WAA, Women's Swimming in Women's Pool in Women's Athletic Building

[Ensian caption: "A flying start is always an advantage to a competitor in speed swimming events in the spacious, modern Women's Swimming Pool."]

WA Women's Basketball, 1955

[Ensian caption: If you have scoffed at the idea of girls attempting to play basketball, look twice at the skill displayed in maneuvering this jump "]ball.]

U-M Softball Team, 2003

Front Row: Jennifer Kreinbrink, Nicole Motycka, Michelle Teschler, Lauren Holland, Jessica Merchant.

Second Row: Jennifer Olds, Amy Prichard, Meghan Ritter, Courtney Betley, Monica Schock, Angie Churchill, Meghan Doe.

Third Row: Liz Elsner, Melinda Moulden, Lisa Mack, Marissa Young.

Back Row: Stephanie Bercaw, Grace Leutele, Tiffany Haas, Jennie Ritter, Student Manager Natalie Shaver.

U-M Softball Team, 2004

Front Row: Amy Prichard, Angie Churchill, Meghan Ritter, Jennifer Olds, Courtney Betley, Monica Schock, Meghan Doe

Second Row: Lorilyn Wilson, Michelle Teschler, Lauren Holland, Rebekah Milian, Nicole Motycka, Grace LeuteleThird Row: Stephanie Winter, Jennifer Kreinbrink, Tiffany Haas, Jennie Ritter

Back Row: Stephanie Bercaw, Jessica Merchant, manager Natalie Shaver, Tiffany Worthy

A cross-national comparison of cultural value orientations of Indian, Polish, Russian and American employees

This study examines the cultural value orientations (VOs) of employees (managerial and non-managerial) working in three categories of organizations (professional, technical and local services) in India, Poland, Russia and the USA. The analysis is conducted at both the national and organizational levels. The paper hypothesizes cultural differences at the country level and cultural similarities among employees working for professional and technical oriented organizations and divergence in the VOs of employees working for local services organizations. It also hypothesizes differences in the VOs of managerial and non-managerial employees in the four countries. The investigation has been conducted with the help of a questionnaire survey of 1,852 respondents. The outcomes of the analysis show that there are both cross-country cultural differences and similarities among the VOs of employees of the four nations. Further, significant cultural convergence emerges in the VOs of employees working for both professional and technical organizations, however, no significant cultural similarities or differences are observed for employees of service-based organizations in the four countries. There are some similarities emerging between managerial employees in the research countries. The research contributes to the fields of cross-cultural management, international management and international human resource management.