Testes bioquímicos para avaliação do vigor em sementes de Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth

Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth. is a forest species of the Mimosaceae family, recommended for recovery of degraded areas. The evaluation of vigor by biochemical tests have been an important tool in the control of seed quality programs, and the electrical conductivity and potassium leaching the most efficient in the verifying the physiological potential. The objective, therefore, to adjust the methodology of the electrical conductivity test for seeds of M. caesalpiniaefolia, for then compare the efficiency of this test with the potassium in the evaluation of seed vigor of different lots of seeds M. caesalpiniaefolia. To test the adequacy of the electrical conductivity were used different combinations of temperatures , 25 °C and 30 ºC, number of seeds , 25 and 50, periods of imbibition , 4 , 8 , 12 , 16 and 24 hours , and volumes deionized water, 50 mL and 75mL. For potassium leaching test, which was conducted from the results achieved by the methodology of the adequacy of the electrical conductivity test, to compare the efficiency of both tests , in the classification of seeds at different levels of vigor, and the period 4 hours also evaluated because the potassium leaching test can be more efficient in the shortest time . The best combination obtained in experiment of electrical conductivity is 25 seeds soaked in 50 mL deionized or distilled water for 8 hours at a temperature of 30 ° C. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, the means were compared with each other by F tests and Tukey at 5 % probability, and when necessary polynomial regression analysis was performed. The electrical conductivity test performed at period eight hour proved to be more efficient in the separation of seed lots M. caesalpiniaefolia at different levels of vigor compared to the potassium test

Produção, acúmulo e decomposição da serrapilhadeira e repartição da precipitação pluviométrica por espécies da caatinga

This study aimed to establish patterns of dynamics of litter and redistribution of rainfall of Caatinga vegetation. Sampling was done monthly for twenty three months in four areas: degraded, successional primary stage, secondary stage and late stage. We installed 72 collectors of 1.0 mx 1.0 m, with nylon fabric background in three areas. Litter deposited was fractionated into leaves, twigs, reproductive structures and miscellaneous, dried and weighed. To assess the stock of accumulated litter we used metal frame with dimensions of 0.5 mx 0.5 m, thrown randomly and collected monthly, taken to the laboratory for oven drying and weighed. To evaluate the decomposition, 40g of litter were placed in nylon bags (litterbags) mesh 1 mm ², dimensions 20.0 x 20.0 cm, being distributed on the soil surface and removed monthly, cleaned, dried and weighed. To evaluate the contribution of rainfall we used interceptometers installed 1.0 m above the ground surface, distributed under the canopy of six species of the caatinga, which evaluated the stemflow through collecting system installed around the stems of these species. The deposition of litter in the primary stage was 2.631,26 kg ha-1; 3.144,89 kg ha-1 in the secondary stage; 3.144,89 kg ha-1 in the late stage. The fraction of leaves was the largest contributor to the formation of litter in three stages. The degraded area showed greater accumulation of litter and decomposition has been sluggish during the dry period. We conclude that occurred greater litterfall in later stages. The late successional stage showed faster decomposition of litter, the evidence that is a better use of litter in nutrient cycling processes and incorporation of organic matter to the soil. The time required to decompose 50 % of the litter in the later stages of succession was lower indicating greater speed of release and reuse of nutrients by the vegetation. The specie jurema preta with less leaf area and consists of leaflets, showed greater internal precipitation in rain events of greater magnitude. The stemflow was not influenced by DAP and basal area. The water lost by trapping represented the largest proportion of total rainfall in all species studied

Crescimento inicial e morfologia foliar em plantas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. E Erythrina velutina Mart. ex Benth, sob estresse hídrico

The Caatinga is the predominant vegetation type in semi-arid region of Brazil, where many inhabitants depend on hunting and gathering for survival, obtaining resources for: food and feed, folk medicine, timber production, etc. It‟s the dry ecosystem with highest population density in the world. The early stages of development are the most critical during the life cycle of a flowering plant and they‟re primordial to its establishment in environments exposed to water stress. Information about adjustments to the growth of the species, correlated with their studies of distribution in Seridó oriental potiguar, are an important ecological and economic standpoint, because they provide subsidies for the development of cultivation techniques, to programs of sustainable use and recovery of degraded areas. This thesis aimed to study the initial growth and foliar morphology in plants like Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. (tamboril) and Erythrina velutina Mart. ex Benth (mulungu), species of occurrence in the Caatinga, under water stress. After sowing and emergency, the seedlings were exposed to three water regimes: 450 (control), 225 (moderate stress) and 112.5 (severe stress) mm of water slide for 40 days. Seeding occurred in bags of 5 kg and after the establishment of seedlings thinning was carried out leaving a plantlet per bag. At the beginning the waterings occurred daily with distilled water, passing to be on alternate days after thinning. Twenty and forty days after the thinning seedlings collections were held to be done analysis of growth and biomass partition. When compared to the control group, the treatments with water stress showed reduction in the growth of the aerial part, growth of the greater root, number of leaves and leaflets, dry leaf area and total phytomass in both species, but in general, this effect was most marked for E. velutina. Regarding the partition of biomass, there were few changes throughout the experiment. Morphological changes in the leaves as a function of stress were not significant, however, there was a trend, in both species, to produce narrower leaves, that facilitate heat loss to the environment. It has not been possible to establish a positive relationship between inhibition of growth and distribution of species, whereas E. velutina is a species of most common occurrence in Seridó oriental potiguar. In this way, other aspects should be taken into account when studying the adaptation of species the dry environments, such as salinity, presence of heavy metals, wind speed, etc

Morfologia de frutos e sementes de espécies arbóreas do gênero Solanum L.

O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a morfologia do fruto e da semente de três espécies florestais nativas do Brasil, Solanum granuloso-leprosum Dunal, S. lycocarpum A.St.-Hil. e S. pseudoquina A.St.-Hil., recomendadas para plantações destinadas à recuperação de áreas degradadas. Os frutos são indeiscentes, carnosos, do tipo baga, globosos, polispérmicos e constituídos por dois ou mais lóculos. As sementes são estenospérmicas, campilótropas, elipsóides, comprimidas, apresentando seção longitudinal largo-ovalada ou achatado-ovalada e seção transversal elíptica. Hilo mediano-marginal localizado em uma depressão e micrópila arredondada. Sementes albuminosas, com endosperma abundante, periférico, carnoso-firme, semitransparente e de coloração esbranquiçada. Embrião axial, linear, contínuo e curvado. em Solanum lycocarpum e S. pseudoquina o embrião é circinado e em S. granuloso-leprosum é espiralado.

The kinetics of donor cell mtDNA in embryonic and somatic donor cell-derived bovine embryos

The mechanisms controlling the outcome of donor cell-derived mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cloned animals remain largely unknown. This research was designed to investigate the kinetics of somatic and embryonic mtDNA in reconstructed bovine embryos during preimplantation development, as well as in cloned animals. The experiment involved two different procedures of embryo reconstruction and their evaluation at five distinct phases of embryo development to measure the proportion of donor cell mtDNA (Bos indicus), as well as the segregation of this mtDNA during cleavage. The ratio of donor cell (B. indicus) to host oocyte (B. taurus) mtDNA (heteroplasmy) from blastomere- (NT-B) and fibroblast- (NT-F) reconstructed embryos was estimated using an allele-specific PCR with fluorochrome-stained specific primers in each sampled blastomere, in whole blastocysts, and in the tissues of a fibroblast-derived newborn clone. NT-B zygotes and blastocysts show similar levels of heteroplasmy (11.0% and 14.0%, respectively), despite a significant decrease at the 9-16 cell stage (5.8%; p < 0.05). Heteroplasmy levels in NT-F reconstructed zygotes, however, increased from an initial low level (4.7%), to 12.9% (p < 0.05) at the 9-16 cell stage. The NT-F blastocysts contained low levels of heteroplasmy (2.2%) and no somatic-derived mtDNA was detected in the gametes or the tissues of the newborn calf cloned. These results suggest that, in contrast to the mtDNA of blastomeres, that of somatic cells either undergoes replication or escapes degradation during cleavage, although it is degraded later after the blastocyst stage or lost during somatic development, as revealed by the lack of donor cell mtDNA at birth.

Efeito da temperatura e da luz na germinação de sementes de Acacia polyphylla DC.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Armazenamento e requerimento fotoblástico de sementes de Acacia polyphylla DC

Acacia polyphyla (Mimosaceae) é uma espécie arbórea nativa do Brasil, importante para a recuperação de áreas degradadas. Sementes dessa espécie foram armazenadas em condições naturais e artificiais, com os objetivos de avaliar a longevidade das sementes no solo, conservar a sua qualidade fisiológica pelo período correspondente a duas colheitas e verificar o requerimento fotoblástico das sementes armazenadas. em condições naturais, as sementes foram enterradas em clareira, sob dossel ralo e sob dossel denso. As sementes deterioraram rapidamente, revelando-se incapazes de compor o banco de sementes do solo. em condições artificiais, as sementes foram acondicionadas em diferentes embalagens e armazenadas por dois anos em ambiente não controlado e em câmara fria. Periodicamente, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar a 25ºC, na ausência de luz e sob fotoperíodo de oito horas sob luzes branca e de sombreamento. Durante todo o período de armazenamento, a germinação no escuro foi inferior à constatada sob luzes branca e de sombreamento. A qualidade fisiológica foi conservada por dois anos, quando as sementes foram acondicionadas em embalagem impermeável e armazenadas em câmara fria. O comportamento germinativo das sementes armazenadas por dois anos foi comparado com o de sementes recém-colhidas, em temperaturas constante e alternada, não sendo constatado efeito da idade e do regime de temperatura no requerimento fotoblástico das sementes.

Bases para a padronização do teste de germinação em três espécies de Solanum L.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Caracterização morfológica de frutos e sementes e desenvolvimento pós-seminal de monjoleiro (Acacia polyphylla DC.)

Acacia polyphylla DC. é uma espécie arbórea, característica dos estádios iniciais da sucessão secundária, de ocorrência natural no Brasil. Pertence à família Leguminosae-Mimosoideae, sendo recomendada em programas de reflorestamento misto, recuperação de áreas degradadas e manejo de fragmentos florestais. Entretanto, não foi encontrado nenhuma referência que fizesse menção aos aspectos químicos e morfológicos das sementes, bem como, aos aspectos do desenvolvimento pós-seminal desta espécie. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar morfologicamente e ilustrar frutos e sementes, quantificar alguns componentes químicos presentes nas sementes e descrever as diferentes fases do desenvolvimento pós-seminal. Para tanto, foram realizadas descrições associadas às estruturas externa e interna das sementes. As descrições morfológicas dos frutos e das sementes foram efetuadas em relação a forma, ao tamanho, a superfície, a micrópila e a forma e a localização do embrião. Para a descrição morfológica das plântulas, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar em meio de cultura Murashige & Skoog reduzido à metade da concentração e incubadas a temperatura de 25ºC, sendo descritas e ilustradas as plântulas normais e anormais. O fruto é uma vagem deiscente contendo de oito a 16 sementes achatadas, de tegumento testal, embrião axial e invaginado. A germinação das sementes é epígea e as plântulas fanerocotiledonares.

Caracterização física e química de áreas mineradas pela extração de cassiterita

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as diferenças ocorridas, após a atividade da mineração de cassiterita, em uma área de floresta amazônica. As amostras foram coletadas, superficialmente, em área de mineração de cassiterita na Floresta Nacional do Jamari (RO), ao longo de uma linha compreendendo: floresta, capoeira, piso de lavra, área de deposição de rejeito seco e área de deposição de rejeito úmido. em cada situação descrita foram coletadas cinco amostras, que serviram como repetição, totalizando 25. Nas amostras coletadas foram realizadas análises físicas e químicas. O processo de extração de cassiterita promoveu alterações significativas nos atributos dos solos estudados. A matéria orgânica, o fósforo disponível, a densidade de partículas e a resistência à penetração foram os mais alterados pelo processo de supressão da vegetação original e extração do minério.

Impacto urbano ocasionado por empreendimentos da construção civil no entorno da zona de proteção ambiental (zpa-6), Vila de Ponta Negra, Natal/RN

The process of urbanization in recent decades has generated considerable seriousness of problems relating to the use and occupation physical environment of cities. The concentration of population, economic activities and technological standards have reinforced an existing urban environment highly degraded as a consequence of the development style that leads to the predatory use of natural resources. In this context, cities as centers of production and consumption, have the most serious problems of environmental degradation. This study investigated the impacts of the municipal building projects to large-scale vertical in the town of Vila de Ponta Negra, Natal-RN, given the proximity to the Environmental Protection Area (ZPA-6) and considering its environmental importance , scenic, landscape and tourism for the city of Natal-RN. The fragility of the licensing process and the failure of the assumptions in the analysis, objective and subjective, for the granting of environmental permits for the building construction projects, specifically those set out in the surroundings of the Environmental Protection Area (ZPA-6) and fundamental importance of landscape and tourism for the city of Natal, has aroused the concern of local people in and of itself the Government, faced with the probable impacts that will affect greatly the Vila de Ponta Negra. The methodology used to achieve the intended objectives will be the literature review, questionnaire to the surrounding population and the Government, as well as findings on the spot, through the photographic record. The beneficiaries of the license, if the entrepreneurs, have been affected because of the granting of licensing act of investing large amount of capital in the works. Additionally, with distrust of the population, since they are to discredit the public system of environmental management have guessed by the probability of imbalance to the environment and structural damage to the Vila de Ponta Negra, where such failure to support energy, lack of regular supply of water , lack of sanitation and access roads sufficient for the flow of motor vehicles in these areas, among other factors. Thus, this work will contribute to the diagnosis and solutions to the problem in question, so that the Government will effectively fulfill its social management of ecologically balanced environment of continuing urban development in Natal, Brazil

Produção de metano entérico em pastagens tropicais

Na presente revisão, buscou-se apresentar os principais impactos ambientais causados pela pecuária, sobretudo, em relação às emissões de gases efeito estufa (GEE). Além disso, buscou-se apresentar possíveis formas de mitigar essas externalidades. A criação de bovinos, no Brasil, acontece de forma extensiva, muitas vezes em áreas com pastagem degradada e, portanto, de baixa produtividade. Isso possibilita à atividade uma oportunidade de redução do impacto causado ao meio ambiente, uma vez que ações tomadas, no sentido de melhorar o rendimento animal, devem resultar em um menor consumo de recursos naturais (terra e água) e maior eficiência do sistema digestivo animal. Os principais problemas apontados pelos pesquisadores, no que tange à pecuária extensiva, são o metano emitido pela fermentação entérica dos ruminantes, o óxido nitroso emitido pelos dejetos dos animais em pastejo e o dióxido de carbono trocado pelo solo e vegetação. Muitos fatores influenciam a produção de CH4 entérico dos ruminantes, inclusive o tipo de carboidrato fermentado, o sistema digestivo do animal, a quantidade e o tipo de alimentos consumidos. Diante do exposto, pesquisadores têm desenvolvido tecnologias para reduzir a emissão de metano, através da melhoria das práticas de manejo alimentar, manipulação ruminal, por meio de suplementação com monensina, lipídios, ácidos orgânicos e compostos de plantas. Outras estratégias de redução de metano que foram investigadas são: defaunação e vacinas, que buscam inibir micro-organismos metanogênicos e a metanogênese. Assim, a busca por sistemas de produção eficientes tem sido uma das perspectivas da pecuária mundial para reduzir a emissão de poluentes e intensificar a produção animal.

Patogenicidade de Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) ao Cupim de Montículo Cornitermes cumulans (Isoptera: Termitidae)

Cornitermes cumulans is a termite species often found in pastures of Brazil, mainly in the most degraded ones. Chemical control has been the most recommended method against this insect pest, but control measures are usually avoided by farmers. Biocontrol of termites with entomopathogenic fungi and possibly with entomopathogenic nematodes have been considered promising techniques, being recommended for use in several countries. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity of Steinernema carpocapsae (an unidentified isolate) against C cumulans castes (workers and soldiers). Three experiments were done, one using Petri dishes, with daily evaluations, and two others in artificial colonies (with workers and soldiers). For one of the experiments in artificial colonies, nematode suspensions (167 and 333 infective juveniles (IJ) per insect) were applied over the food supplied to the termites. For the other experiment, nematode suspensions (133, 267 and 533 IJ per insect) were applied directly over the artificial termite colonies. In these two experiments evaluations were done 1, 5 and 9 days after nematode application. Each dead insect was dissected for nematode verification. S. carpocapsae was highly pathogenic to both castes of C cumulans in all experiments.

Ammonium and nitrate in soil and upland rice yield as affected by cover crops and their desiccation time

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Análise térmica e mecânica de um compósito de matriz cerâmica com carga de EPS e raspa de pneu para construção de casas populares

Space Science was built using a composite made of plaster, EPS, shredded tires, cement and water. Studies were conducted to thermal and mechanical resistance. Inside the mold EPS plates were placed in order to obtain a higher thermal resistance on the wall constructed, as well as to give it an end environmentally friendly in view of both the tire and the EPS occupy a large space in landfills and year need to be degraded when released into the environment. Compression tests were performed according to ABNT blocks to seal, measurements of the temperature variation in the external and internal walls using a laser thermometer and check the temperature of the indoor environment using a thermocouple attached to a digital thermometer. The experiments demonstrated the heat provided by the composite values from the temperature difference between the internal and external surfaces on the walls, reaching levels of 12.4 ° C and room temperature in the interior space of the Science of 33.3 ° C, remaining within the zone thermal comfort for hot climate countries. It was also demonstrated the proper mechanical strength of such a composite for sealing walls. The proposed use of the composite can contribute to reducing the extreme housing shortage in our country, producing popular homes at low cost and with little time to work