Panssarintorjunnan simulointimenetelmien tarkastelu

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on vertailla panssarintorjunnan simulointiin ja mallintamiseen käytettävän kahden erilaisen matemaattisen menetelmän soveltuvuutta ja käytettävyyttä. Näiden työkalujen vertailun kautta pyritään tekemään johtopäätöksiä niiden soveltuvuudesta operaatioanalyysiin ja löytämään kehittämistarpeita menetelmien parantamiseksi ja jatkotutkimusten pohjaksi. Epäsuoran tulen vaikutus huomioidaan taistelun kulussa. Tutkimuksessa käytettävä skenaario on kummassakin menetelmässä sama, ja taistelut käydään neljässä vaiheessa, joihin osallistuvat joukot ja aseet ovat kummassakin tapauksessa samat. Tutkimuksessa käytetään konstruktiivista simulaatiota ja determinististä matemaattista mallia. Simulaatioon on sisälle ohjelmoitu epäsuoran tulen vaikutusmalli, mutta deterministisen mallin kanssa käytetään erillistä epäsuoran tulen vaikutusmallia. Panssarivaunujen taistelu toisia panssarivaunuja ja panssarintorjunta-aseita vastaan perustuu kummassakin menetelmässä tuhoamistodennäköisyyksiin. Tutkimuksessa annetaan esimerkki tuhoamistodennäköisyyksien määrittämisestä ja lasketaan tutkimuksessa käytettävät tuhoamistodennäköisyydet pääosin julkisista lähteistä saatavilla oleviin arvoihin perustuen. Tulosta laskettaessa taistelut aloitetaan kyseistä taisteluvaihetta varten vakioidulla tavalla esimerkiksi rajoittamalla taistelut käytäväksi vain tietyillä tuhoamisetäisyyteen perustuvilla torjunta-alueilla. Simulaation ja matemaattisen mallin välisistä eroista johtuen tämä ei kaikissa vaiheissa täysin toteutunut. Keskeisimmät tulokset liittyvät havaintoihin menetelmien eroista panssarintorjunta-aseiden kulutuksessa ja epäsuoran tulen tehossa. Lisäksi tuloksena havaittiin, että menetelmien välillä ei tuhottujen vaunujen määrissä ole merkittäviä eroja. Matemaattisen menetelmän lopputulos on kuitenkin vahvasti riippuvainen tutkijan tekemistä valinnoista skenaariota rakentaessaan, eikä tämän tutkimuksen lopputulos ole kyseisen mallin kohdalta, joka mitä tästä samasta tilanteesta olisi voinut tulla. Kummankin menetelmän jatkokehittämiseksi löytyi tutkimuksen aikana tarpeita. Matemaattisen menetelmän kohdalla tarpeet painottuvat niin sanottujen kestokäyttöaseiden eli ladattavien asejärjestelmien välisten taisteluiden laskemisen parantamiseen. Simulaation osalta suurimmat kehitystarpeet ovat yksiköiden realistisemman toiminnan kehittämisessä siten, että niiden reagointi taistelukentän ärsykkeisiin olisi todenmukaisempaa.

Influência da suspensão na segurança e no conforto de um pulverizador autopropelido

Para avaliar o comportamento da suspensão do pulverizador autopropelido, foram desenvolvidos modelos físicos e matemáticos em função da excitação ocasionada pelas irregularidades do solo. Neste trabalho, estas irregularidades são representadas por obstáculos de uma pista normalizada segundo a norma ISO 5008. As equações do movimento são obtidas a partir dos modelos matemáticos de meio veículo. As simulações numéricas são executadas nos softwares Matlab® e Simulink®. A partir da entrada conhecida, podem-se determinar as características dos elementos da suspensão para obter níveis desejáveis de conforto e segurança. Foram analisadas quatro diferentes configurações do sistema, variando-se a relação de rigidez a partir de um modelo considerado padrão. Constatou-se que o aumento da relação de rigidez resulta na redução da aceleração vertical e no aumento do curso da suspensão, melhorando o conforto e diminuindo a segurança.

Comparação entre dois tipos de suspensão passiva de barra em condições simuladas de pista de prova normalizada

Neste trabalho, foram feitas algumas análises sobre o comportamento dinâmico simulado de dois tipos de suspensões passivas das barras dos pulverizadores tracionados. Estas análises foram conduzidas em condições virtuais de pista de prova normalizada ISO 5008, com dois níveis de velocidade de deslocamento do pulverizador (5 km h-1 e 15 km h-1) e em dois perfis de pista existentes na norma (acidentada e suavizada). Foram utilizados nas simulações os softwares MATLAB®; SIMULINK® e Visual Nastran®. Os resultados mostram que a suspensão do tipo trapezoidal teve melhor desempenho em baixas frequências de excitação (w < 0,2 Hz), enquanto a suspensão do tipo pêndulo simples teve melhor desempenho nas demais condições das pistas normalizadas.

Distribuição de pressão em rede de irrigação localizada otimizada por algoritmos genéticos

Modelos matemáticos computacionais de otimização de redes de irrigação, sob vazão em marcha, capazes de fornecer dados hidráulicos, são importantes para a verificação do comportamento do sistema quanto à distribuição da carga hidráulica (energia) e da pressão nas tubulações da rede. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a distribuição da carga efetiva e hidráulica da unidade operacional de uma rede de irrigação localizada otimizada por algoritmos genéticos. As variáveis de decisão para otimização, com auxílio de algoritmos genéticos, foram os diâmetros de cada trecho da rede: dois para linhas laterais, quatro para linhas de derivação, quatro para linhas secundárias e um para a linha principal. Foi desenvolvido um código em linguagem MatLab, considerando todas as perdas de energia distribuídas e localizadas entre o início da rede e o conjunto motobomba. A análise de sensibilidade realizada foi baseada na variação, na declividade do terreno (0; 2,5 e 5%). Os resultados mostram que, para as tubulações com vazão em marcha, quando se aumenta a declividade do terreno, ocorre ganho de energia no início da tubulação, que vai perdendo-se de maneira gradual, e diminuição da pressão no início da tubulação, que aumenta gradualmente.

Electrically driven fertilizer applicator controlled by fuzzy logic

The present study shows the development, simulation and actual implementation of a closed-loop controller based on fuzzy logic that is able to regulate and standardize the mass flow of a helical fertilizer applicator. The control algorithm was developed using MATLAB's Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. Both open and closed-loop simulations of the controller were performed in MATLAB's Simulink environment. The instantaneous deviation of the mass flow from the set point (SP), its derivative, the equipment´s translation velocity and acceleration were all used as input signals for the controller, whereas the voltage of the applicator's DC electric motor (DCEM) was driven by the controller as output signal. Calibration and validation of the rules and membership functions of the fuzzy logic were accomplished in the computer simulation phase, taking into account the system's response to SP changes. The mass flow variation coefficient, measured in experimental tests, ranged from 6.32 to 13.18%. The steady state error fell between -0.72 and 0.13g s-1 and the recorded average rise time of the system was 0.38 s. The implemented controller was able to both damp the oscillations in mass flow that are characteristic of helical fertilizer applicators, and to effectively respond to SP variations.

SOFTWARE TO ASSESS BEEF CATTLE BODY MASS THROUGH THE FUZZY BODY MASS INDEX

ABSTRACT The Body Mass Index (BMI) can be used by farmers to help determine the time of evaluation of the body mass gain of the animal. However, the calculation of this index does not reveal immediately whether the animal is ready for slaughter or if it needs special care fattening. The aim of this study was to develop a software using the Fuzzy Logic to compare the bovine body mass among themselves and identify the groups for slaughter and those that requires more intensive feeding, using "mass" and "height" variables, and the output Fuzzy BMI. For the development of the software, it was used a fuzzy system with applications in a herd of 147 Nellore cows, located in a city of Santa Rita do Pardo city – Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) state, in Brazil, and a database generated by Matlab software.

Monte Carlo Hypothesis Testing with The Sharpe Ratio

The purpose of this master thesis was to perform simulations that involve use of random number while testing hypotheses especially on two samples populations being compared weather by their means, variances or Sharpe ratios. Specifically, we simulated some well known distributions by Matlab and check out the accuracy of an hypothesis testing. Furthermore, we went deeper and check what could happen once the bootstrapping method as described by Effrons is applied on the simulated data. In addition to that, one well known RobustSharpe hypothesis testing stated in the paper of Ledoit and Wolf was applied to measure the statistical significance performance between two investment founds basing on testing weather there is a statistically significant difference between their Sharpe Ratios or not. We collected many literatures about our topic and perform by Matlab many simulated random numbers as possible to put out our purpose; As results we come out with a good understanding that testing are not always accurate; for instance while testing weather two normal distributed random vectors come from the same normal distribution. The Jacque-Berra test for normality showed that for the normal random vector r1 and r2, only 94,7% and 95,7% respectively are coming from normal distribution in contrast 5,3% and 4,3% failed to shown the truth already known; but when we introduce the bootstrapping methods by Effrons while estimating pvalues where the hypothesis decision is based, the accuracy of the test was 100% successful. From the above results the reports showed that bootstrapping methods while testing or estimating some statistics should always considered because at most cases the outcome are accurate and errors are minimized in the computation. Also the RobustSharpe test which is known to use one of the bootstrapping methods, studentised one, were applied first on different simulated data including distribution of many kind and different shape secondly, on real data, Hedge and Mutual funds. The test performed quite well to agree with the existence of statistical significance difference between their Sharpe ratios as described in the paper of Ledoit andWolf.

Thermal Stress in a Roll-to-Roll Printed Electronics Substrate

The Roll-to-Roll process makes it possible to print electronic products continuously onto a uniform substrate. Printing components on flexible surfaces can bring down the costs of simple electronic devices such as RFID tags, antennas and transistors. The possibility of quickly printing flexible electronic components opens up a wide array of novel products previously too expensive to produce on a large scale. Several different printing methods can be used in Roll-to-Roll printing, such as gravure, spray, offset, flexographic and others. Most of the methods can also be mixed in one production line. Most of them still require years of research to reach a significant commercial level. The research for this thesis was carried out at the Konkuk University Flexible Display Research Center (KU-FDRC) in Seoul, Korea. A system using Roll-to-Roll printing requires that the motion of the web can be controlled in every direction in order to align different layers of ink properly. Between printers the ink is dried with hot air. The effects of thermal expansion on the tension of the web are studied in this work, and a mathematical model was constructed on Matlab and Simulink. Simulations and experiments lead to the conclusion that the thermal expansion of the web has a great influence on the tension of the web. Also, experimental evidence was gained that the particular printing machine used for these experiments at KU-FDRC may have a problem in controlling the speeds of the cylinders which pull the web.

Differential Evolution approach and parameter estimation of chaotic

Parameter estimation still remains a challenge in many important applications. There is a need to develop methods that utilize achievements in modern computational systems with growing capabilities. Owing to this fact different kinds of Evolutionary Algorithms are becoming an especially perspective field of research. The main aim of this thesis is to explore theoretical aspects of a specific type of Evolutionary Algorithms class, the Differential Evolution (DE) method, and implement this algorithm as codes capable to solve a large range of problems. Matlab, a numerical computing environment provided by MathWorks inc., has been utilized for this purpose. Our implementation empirically demonstrates the benefits of a stochastic optimizers with respect to deterministic optimizers in case of stochastic and chaotic problems. Furthermore, the advanced features of Differential Evolution are discussed as well as taken into account in the Matlab realization. Test "toycase" examples are presented in order to show advantages and disadvantages caused by additional aspects involved in extensions of the basic algorithm. Another aim of this paper is to apply the DE approach to the parameter estimation problem of the system exhibiting chaotic behavior, where the well-known Lorenz system with specific set of parameter values is taken as an example. Finally, the DE approach for estimation of chaotic dynamics is compared to the Ensemble prediction and parameter estimation system (EPPES) approach which was recently proposed as a possible solution for similar problems.

Avaliação da sinergia da musculatura abdomino-pélvica em nulíparas com eletromiografia e biofeedback perineal

OBJETIVO: verificar o comportamento da musculatura abdominal e perineal em face de alterações respiratórias induzidas em 15 nulíparas, sem história de disfunções perineais e/ou respiratórias prévias, com faixa etária de 20 a 26 anos (22,9±1,83). MÉTODOS: a atividade elétrica dos músculos abdominais e perineais foi analisada utilizando a eletromiografia de superfície, e a pressão perineal (PP) obtida mediante biofeedback digital, simultaneamente. As voluntárias foram instruídas a realizar três repetições e a execução de manobras respiratórias: inspiração máxima (PImáx), expiração máxima (PEmáx) e Valsalva (MV), em ordem aleatória. As voluntárias foram posicionadas em mesa ginecológica, com 60º de inclinação de tronco. Os sinais eletromiográficos foram coletados pelo software AqDados® (4.4) para linguagem binária ASCii, sendo posteriormente processados no software Matlab® (6.5.1). A análise estatística da envoltória (EN) do sinal foi realizada por meio da correlação de Spearman e do teste Kruskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). RESULTADO: observou-se que a PP foi maior na PImáx (2,98±2,38), seguida da MV (29,10±10,68), sendo ambas superadas pela PEmáx (38,22±9,98) (p<0,01). Demonstrou-se ainda correlação positiva entre a PEmáx e a PP (p<0,01), bem como entre a EN da musculatura perineal e abdominal na PEmáx e PImáx (p<0,05 e p=0,03, respectivamente). Os resultados relativos às MVs não foram significativos, quando analisadas a PP e EN. CONCLUSÃO: foi possível identificar a presença de sinergia abdômino-pélvica durante a execução das manobras respiratórias, em especial em relação a PEmáx.

Dynaamisen lämmönsiirtomallin kehittäminen

Dynaamisia simulointimalleja tarvitaan, jotta voidaan tarkastella järjestelmän käyttäytymistä ajan funktiona. Simulointimallilla voidaan simuloida järjestelmän lähtö erilaisilla herätteillä. Mallin avulla saadaan myös tarkempi käsitys järjestelmästä ja sen osa-alueista, koska simulointimallista voidaan tarkastella sellaisia asioita, jotka voivat olla oikeasta järjestelmästä vaikeasti mitattavia. Tässä työssä kehitetään LUT Energian hyötysuhdemittapaikan keskikokoista kalorimetriä approksimoiva dynaaminen lämmönsiirtomalli käyttäen Matlab® Simulink -ohjelmistoa. Kehitetyn lämmönsiirtomallin tarkkuutta arvioidaan todellisella järjestelmällä tehdyillä mittauksilla. Työssä käytetään karkeita approksimaatioita, jotka tulee korvata tarkemmilla matemaattisilla malleilla jatkokehitystä varten. Työssä kehitetty dynaaminen lämmönsiirtomalli approksimoi todellisen järjestelmän vastetta lämmitysvaiheessa keskimääräisenvirheen ±0,19 °C tarkkuudella.

Accuracy Analysis of Frequency Converter Estimates in Diagnostic Applications

Transportation of fluids is one of the most common and energy intensive processes in the industrial and HVAC sectors. Pumping systems are frequently subject to engineering malpractice when dimensioned, which can lead to poor operational efficiency. Moreover, pump monitoring requires dedicated measuring equipment, which imply costly investments. Inefficient pump operation and improper maintenance can increase energy costs substantially and even lead to pump failure. A centrifugal pump is commonly driven by an induction motor. Driving the induction motor with a frequency converter can diminish energy consumption in pump drives and provide better control of a process. In addition, induction machine signals can also be estimated by modern frequency converters, dispensing with the use of sensors. If the estimates are accurate enough, a pump can be modelled and integrated into the frequency converter control scheme. This can open the possibility of joint motor and pump monitoring and diagnostics, thereby allowing the detection of reliability-reducing operating states that can lead to additional maintenance costs. The goal of this work is to study the accuracy of rotational speed, torque and shaft power estimates calculated by a frequency converter. Laboratory tests were performed in order to observe estimate behaviour in both steady-state and transient operation. An induction machine driven by a vector-controlled frequency converter, coupled with another induction machine acting as load was used in the tests. The estimated quantities were obtained through the frequency converter’s Trend Recorder software. A high-precision, HBM T12 torque-speed transducer was used to measure the actual values of the aforementioned variables. The effect of the flux optimization energy saving feature on the estimate quality was also studied. A processing function was developed in MATLAB for comparison of the obtained data. The obtained results confirm the suitability of this particular converter to provide accurate enough estimates for pumping applications.

Evaluation of Bubble Formation and Break Up in Suppression Pools by Using Pattern Recognition Methods

During a possible loss of coolant accident in BWRs, a large amount of steam will be released from the reactor pressure vessel to the suppression pool. Steam will be condensed into the suppression pool causing dynamic and structural loads to the pool. The formation and break up of bubbles can be measured by visual observation using a suitable pattern recognition algorithm. The aim of this study was to improve the preliminary pattern recognition algorithm, developed by Vesa Tanskanen in his doctoral dissertation, by using MATLAB. Video material from the PPOOLEX test facility, recorded during thermal stratification and mixing experiments, was used as a reference in the development of the algorithm. The developed algorithm consists of two parts: the pattern recognition of the bubbles and the analysis of recognized bubble images. The bubble recognition works well, but some errors will appear due to the complex structure of the pool. The results of the image analysis were reasonable. The volume and the surface area of the bubbles were not evaluated. Chugging frequencies calculated by using FFT fitted well into the results of oscillation frequencies measured in the experiments. The pattern recognition algorithm works in the conditions it is designed for. If the measurement configuration will be changed, some modifications have to be done. Numerous improvements are proposed for the future 3D equipment.

Evaluation of follicular lymphoid depletion in the Bursa of Fabricius: an alternative methodology using digital image analysis and artificial neural networks

Fifty Bursa of Fabricius (BF) were examined by conventional optical microscopy and digital images were acquired and processed using Matlab® 6.5 software. The Artificial Neuronal Network (ANN) was generated using Neuroshell® Classifier software and the optical and digital data were compared. The ANN was able to make a comparable classification of digital and optical scores. The use of ANN was able to classify correctly the majority of the follicles, reaching sensibility and specificity of 89% and 96%, respectively. When the follicles were scored and grouped in a binary fashion the sensibility increased to 90% and obtained the maximum value for the specificity of 92%. These results demonstrate that the use of digital image analysis and ANN is a useful tool for the pathological classification of the BF lymphoid depletion. In addition it provides objective results that allow measuring the dimension of the error in the diagnosis and classification therefore making comparison between databases feasible.

Pumping system optimization tool

Pumping systems account for over 20 % of all electricity consumption in European industry. Optimization and correct design of such systems is important and there is a reasonable amount of unrealized energy saving potential in old pumping systems. The energy efficiency and therefore also the energy consumption of a pumping system heavily depends on the correct dimensioning and selection of devices. In this work, a graphical optimization tool for pumping systems is developed in Matlab programming language. The tool selects optimal pump, electrical motor and frequency converter for existing pumping process and calculates the life cycle costs of the whole system. The tool could be used as an aid when choosing the machinery and to analyze the energy consumption of existing systems. Results given by the tool are compared to the results of laboratory tests. The selection of pump and motor works reasonably well, but the frequency converter selection still needs development