relationship three critical process parameters: pump rate, atomisation pressure and coating-polymer concentration, had upon droplet size. The model generated was robust, scoring highly for model fit (R2 = 0.977), predictability (Q2 = 0.837), validity and reproducibility. Modelling confirmed that all parameters had either a linear or quadratic effect on droplet size and revealed an interaction between pump rate and atomisation pressure. Fluidised bed coating of tablet cores was performed with either small or large droplets followed by CLSM and XμCT imaging. Addition of commonly used contrast materials to the coating solution improved visualisation of the coating by XμCT, showing the coat as a discrete section of the overall tablet. Imaging provided qualitative and quantitative evidence revealing that smaller droplets formed thinner, more uniform and less porous film coats.

Prognostic value of the diagnostic criteria distinguishing endometrial stromal sarcoma, low grade from undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma, 2 entities within the invasive endometrial stromal neoplasia family

The World Health Organization (WHO 2003) recognizes 3 endometrial stromal neoplasms: noninvasive endometrial stromal nodule and the 2 invasive neoplasms, endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS), low grade and undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma (UES). It is important to note that the WHO 2003 does not define moderate atypia (an important differentiating diagnostic criterion for ESS, low grade and UES), nor does it discuss its significance. Moreover, studies on reproducibility and additional prognostic value of other diagnostic features in large are lacking. Using strict definitions, we analyzed the agreement between routine and expert-review necrosis and nuclear atypia in 91 invasive endometrial stromal neoplasias (IESN). The overall 5-year and 10-year recurrence-free survival rate estimates of the 91 IESN patients were 82% and 75%, respectively. Necrosis was well reproducible, and nuclear atypia was reasonably well reproducible. The 10-year recurrence-free survival rates for necrosis absent/inconspicuous versus prominent were 89% and 45% (P<0.001) and those for review-confirmed none/mild, moderate, severe atypia were 90%, 30%, and <20% (P<0.00001). Therefore, cases with moderate/severe atypia should be grouped together. Nuclear atypia and necrosis had independent prognostic values (Cox regression). Once these features were taken into account, no other feature had an independent additional prognostic value, including mitotic count. Using "none/mild atypia, necrosis absent/inconspicuous" as ESS, low grade versus "moderate/severe atypia present or necrosis present" as UES resulted in 68 ESS, low grade and 23 UES cases with disease-specific overall mortality-free survival of 99% versus 48% (P<0.00001, hazard ratio=45.4). When strictly defined microscopic criteria are used, the WHO 2003 diagnoses of ESS, low grade and UES are well reproducible and prognostically strong. © 2012 International Society of Gynecological Pathologists.

Leaf Traits, Neighbors, and Abiotic Factors: Ways That Context Can Mediate the Impact of Invasive Species on Nitrogen Cycling

Species invasions are more prevalent than ever before. While the addition of a species can dramatically change critical ecosystem processes, factors that mediate the direction and magnitude of those impacts have received less attention. A better understanding of the factors that mediate invasion impacts on ecosystem functioning is needed in order to target which exotic species will be most harmful and which systems are most vulnerable. The role of invasion on nitrogen (N) cycling is particularly important since N cycling controls ecosystem services that provision human health, e.g. nutrient retention and water quality.

We conducted a meta-analysis and in-depth studies focused on the invasive grass species, Microstegium vimineum, to better understand how (i) plant characteristics, (ii) invader abundance and neighbor identity, and (iii) environmental conditions mediate the impacts of invasion on N pools and fluxes. The results of our global meta-analysis support the concept that invasive species and reference community traits such as leaf %N and leaf C:N are useful for understanding invasion impacts on soil N cycling, but that trait dissimilarities between invaded and reference communities are most informative. Regarding the in-depth studies of Microstegium, we did not find evidence to suggest that invasion increases net nitrification as other studies have shown. Instead, we found that an interaction between its abundance and the neighboring plant identify were important for determining soil nitrate concentrations and net nitrification rates in the greenhouse. In field, we found that variability in environmental conditions mediated the impact of Microstegium invasion on soil N pools and fluxes, primarily net ammonification, between sites through direct, indirect, and interactive pathways. Notably, we detected a scenario in which forest openness has a negative direct effect and indirect positive effect on ammonification in sites with high soil moisture and organic matter. Collectively, our findings suggest that dissimilarity in plant community traits, neighbor identity, and environmental conditions can be important drivers of invasion impacts on ecosystem N cycling and should be considered when evaluating the ecosystem impacts of invasive species across heterogeneous landscapes.

A tumoral and invasive phenotype independent of c-Met mutation

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Effet de l'aération d'appoint, de la saison et de l'espèce de macrophytes dans le traitement d'un effluent piscicole par marais artificiel

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Identification de gènes exprimés dans les cellules de la granulosa de follicules dominants chez l'espèce bovine

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Experimental data on photophysiology and growth rates of the invasive foraminifera Amphistegina lobifera showing high thermal tolerance from the Eastern Mediterranean and the Gulf of Aqaba

Invasive species allow an investigation of trait retention and adaptations after exposure to new habitats. Recent work on corals from the Gulf of Aqaba (GoA) shows that tolerance to high temperature persists thousands of years after invasion, without any apparent adaptive advantage. Here we test whether thermal tolerance retention also occurs in another symbiont-bearing calcifying organism. To this end, we investigate the thermal tolerance of the benthic foraminifera Amphistegina lobifera from the GoA (29° 30.14167 N 34° 55.085 E) and compare it to a recent "Lessepsian invader population" from the Eastern Mediterranean (EaM) (32° 37.386 N, 34°55.169 E). We first established that the studied populations are genetically homogenous but distinct from a population in Australia, and that they contain a similar consortium of diatom symbionts, confirming their recent common descent. Thereafter, we exposed specimens from GoA and EaM to elevated temperatures for three weeks and monitored survivorship, growth rates and photophysiology. Both populations exhibited a similar pattern of temperature tolerance. A consistent reduction of photosynthetic dark yields was observed at 34°C and reduced growth was observed at 32°C. The apparent tolerance to sustained exposure to high temperature cannot have a direct adaptive importance, as peak summer temperatures in both locations remain <32°C. Instead, it seems that in the studied foraminifera tolerance to high temperature is a conservative trait and the EaM population retained this trait since its recent invasion. Such pre-adaptation to higher temperatures confers A. lobifera a clear adaptive advantage in shallow and episodically high temperature environments in the Mediterranean under further warming.