A Century of Copepods: The U.S. Fisheries Steamer Albatross

The marine invertebrates of North America received little attention before the arrival of Louis Agassiz in 1846. Agassiz and his students, particularly Addison E. Verrill and Richard Rathbun, and Agassiz's colleague Spencer F. Baird, provided the concept and stimulus for expanded investigations. Baird's U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries (1871) provided a principal means, especially through the U.S. Fisheries Steamer Albatross (1882). Rathbun participated in the first and third Albatrossscientific cruises in 1883-84 and published the fist accounts of Albatross parasitic copepods. The first report of Albatross planktonic copepods was published in 1895 by Wilhelm Giesbrecht of the Naples Zoological Station. Other collections were sent to the Norwegian Georg Ossian Sars. The American Charles Branch Wilson eventually added planktonic copepods to his extensive published works on the parasitic copepods from the Albatross. The Albatross copepods from San Francisco Bay were reported upon by Calvin Olin Esterly in 1924. Henry Bryant Bigelow accompanied the last scientific cruise of the Albatross in 1920. Bigelow incorporated the 1920 copepods into his definitive study of the plankton of the Gulf of Maine. The late Otohiko Tanaka, in 1969, published two reviews of Albatross copepods. Albatross copepods will long be worked and reworked. This great ship and her shipmates were mutually inspiring, and they inspire us still.

Charles H. Gilbert, Pioneer Ichthyologist and Fishery Biologist

Charles Henry Gilbert (Fig. 1) was a pioneer ichthyologist and, later, fishery biologist of particular significance to natural history of the western United States. Born in Rockford, Illinois on 5 December 1859, he spent his early years in Indianapolis, Indiana, where, in 1874, he came under the influence of his high school teacher, David Starr Jordan (1851-1931). Gilbert graduated from high school in 1875, and when Jordan became a professor of natural history at Butler University in Irvington, Indiana, Gilbert followed, and received his B.A. degree in 1879. Jordan moved to Indiana University, in Bloomington, in the fall of 1879, and Gilbert again followed, earning his M.S. degree in 1882 and his Ph.D. in 1883 in zoology. His doctorate was the first ever awarded by Indiana University.

"Falta alguém em Nuremberg?: a repressão do primeiro governo Vargas revelada pela imprensa e legislativo nos anos 1940"

O trabalho busca analisar o papel de dois setores representativos brasileiros (imprensa e poder legislativo), de 1945 a 1948, na investigação e divulgação de práticas repressivas do Estado brasileiro de 1935 a 1945 descambando para o tema da tortura no período. Para tal, tem-se como objeto empírico parte das publicações do conglomerado editorial Diários Associados e a formação da Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito dos Atos Delituosos da Ditadura. Tomados no bojo da redemocratização a partir de 1945, as reportagens e a Comissão possuíram uma profunda interrelação nas denúncias às torturas ocorridas antes mesmo da instauração do Estado Novo. Ao se estudar o tema, observa-se que essas acusações, embora comuns, não encontraram eco e se perderam tanto na possibilidade de ações judiciais (no caso da Comissão Parlamentar) como à memória. O objetivo deste trabalho é, então, demarcar o caminho das denúncias e apontar as causas que culminaram no seu esquecimento público.

八角科植物系统学研究 — 比较木材解剖学及花被片表皮比较形态学

本文回顾了八角科（Illiciaceae）的分类历史，对其现状进行了介绍，并提出了存在的一些问题，针对这些问题，我们对八角科及其近缘类群 [五味子科（Schisandraceae）和木兰科（Magnoliaceae）] 的木材解剖特征，以及对组成八角目(Illiciales)的八角科和五味子科的花被片表皮形态进行了研究，进一步确定了八角科在离生心皮类中的原始地位，且为其属的次级划分提供了更多的性状支持，更详尽地阐述了它与近缘类群间的系统学关系，确定了八角目的独立地位。 １　比较木材解剖学 在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下，对八角科八角属（Illicium）2组19种1亚种43个材料、五味子科2属4种7个材料和木兰科1属3种4个材料的木材解剖结构进行了比较研究。 因八角科导管单独、多角形、密集、细长且具螺纹加厚，穿孔板梯状且细密，射线异形等特征，本文支持建立单属的八角科。在八角属内，由于八角组（Sect. Illicium）的导管分子密度较高和直径较窄，易损度为0.090，射线较高，而八角茴香组（Sect. Cymbostemon）的导管分子密度较低和直径较宽，易损度为0.194，射线较矮，因而本文支持将八角属分为八角组和八角茴香组，且八角组比八角茴香组原始。根据欧式距离，八角科与五味子科之间的相似性（d=4.690）比八角科与木兰科（d=4.899）之间的相似性大，本文支持建立八角目（Illiciales）。 2　花被片表皮比较形态学 在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下，观察了八角科八角属2组11种20个样品、五味子科南五味子属（Kadsura）2亚属2组8种15个样品和五味子属（Schisandra）2亚属4组6种17个样品的花被片表皮形态特征。 首次报道了八角目2个科（八角科和五味子科）3个属（八角属、南五味子属和五味子属）植物花被片表皮细胞的形状、分泌细胞的形状及分布、气孔器的形状及分布、花被片表面的纹饰，在五味子科中发现2个新的性状（气孔对和环列型气孔）。 通过与八角目2个科3个属植物的叶表皮形态比较，发现花被片表皮气孔器外拱盖均为单层，与叶表皮气孔器外拱盖层数（常绿种类为双层和落叶种类为单层）之间没有相关性。通过对两性花、雌花和雄花花被片表皮观察，发现花被片表皮形态与花的性别之间没有相关性。通过对八角属、南五味子属和五味子属花被片表皮比较，发现五味子属花被片表皮形态比南五味子属花被片表皮形态表现出更多的衍生性状，南五味子属花被片表皮形态比八角属花被片表皮形态表现出更多的衍生性状;南五味子属花被片表皮形态与五味子属花被片表皮形态之间的相似性程度较大，与八角属花被片表皮形态之间的相似性程度较小，支持建立含南五味子属和五味子属的五味子科，支持建立只含八角属的八角科。

Microsatellite DNA analysis proves nucleus of interspecies reconstructed blastocyst coming from that of donor giant panda

A method for DNA isolation from early development of blastocyst and further analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA was developed in present study. Total DNA was prepared from interspecies reconstructed blastocyst and a giant panda specific microsatellite locus g(010) was successfully amplified. DNA sequencing of the PCR product showed that two sequences of reconstructed blastocysts are the same as that of positive control giant panda. Our results prove that the nucleus of interspecies reconstructed blastocyst comes from somatic nucleus of donor giant panda.

ZnO based SAW and FBAR devices for lab-on-a chip applications

Acoustic wave devices were fabricated incorporating ZnO films deposited using both a standard rf magnetronand a novel High Target Utilisation (HiTUS) Sputtering System. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of using a single SAW-based actuation mechanism for both microfluidics and sensing. To further improve the sensitivity of our bio-sensors we have also investigated the use of Thin Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators.

固定化芽孢杆菌对鱼虾池亚硝酸盐的控制

广东省科技计划重点扶持项目 ( 2 0 0 3C5 0 10 5)

Dopamine and performance in a reinforcement learning task: evidence from Parkinson's disease.

The role dopamine plays in decision-making has important theoretical, empirical and clinical implications. Here, we examined its precise contribution by exploiting the lesion deficit model afforded by Parkinson's disease. We studied patients in a two-stage reinforcement learning task, while they were ON and OFF dopamine replacement medication. Contrary to expectation, we found that dopaminergic drug state (ON or OFF) did not impact learning. Instead, the critical factor was drug state during the performance phase, with patients ON medication choosing correctly significantly more frequently than those OFF medication. This effect was independent of drug state during initial learning and appears to reflect a facilitation of generalization for learnt information. This inference is bolstered by our observation that neural activity in nucleus accumbens and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, measured during simultaneously acquired functional magnetic resonance imaging, represented learnt stimulus values during performance. This effect was expressed solely during the ON state with activity in these regions correlating with better performance. Our data indicate that dopamine modulation of nucleus accumbens and ventromedial prefrontal cortex exerts a specific effect on choice behaviour distinct from pure learning. The findings are in keeping with the substantial other evidence that certain aspects of learning are unaffected by dopamine lesions or depletion, and that dopamine plays a key role in performance that may be distinct from its role in learning.

Dopamine and performance in a reinforcement learning task: Evidence from Parkinson's disease

The role dopamine plays in decision-making has important theoretical, empirical and clinical implications. Here, we examined its precise contribution by exploiting the lesion deficit model afforded by Parkinson's disease. We studied patients in a two-stage reinforcement learning task, while they were ON and OFF dopamine replacement medication. Contrary to expectation, we found that dopaminergic drug state (ON or OFF) did not impact learning. Instead, the critical factor was drug state during the performance phase, with patients ON medication choosing correctly significantly more frequently than those OFF medication. This effect was independent of drug state during initial learning and appears to reflect a facilitation of generalization for learnt information. This inference is bolstered by our observation that neural activity in nucleus accumbens and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, measured during simultaneously acquired functional magnetic resonance imaging, represented learnt stimulus values during performance. This effect was expressed solely during the ON state with activity in these regions correlating with better performance. Our data indicate that dopamine modulation of nucleus accumbens and ventromedial prefrontal cortex exerts a specific effect on choice behaviour distinct from pure learning. The findings are in keeping with the substantial other evidence that certain aspects of learning are unaffected by dopamine lesions or depletion, and that dopamine plays a key role in performance that may be distinct from its role in learning. © 2012 The Author.

Evaluation of the p-y method in the design of monopiles for offshore wind turbines

Monopile foundations, currently designed using the p-y method, are technically viable in supporting larger offshore wind turbines in waters to a depth of 30 m. The p-y method was developed to better understand the behavior of laterally loaded long slender piles required for the offshore oil and gas installations. The lateral load-deformation behavior of two monopiles, 5 and 7.5 m dia, installed in soft clays of varying undrained shear strength and stiffness, was studied. A combination of axial and lateral loads expected at an offshore wind farm location with a water depth of 30 m was used in the analysis. It was established that the Matlock (1970) p-y curves are too soft and under-estimate the ultimate soil reaction at all depths except at the monopile tip. At the pile tip, the base shear was not accounted for in the p-y curves, hence resulting in the over-estimation of the soil reaction. Consequently, the Matlock (1970) p-y formulation significantly underestimates the monopile ultimate lateral capacity. The use of the Matlock (1970) p-y method would result in over-conservative designs of monopiles for offshore wind turbines. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Offshore Technology Conference (Houston, TX 5/6-9/2013).