873 resultados para Elam, Diane


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“Parallel Ruptures: Jews of Bessarabia and Transnistria between Romanian Nationalism and Soviet Communism, 1918-1940,” explores the political and social debates that took place in Jewish communities in Romanian-held Bessarabia and the Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the interwar era. Both had been part of the Russian Pale of Settlement until its dissolution in 1917; they were then divided by the Romanian Army’s occupation of Bessarabia in 1918 with the establishment of a well-guarded border along the Dniester River between two newly-formed states, Greater Romania and the Soviet Union. At its core, the project focuses in comparative context on the traumatic and multi-faceted confrontation with these two modernizing states: exclusion, discrimination and growing violence in Bessarabia; destruction of religious tradition, agricultural resettlement, and socialist re-education and assimilation in Soviet Transnistria. It examines also the similarities in both states’ striving to create model subjects usable by the homeland, as well as commonalities within Jewish responses on both sides of the border. Contacts between Jews on either side of the border remained significant after 1918 despite the efforts of both states to curb them, thereby necessitating a transnational view in order to examine Jewish political and social life in borderland regions. The desire among Jewish secular leaders to mold their co-religionists into modern Jews reached across state borders and ideological divides and sought to manipulate respective governments to establish these goals, however unsuccessful in the final analysis. Finally, strained relations between Jews in peripheral borderlands with those at national/imperial cores, Moscow and Bucharest, sheds light on the complex circumstances surrounding the inclusion versus exclusion debates at the heart of all interwar European states and the complicated negotiations that took place within all minority communities that responded to state policies.

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La personne âgée est globale, comme tout enfant ou tout adulte, alors nos interventions se doivent d'être globales. Nous ne devons plus nous permettre de disséquer la personne. Il faut remplacer et de là éliminer les clichés sur les étapes de la vie: l'âge des acquisitions, l'âge de la production et l’âge de l'inaction. Nous devons faire place à la notion de continuité de l'être. Comme le soulignait Nicolas Zay (1981), il ne s'agit pas de créer la vie, parce que déjà existante, mais il faut plutôt la faire circuler, la magnifier, la vivifier. Il ne s'agit que de respecter l'être humain, si âgé soit-il. Nous devons assurer à la personne âgée un minimum satisfaisant de moyens pour maintenir ses capacités ou pour suppléer certaines déficiences. Il en va de la dignité de la personne. Il faut "traiter" la personne âgée dans un milieu ordinaire, institutionnel peut-être, mais où nous retrouvons une qualité de vie, où l'environnement fera la promotion de la vie. Dans les centres d'accueil d'hébergement, nous disons souvent à la personne âgée « vous êtes chez-vous, mais ne placez pas telle chose sur le mur, n'encombrez pas vos bureaux de photos ou de bibelots, l'heure du bain est à ... etc. » Petites insignifiances qui nuisent à la création d'un milieu de vie de qualité. Il est urgent de modifier nos rapports, notre approche face au vieillissement. Il faut mobiliser les énergies et les potentiels de la personne âgée. Nous nous devons d'améliorer la formation des personnels qui travaillent auprès de cette clientèle âgée, nos interventions sont trop parcellaires. La recherche n'a fait que confirmer, à mes yeux, la valeur et l'à-propos de l'approche psycho-sociale, qui a comme spécificité de répondre aux besoins de la personne dans sa globalité bio-psycho-sociale. Cette recherche s'adresse avant tout aux intervenants des organisations d'hébergement. Elle se veut pratico-pratique. Elle se veut un outil pour intervenir dans le milieu, pour améliorer le milieu. Mais, elle fait aussi ressortir l'indispensable cheminement qui doit s'inscrire tant au niveau organisationnel, qu'au niveau individuel. Les centres d'accueil d'hébergement sont composés de personnes qui y résident et de personnes qui y travaillent: les centres d'accueil se doivent d'être des milieux de vie chaleureux. Simple et bien compliqué à la fois.

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The goal of this study was to understand how and whether policy and practice relating to violence against women in Uganda, especially Uganda’s Domestic Violence Act of 2010, have had an effect on women’s beliefs and practices, as well as on support and justice for women who experience abuse by their male partners. Research used multi-sited ethnography at transnational, national, and local levels to understand the context that affects what policies are developed, how they are implemented, and how, and whether, women benefit from these. Ethnography within a local community situated global and national dynamics within the lives of women. Women who experience VAW within their intimate partnerships in Uganda confront a political economy that undermines their access to justice, even as a women’s rights agenda is working to develop and implement laws, policies, and interventions that promote gender equality and women’s empowerment. This dissertation provides insights into the daily struggles of women who try to utilize policy that challenges duty bearers, in part because it is a new law, but also because it conflicts with the structural patriarchy that is engrained in Ugandan society. Two explanatory models were developed. One explains factors relating to a woman’s decision to seek support or to report domestic violence. The second explains why women do and do not report DV. Among the findings is that a woman is most likely to report abuse under the following circumstances: 1) her own, or her children’s survival (physical or economic) is severely threatened; 2) she experiences severe physical abuse; or, 3) she needs financial support for her children. Research highlights three supportive factors for women who persist in reporting DV. These are: 1) the presence of an “advocate” or support 2) belief that reporting will be helpful; and, 3) lack of interest in returning to the relationship. This dissertation speaks to the role that anthropologists can play in a multi-disciplinary approach to a complex issue. This role is understanding – deeply and holistically; and, articulating knowledge generated locally that provides connections between what happens at global, national and local levels.

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A significant gap, in not only peramelid nutritional physiology but marsupial nutrition as a whole, is the lack of information relating to microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract. This research is a preliminary investigation that will provide a baseline for comparisons among peramelids. The high degree of 16S rRNA gene clones identified in this research that are closely related to culturable bacteria suggests that additional research will enable a more complete description of the gastrointestinal bacteria of I. macrourus. Most identifiable clones belonged to Clostridium and Ruminococcus. This research has confirmed that the hindgut of I. macrourus, the caecum, proximal colon and distal colon, are the main sites for microbial activity.

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Infective nymphal stages of the family Sebekidae Sambon, 1922 are reported from four species of fish in Australian waters for the first time. Infected fish were collected from locations in Western Australia, the Northern Territory and north Queensland. The infective nymphs of Alofia merki Giglioli in Sambon, 1922 and Sebekia purdieae Riley, Spratt et Winch, 1990 are reported and described for the first time. The remaining specimens were identified as belonging to the genus Sebekia Sambon, 1922 based on the combination of buccal cadre shape, shape and size of hooks, and overall body size, but could not be attributed to any of the other species of Sebekia already reported due to missing required morphological features. DNA sequences of members of the family Sebekidae are presented for the first time. The lack of knowledge on the pentastome fauna of wild crocodiles, and any potential intermediate hosts, in northern Australia, is also outlined.

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The potential application of the spore-forming probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57 (H57) as a novel probiotic for ruminants was evaluated in reproducing ewes. Performance responses were determined by delivering H57 in a pelleted diet based mainly on palm kernel meal (PKM) and sorghum grain. PKM is an agro-industrial by-product with a reputation for poor palatability and the availability of the starch in sorghum grain can be limited in ruminants. The hypothesis was that H57 improves the feeding value of a relatively low quality concentrate diet. Twenty-four first-parity white Dorper ewes were fed PKM-based pellets manufactured with or without H57 (109 cfu/kg pellet) in late pregnancy. During this phase of late pregnancy, the H57 ewes ate 17% more dry matter (1019 vs 874 g/day, P = 0.03), gained more weight (194 vs 30 g/day, P = 0.008) and retained more nitrogen (6.13 vs 3.34 g/day, P = 0.01), but produced lambs with a similar birthweight (4.1 vs 4.2 kg, P = 0.73). Rumen fluid collected from H57 ewes in late pregnancy had higher pH (7.1 vs 6.8, P = 0.07), acetate : propionate ratio (3.4 vs 2.7, P = 0.04), lower ammonia (69 vs 147 mmol/L, P = 0.001) and total volatile fatty acid concentrations (40 vs 61 mg/L, P = 0.02). The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and fibre were similar between the two groups. The lambs of the H57 ewes grew faster than those of the Control ewes for the first 21 days of lactation (349 vs 272 g/day, P = 0.03), but not thereafter. H57 can improve feed intake and maternal liveweight gain in late pregnancy of first-parity ewes fed a diet based on PKM.

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Cette recherche, de type étude de cas, avait pour but d’examiner l’utilisation du modèle d’accessibilité universelle en pédagogie (AUP), à l’égard des besoins d’enseignantes et d’enseignants du programme collégial en Soins infirmiers qui enseignent à des groupes hétérogènes comprenant notamment des étudiantes et des étudiants en situation de handicap (ÉSH). Depuis quelques années déjà, les ÉSH sont de plus en plus nombreux à poursuivre des études de niveau supérieur. Plusieurs mesures d’appui à l’intention des ÉSH ont été mises sur pied. De fait, les accommodements qui leur sont offerts s’effectuent principalement par l’entremise de services spécialisés pour étudiantes et étudiants ayant des besoins spéciaux et force est de constater que ces mesures s’appliquent généralement à l’extérieur de la classe. De plus, en dépit de tous les efforts déployés par les enseignantes et par les enseignants pour soutenir la réussite des ÉSH, il s’avère qu’actuellement dans leur cheminement professionnel aucune formation spécifique aux besoins de cette clientèle ne leur est offerte. Ces constats guident la présente recherche qui s’articule principalement autour du fait que plusieurs enseignantes et enseignants du programme de Soins infirmiers du Collège de Bois-de-Boulogne verbalisent un besoin d’accroître leurs connaissances de pratiques pédagogiques favorables à la réussite des ÉSH. Cinq enseignantes ont participé à cette étude de cas de type qualitatif dont la question centrale est la suivante : Les stratégies d’enseignement planifiées selon les principes contenus dans le modèle de l’AUP permettraient-elles à des enseignantes et à des enseignants du programme de Soins infirmiers d’être outillés pour intervenir en classe auprès d’un groupe hétérogène comprenant des ÉSH? Dans un premier temps, à partir d’une entrevue semi-dirigée individuelle, les besoins des participantes et des participants à l’égard de cette clientèle étudiante ont été recueillis. Le cadre de référence de cet essai explique les concepts portant sur la notion de handicap, les stratégies pédagogiques et d’enseignement ainsi que les principes directeurs du modèle de l’AUP. Dans un second temps, des enseignantes ont reçu une formation portant sur les principes contenus dans le modèle de l’AUP. Elles ont ensuite procédé à l’expérimentation du modèle avec leurs étudiantes et leurs étudiants au cours de la session. Enfin, à l’aide d’une seconde entrevue semi-dirigée et d’un questionnaire, la chercheuse a de nouveau recueilli leurs propos pour vérifier l’effet de l’application de ce modèle sur leurs besoins exprimés précédemment. Les résultats obtenus ont démontré que ce modèle constitue une avenue intéressante et utile pour les enseignantes et les enseignants et ce, pour plusieurs raisons. Les résultats démontrent la pertinence de l’utilisation du modèle de l’AUP à l’égard du sentiment de compétence des enseignantes et des enseignants dans l’accompagnement des ÉSH et des groupes hétérogènes qui composent les classes. Ce modèle ne requiert aucune surcharge de travail pour les enseignantes et les enseignants et la planification des cours suggérée par ce modèle facilite leur travail. La planification comprend : l’analyse de la situation actuelle, la précision du profil et la diversité de la classe, la vérification des connaissances antérieures. Il s’agit ensuite de définir les stratégies pédagogiques, les outils ainsi que les modes d’évaluation utilisées. De plus, ce modèle favorise le socioconstructivisme et encourage l’inclusion de toutes les étudiantes et de tous les étudiants, sans devoir mettre en place des accommodements spécifiques à des besoins personnels. Ainsi, l’AUP serait profitable pour l’ensemble des étudiantes et des étudiants et non uniquement pour les ÉSH. Finalement, considérant que ce modèle ne fait aucune distinction à l’égard des besoins particuliers d’étudiantes et d’étudiants, il évite la stigmatisation des ÉSH.

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Thirty-four microsatellite loci were isolated from three reef fish species; golden snapper Lutjanus johnii, blackspotted croaker Protonibea diacanthus and grass emperor Lethrinus laticaudis using a next generation sequencing approach. Both IonTorrent single reads and Illumina MiSeq paired-end reads were used, with the latter demonstrating a higher quality of reads than the IonTorrent. From the 1–1.5 million raw reads per species, we successfully obtained 10–13 polymorphic loci for each species, which satisfied stringent design criteria. We developed multiplex panels for the amplification of the golden snapper and the blackspotted croaker loci, as well as post-amplification pooling panels for the grass emperor loci. The microsatellites characterized in this work were tested across three locations of northern Australia. The microsatellites we developed can detect population differentiation across northern Australia and may be used for genetic structure studies and stock identification.

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Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57 is a bacterium isolated from lucerne for its ability to prevent feed spoilage. Further interest developed when ruminants fed with H57-inoculated hay showed increased weight gain and nitrogen retention relative to controls, suggesting a probiotic effect. The near complete genome of H57 is ~3.96 Mb comprising 16 contigs. Within the genome there are 3,836 protein coding genes, an estimated sixteen rRNA genes and 69 tRNA genes. H57 has the potential to synthesise four different lipopeptides and four polyketide compounds, which are known antimicrobials. This antimicrobial capacity may facilitate the observed probiotic effect.

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Cette étude exploratoire dresse un portrait des transitions de milieux de vie (MDV) dans des Centres de réadaptation en déficience intellectuelle et en troubles envahissants du développement (CRDITED) de la grande région de Montréal. Elle permet d’identifier 1) les pratiques de transition de MDV des intervenants pivots en CRDITED, 2) les critères de succès de la transition de MDV et les moyens de les évaluer selon les personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle et les intervenants pivots et 3) l’écart entre les pratiques souhaitées et les pratiques actuelles à partir du point de vue des deux types de participants. Des personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle (N = 9) et des intervenants pivots (N = 19) se sont exprimés sur leurs expériences de transition de MDV en participant à des entretiens de groupe. Une analyse qualitative de contenu a permis d’identifier une typologie des expériences de transition de MDV du point de vue des intervenants pivots. Un seul type de transition de MDV parmi les cinq identifiés, le type préparée, offre des conditions favorisant la réalisation de la transition dans des conditions satisfaisantes pour les intervenants pivots. Les autres types de transitions (types dernière minute, explosive, clé en main et salle d’attente) offrent peu d’occasions pour la personne présentant une déficience intellectuelle de s’impliquer dans le processus de transition. Les propos des intervenants pivots permettent d’identifier les caractéristiques d’une transition de MDV qu’ils jugent idéale (type comme si c’était moi). Les types de transitions sont comparés entre eux sur deux axes, soit sur l’axe représentant un continuum d’implication de la personne présentant une déficience intellectuelle dans sa propre transition et sur l’axe identifiant les grandes étapes de réalisation de la transition. Les résultats permettent de déceler un écart important entre les transitions actuellement effectuées et les politiques, intentions et engagements de l’offre de service auprès de cette clientèle, notamment au regard de l’implication de la personne présentant une déficience intellectuelle dans les décisions relatives à sa transition de MDV. L’étude permet aussi d’identifier trois dimensions importantes de l’évaluation du succès de la transition selon les perspectives des personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle et des intervenants pivots. Les dimensions identifiées sont : bien-être psychologique et comportement, santé physique et collaboration. Les propos des intervenants pivots permettent de constater qu’il existe parfois un paradoxe entre leurs perceptions du succès de la transition de MDV et celles des personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle. L’interprétation des résultats a permis d’élaborer des recommandations afin de favoriser de meilleures pratiques de transition.

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Despite growing concern about transgenes escaping from fields, few studies have analysed the genetic diversity of crops in an agroecosystem over several years. Accurate information about the dynamics and relationship of the genetic diversity of crops in an agroecosystem is essential for risk assessment and policies concerning the containment of genetically modified crops and their coexistence with crops grown by conventional practices. Here, we analysed the genetic diversity of oilseed rape plants from fields and feral populations over 4 years in an agricultural landscape of 41 km2. We used exact compatibility and maximum likelihood assignment methods to assign these plants to cultivars. Even pure lines and hybrid cultivar seed lots contained several genotypes. The cultivar diversity in fields reflected the conventional view of agroecosystems quite well: that is, there was a succession of cultivars, some grown for longer than others because of their good performance, some used for one year and then abandoned, and others gradually adopted. Three types of field emerged: fields sown with a single cultivar, fields sown with two cultivars, and unassigned fields (too many cultivars or unassigned plants to reliably assign the field). Field plant diversity was higher than expected, indicating the persistence of cultivars that were grown for only one year. The cultivar composition of feral populations was similar to that of field plants, with an increasing number of cultivars each year. By using genetic tools, we found a link between the cultivars of field plants in a particular year and the cultivars of feral population plants in the following year. Feral populations on road verges were more diverse than those on path verges. All of these findings are discussed in terms of their consequences in the context of coexistence with genetically modified crops.

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Taken as a policy framework, active aging ranks high on most supranational bodies’ agenda. The new political economy of aging portrays “active” citizenship amongst seniors as a key challenge for the years to come. Our research focuses on, first, elderly women’s everyday ‘active’ practices, their meaning and purpose, in the context of Quebec’s active aging policy framework; and second, their day-to-day practical citizenship experiences. Informed by discourse analysis and a narrative approach, the life stories of women 60 to 70 years of age allowed for the identification of a plethora of distinctive old age activity figures. More specifically, four activity figures were identified by which respondents materialize their routine active practices, namely: (1) paid work; (2) voluntary and civic engagement; (3) physical activity; and (4) caregiving. Set against Quebec’s active aging policy framework, these patterns and set of practices that underpin them are clearly in tune with government’s dominant perspectives. Respondents’ narratives also show that active aging connotes a range of ‘ordinary’ activities of daily living, accomplished within people’s private worlds and places of proximity. Despite nuances, tensions and opposition found in dominant public discourse, as well as in active aging practices, a form of counter-discourse does not emerge from respondents’ narratives. To be active is normally the antithesis of immobility and dependence. Thus, to see oneself as active in old age draws on normative, positive assumptions about old age quite difficult to refute; nevertheless, discourses also raise identity and relational issues. In this respect, social inclusion issues cut across all active aging practices described by respondents. Moreover, a range of individual aims and quests underpin activity pattern. Such quests express respondents’ subjective interactions with their social environment; including their actions’ meaning and sense of social inclusiveness in old age. A first quest relates to personal identity and social integration to the world; a second one concerns giving; a third centers on the search for authenticity; whereas the fourth one is connected to a desire for freedom. It is through the objectivising of active practices and related existential pursuits that elderly woman recognize themselves as active citizens, rooted in the community, and variously contributing to society. Accordingly, ‘active’ citizenship experiences are articulated in a dialogic manner between the dimensions of ‘doing’, ‘active’ social practices, and ‘being’ in relation to others, within a context of interdependence. A proposed typology allows for the modeling of four ‘active’ citizenship figures. Overall, despite the role played by power relations and social inequality in structuring aging experiences, in everyday life ‘old age citizenship’ appears as a relational process, embedded in a set of social relations and practices involving individuals, families and communities, whereby elderly women are able to express a sense of agency within their social world.