A regulação da economia da inovação: patentes e biodiversidade no desenvolvimento dos países do trópico úmido

Esta dissertação apresenta uma análise da regulação da inovação em países do Trópico Úmido. A questão norteadora é como estes países lidam com a regulação da propriedade industrial nas suas políticas de inovação e como eles incorporam sua rica biodiversidade neste contexto. Propriedade intelectual – particularmente patentes – fornece uma ampla discussão nas políticas de inovação, contudo, também indicam como as questões da biodiversidade são negligenciadas pelos governos ao estabelecer seu caminho de convergência para o desenvolvimento. O estudo selecionou alguns países do Trópico Úmido que são conhecidos por seus esforços de convergência e de grande biodiversidade, são eles: Brasil, China, Cingapura, Filipinas, Índia, Indonésia, Malásia, México, Tailândia, Taiwan e Vietnã. Os dados coletados nas bases de dados de patentes da Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual – OMPI mostram que esses países fazem pouco uso de patentes para a proteção da biodiversidade. O conhecimento científico sobre a riqueza de espécies e sua apropriação pela sociedade é limitada. Isso pode ocorrer quando a biodiversidade não é vista pelas instituições do Trópico Úmido como um ativo crucial. Argumenta-se que os países devem concentrar seus investimentos em P&D em ativos específicos, portanto, nós acreditamos que isso se aplica para a biodiversidade. Fazendo uma análise dos sistemas de patentes de regulamentação desses países selecionados, verificou-se que os requisitos básicos de uma patente são padronizados. Nossa análise sugere que os países do Trópico Úmido redirecionem a sua proteção da propriedade intelectual, a fim de que as inovações futuras destaquem os ativos específicos da região. Além disso, um projeto cuidadoso de leis sobre esses direitos é necessário, levando em conta os aspectos econômicos, sociais e ambientais. A divulgação das vantagens locais através da análise da intensidade da apropriação da biodiversidade por meio do sistema de patentes, bem como a comparação entre a dinâmica das leis de patentes dos países no sistema de inovação, pode orientar as decisões institucionais em relação ao desenvolvimento tecnológico regional.

Investigação da toxicidade e da capacidade de recuperação do herbicida 2,4-D comercial (2,4-diclorofenoxiacético) empregando brânquias de tilápias, Oreochromis niloticus, como biomarcador

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Intelectuais e política: a trajetória do Tribunal Internacional de Crimes de Guerra (1966-1967)

Pós-graduação em História - FCHS

The De-Totalization of History in Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried

This paper aims at discussing how Tim O’Brien, a veteran of the Vietnam War, reviews the American involvement in the conflict in his novel The Things They Carried (1990). The author shows the perspective of the soldiers in the stories and, therefore, presents other possibilities to analyze that historical fact. The interplay of fiction and truth is essential for O’Brien to reach the objective of reevaluating official history in order to make the readers rethink the past.

A diplomacia de ascensão pacífica como estratégia de política externa da China: as relações com o Vietnã e as disputas sobre as ilhas

Pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais (UNESP - UNICAMP - PUC-SP) - FFC

Fungal Planet description sheets: 320-370

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Malaysia: Castanediella eucalypti from Eucalyptus pellita, Codinaea acacia from Acacia mangium, Emarcea eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana, Myrtapenidiella eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus pellita, Pilidiella eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana and Strelitziana malaysiana from Acacia mangium. Furthermore, Stachybotrys sansevieriicola is described from Sansevieria ehrenbergii (Tanzania), Phacidium grevilleae from Grevillea robusta (Uganda), Graphium jumulu from Adansonia gregorii and Ophiostoma eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus marginata (Australia), Pleurophoma ossicola from bone and Plectosphaerella populi from Populus nigra (Germany), Colletotrichum neosansevieriae from Sansevieria trifasciata, Elsinoë othonnae from Othonna quinquedentata and Zeloasperisporium cliviae (Zeloasperisporiaceae fam. nov.) from Clivia sp. (South Africa), Neodevriesia pakbiae, Phaeophleospora hymenocallidis and Phaeophleospora hymenocallidicola on leaves of a fern (Thailand), Melanconium elaeidicola from Elaeis guineensis (Indonesia), Hormonema viticola from Vitis vinifera (Canary Islands), Chlorophyllum pseudoglobossum from a grassland (India), Triadelphia disseminata from an immunocompromised patient (Saudi Arabia), Colletotrichum abscissum from Citrus (Brazil), Polyschema sclerotigenum and Phialemonium limoniforme from human patients (USA), Cadophora vitícola from Vitis vinifera (Spain), Entoloma flavovelutinum and Bolbitius aurantiorugosus from soil (Vietnam), Rhizopogon granuloflavus from soil (Cape Verde Islands), Tulasnella eremophila from Euphorbia officinarum subsp. echinus (Morocco), Verrucostoma martinicensis from Danaea elliptica (French West Indies), Metschnikowia colchici from Colchicum autumnale (Bulgaria), Thelebolus microcarpus from soil (Argentina) and Ceratocystis adelpha from Theobroma cacao (Ecuador). Myrmecridium iridis (Myrmecridiales ord. nov., Myrmecridiaceae fam. nov.) is also described from Iris sp. (The Netherlands). Novel genera include (Ascomycetes): Budhanggurabania from Cynodon dactylon (Australia), Soloacrosporiella, Xenocamarosporium, Neostrelitziana and Castanediella from Acacia mangium and Sabahriopsis from Eucalyptus brassiana (Malaysia), Readerielliopsis from basidiomata of Fuscoporia wahlbergii (French Guyana), Neoplatysporoides from Aloe ferox (Tanzania), Wojnowiciella, Chrysofolia and Neoeriomycopsis from Eucalyptus (Colombia), Neophaeomoniella from Eucalyptus globulus (USA), Pseudophaeomoniella from Olea europaea (Italy), Paraphaeomoniella from Encephalartos altensteinii, Aequabiliella, Celerioriella and Minutiella from Prunus (South Africa). Tephrocybella (Basidiomycetes) represents a novel genus from wood (Italy). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.

Revision of Hawaiian, Australasian, Oriental, and Japanese Parandrinae (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

A comprehensive revision of the Subfamily Parandrinae (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) from the Hawaiian, Australasian, Oriental, and Japanese regions is presented. Seven (7) new genera are described: Komiyandra, Melanesiandra, Papuandra, Storeyandra, Hawaiiandra, Caledonandra, and Malukandra. All known, indigenous species from these regions are assigned to new genera resulting in the following new combinations: Komiyandra janus (Bates, 1875), K. shibatai (Hayashi, 1963), K. formosana (Miwa and Mitono, 1939), K. lanyuana (Hayashi, 1981), Melanesiandra striatifrons (Fairmaire, 1879), M. solomonensis (Arigony, 1983), Caledonandra austrocaledonica (Montrouzier, 1861), C. passandroides (Thomson, 1867), Hawaiiandra puncticeps (Sharp, 1878), Malukandra heterostyla (Lameere, 1902), Storeyandra frenchi (Blackburn, 1895), and Papuandra araucariae (Gressitt, 1959). Thirty-one (31) new species are described: Komiyandra javana, K. nayani, K. ohbayashii, K. luzonica, K. philippinensis, K. mindanao, K. mehli, K. vivesi, K. lombokia, K. sulawesiana, K. irianjayana, K. menieri, K. sangihe, K. mindoro, K. niisatoi, K. drumonti, K. cabigasi, K. koni, K. johkii, K. poggii, K. uenoi, Melanesiandra bougainvillensis, M. birai, Papuandra gressitti, P. weigeli, P. queenslandensis, P. norfolkensis, P. rothschildi, P. oberthueri, Malukandra jayawijayana and M. hornabrooki. A lectotype is designated for Parandra janus Bates, 1875. Komiyandra janus (Bates, 1875) is excluded from nearly all previously reported locations, even one location given in the original description, and is now only known from Sulawesi. A paralectotype of Parandra janus Bates, 1875, is designated as a paratype for Komiyandra menieri, new species. Komiyandra formosana is excluded from the Japanese (Ryukyu Is.) fauna. Parandra vitiensis Nonfried, 1894, is again placed in synonymy with P. striatifrons Fairmaire (now Melanesiandra striatifrons). A neotype is designated for Parandra austrocaledonica Montrouzier, 1861. A lectotype is designated for Parandra janus Bates, 1875. The lectotype of Parandra gabonica Thomson, 1858, designated by Quentin and Villiers (1975) is considered invalid. Papuandra araucariae (Gressitt, 1959) is excluded from the fauna of Norfolk Island. The African species Stenandra kolbei (Lameere, 1903) is reported for the first time from Asia (N. Vietnam). Keys are presented to separate worldwide genera of Parandrini and all species within the study regions. Illustrations are provided for all species including many special characters to differentiate genera and species.

The rapid atmospheric monitoring system of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a facility built to detect air showers produced by cosmic rays above 10(17) eV. During clear nights with a low illuminated moon fraction, the UV fluorescence light produced by air showers is recorded by optical telescopes at the Observatory. To correct the observations for variations in atmospheric conditions, atmospheric monitoring is performed at regular intervals ranging from several minutes (for cloud identification) to several hours (for aerosol conditions) to several days (for vertical profiles of temperature, pressure, and humidity). In 2009, the monitoring program was upgraded to allow for additional targeted measurements of atmospheric conditions shortly after the detection of air showers of special interest, e. g., showers produced by very high-energy cosmic rays or showers with atypical longitudinal profiles. The former events are of particular importance for the determination of the energy scale of the Observatory, and the latter are characteristic of unusual air shower physics or exotic primary particle types. The purpose of targeted (or "rapid") monitoring is to improve the resolution of the atmospheric measurements for such events. In this paper, we report on the implementation of the rapid monitoring program and its current status. The rapid monitoring data have been analyzed and applied to the reconstruction of air showers of high interest, and indicate that the air fluorescence measurements affected by clouds and aerosols are effectively corrected using measurements from the regular atmospheric monitoring program. We find that the rapid monitoring program has potential for supporting dedicated physics analyses beyond the standard event reconstruction.

SEARCH FOR POINT-LIKE SOURCES OF ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINOS AT THE PIERRE AUGER OBSERVATORY AND IMPROVED LIMIT ON THE DIFFUSE FLUX OF TAU NEUTRINOS

The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory can detect neutrinos with energy E-nu between 10(17) eV and 10(20) eV from point-like sources across the sky south of +55 degrees and north of -65 degrees declinations. A search has been performed for highly inclined extensive air showers produced by the interaction of neutrinos of all flavors in the atmosphere (downward-going neutrinos), and by the decay of tau leptons originating from tau neutrino interactions in Earth's crust (Earth-skimming neutrinos). No candidate neutrinos have been found in data up to 2010 May 31. This corresponds to an equivalent exposure of similar to 3.5 years of a full surface detector array for the Earth-skimming channel and similar to 2 years for the downward-going channel. An improved upper limit on the diffuse flux of tau neutrinos has been derived. Upper limits on the neutrino flux from point-like sources have been derived as a function of the source declination. Assuming a differential neutrino flux k(PS) . E-nu(-2). from a point-like source, 90% confidence level upper limits for k(PS) at the level of approximate to 5x10(-7) and 2.5x10(-6) GeV cm(-2) s(-1) have been obtained over a broad range of declinations from the searches for Earth-skimming and downward-going neutrinos, respectively.

LARGE-SCALE DISTRIBUTION OF ARRIVAL DIRECTIONS OF COSMIC RAYS DETECTED ABOVE 10(18) eV AT THE PIERRE AUGER OBSERVATORY

A thorough search for large-scale anisotropies in the distribution of arrival directions of cosmic rays detected above 10(18) eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory is presented. This search is performed as a function of both declination and right ascension in several energy ranges above 10(18) eV, and reported in terms of dipolar and quadrupolar coefficients. Within the systematic uncertainties, no significant deviation from isotropy is revealed. Assuming that any cosmic-ray anisotropy is dominated by dipole and quadrupole moments in this energy range, upper limits on their amplitudes are derived. These upper limits allow us to test the origin of cosmic rays above 10(18) eV from stationary Galactic sources densely distributed in the Galactic disk and predominantly emitting light particles in all directions.

Sero-epidemiological evaluation of changes in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax transmission patterns over the rainy season in Cambodia

Background: In Cambodia, malaria transmission is low and most cases occur in forested areas. Seroepidemiological techniques can be used to identify both areas of ongoing transmission and high-risk groups to be targeted by control interventions. This study utilizes repeated cross-sectional data to assess the risk of being malaria sero-positive at two consecutive time points during the rainy season and investigates who is most likely to sero-convert over the transmission season. Methods: In 2005, two cross-sectional surveys, one in the middle and the other at the end of the malaria transmission season, were carried out in two ecologically distinct regions in Cambodia. Parasitological and serological data were collected in four districts. Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate Rich Protein (GLURP) and Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein-119 (MSP-119) were detected using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The force of infection was estimated using a simple catalytic model fitted using maximum likelihood methods. Risks for sero-converting during the rainy season were analysed using the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) method. Results: A total of 804 individuals participating in both surveys were analysed. The overall parasite prevalence was low (4.6% and 2.0% for P. falciparum and 7.9% and 6.0% for P. vivax in August and November respectively). P. falciparum force of infection was higher in the eastern region and increased between August and November, whilst P. vivax force of infection was higher in the western region and remained similar in both surveys. In the western region, malaria transmission changed very little across the season (for both species). CART analysis for P. falciparum in the east highlighted age, ethnicity, village of residence and forest work as important predictors for malaria exposure during the rainy season. Adults were more likely to increase their antibody responses to P. falciparum during the transmission season than children, whilst members of the Charay ethnic group demonstrated the largest increases. Discussion: In areas of low transmission intensity, such as in Cambodia, the analysis of longitudinal serological data enables a sensitive evaluation of transmission dynamics. Consecutive serological surveys allow an insight into spatio-temporal patterns of malaria transmission. The use of CART enabled multiple interactions to be accounted for simultaneously and permitted risk factors for exposure to be clearly identified.

Análise de concorrência no mercado mundial de café verde

A literatura argumenta que o Brasil, embora ainda seja o maior exportador mundial de café verde, tem perdido poder neste mercado, pois a concorrência (rivalidade e probabilidade de entrada) imposta por países como a Colômbia e o Vietnã é forte o suficiente para tornar este mercado bastante competitivo. Assim, este artigo avalia o padrão recente de concorrência do mercado mundial de café verde utilizando uma metodologia econométrica mais usualmente empregada em análise antitruste. Para avaliar o comportamento dos consumidores, foram estimadas as elasticidades-preço da demanda mundial de café verde, por tipo de café, usando o modelo de demanda Logit Multinomial Antitruste. Para avaliar o comportamento de equilíbrio de mercado foram realizados testes de instabilidade de share de quantidade por meio de análise de cointegração em painel. Os resultados apontam para aumento da concorrência à variedade de café brasileiro por parte da demanda e manutenção de sharede quantidades como configuração de equilíbrio de mercado.

Materialeigenschaften und Optimierungspotential von farbigen Korunden am Beispiel vietnamesischer und synthetischer Rubine

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Rubinen der drei derzeit bedeutendsten Vorkommen in Nord-Vietnam, mit ihrer Entstehung, ihrer Charakterisierung, ihrem Edelsteinpotential und ihren Materialeigenschaften im Kontext mit handelsüblichen Synthesen. Zur Erstellung der hierfür erforderlichen Datenbanken wurden sowohl phasenanalytische wie chemisch-analytische als auch spektroskopische Methoden benutzt und die Ergebnisse mit den Erkenntnissen klassischer gemmologischer Untersuchungsmethoden interpretiert. Die natürlichen Bildungsbedingungen der Rubine werden der granulit-faziellen Metamorphose der Day Nui Con Voi - Zone innerhalb der Red River Ailao Shan - Region Südostasiens zugerechnet. Marmore, Gneise und Mobilisationszonen zwischen sehr unterschiedlichen Gesteinen sind dabei zu Trägern von oxidischen Edelsteinmineralen wie Rubin und Spinell geworden, gleichzeitig entstandene Magmatite führen silikatische Edelsteinminerale wie Turmalin und Topas.Mit IR-, Ramanspektroskopie, Elektronstrahl-Mikrosonde und Edelsteinmikroskop werden Kaolinit, Boehmit, Glimmer, Diaspor, Calcit, Zirkon, Turmalin, Graphit, Rutil als charakterisierende Mineraleinschlüsse in vietnamesischen Rubinen bestimmt. Die chemische Zusammensetzung vietnamesischer und synthetischer Rubine wurde mit der Elektronenstrahl-Mikrosonde untersucht. Die vietnamesischen Rubine von Yen Bai, Luc Yen und Nghe An sind aufgrund spezieller Spurenelement-Kombinationen und auch durch Absolutgehalte bestimmter Elemente relativ sicher von Synthesen jeglicher Art zu unterscheiden; selbst die qualitativ besten Synthesen (Douros), die mit klassischen Methoden nur schwer als solche zu identifizieren sind, können von hochwertigen natürlichen Rubinen differenziert werden. Polarisierte Absorptionsspektren vietnamesischer Rubine zeigen die typischen Banden des Cr3+ in der Kristallstruktur des Rubins bei 17953 cm-1; 24570 cm-1 (E?c) sowie 17985 cm-1 und 25125 cm-1 (E//c). Sie entsprechen den Spinübergängen 4A2g?4T2g(4F) und 4A2g?4T1g(4F); eine zu beobachtende Verschiebung der Spektrenkante bei 32500 cm-1 zu 35000 cm-1 nach Temperaturbehandlung wird wahrscheinlich von V3+ verursacht. Mit Laser-Fluoreszenzspektroskopie wurden polarisierte Emissionsspektren von ausgewählten Rubinen mit spezieller Spurenelementchemie aufgenommen; dabei konnte die Schwächung der Fluoreszenzintensität von Cr durch Fe festgestellt werden. Die Emissionsspektren bestehen aus dem charakteristischen Chromdublett (R1 und R2 Linien bei etwa 693 nm und 694 nm), Seitenbanden in Stoke und anti Stoke-Bereich und n-Linien, die auf die Emission benachbarter, farbwirksamer Ionenpaare zurückzuführen sind. Das Verhältnis der Intensitäten der n-Linien bei 702 nm und 705 nm zu den Seitenbandenlinien bei 713 nm zeigt im untersuchten Cr3+-Konzentrationsbereich eine nahezu lineare Abhängigkeit zur Cr3+-Konzentration, unabhängig von der Anregungswellenlänge und der Fe-Konzentration. Die in vietnamesischen Rubinen häufig vorkommenden blauen Farbzonen werden durch elektronische Wechselwirkung von Fe2+/Fe3+ und Fe2+/Ti4+ -Kombinationen verursacht und können für den Edelstein schadlos durch geeignete Temperaturbehandlung eliminiert werden.

The shaping of foreign policy: Vietnamese grand strategy after the Cold War

This study examines the case of Vietnam and uses the method of process tracing to explore the sources of foreign policy choice and change. Foreign policy is derived from grand strategy, which refers to the full package of a state’s domestic and foreign policies. I argue that a state’s grand strategy results from the interaction of four factors—its society’s historical experience, social motivation, international power, and political contest among domestic groups. Grand strategies emerge as a response to perceived shifts in the balance of international economic, political, and military power. However, this is not to say that international pressures and incentives are translated into foreign policy. Rather, pressures and incentives are given meaning by worldviews, which reflect a society’s historical experiences of its place in the international system at traumatic junctures of its encounter with the outside world. Strategic changes in foreign policy follow what I call the “strategic algorithm,” which incorporates four major mechanisms—balancing against threat, bandwagoning with power, learning, and survival by transformation. This case study generates hypotheses for a theory of strategic choice, a theory of foreign policy transformation, and a theory of grand strategy emergence.

Identification and genetic diversity in phytoplasmas associated with diseases of cassava and other agronomic relevant crops in south-east Asia and Latin America

Identification and genetic diversity of phytoplasmas infecting tropical plant species, selected among those most agronomically relevant in South-east Asia and Latin America were studied. Correlation between evolutionary divergence of relevant phytoplasma strains and their geographic distribution by comparison on homologous genes of phytoplasma strains detected in the same or related plant species in other geographical areas worldwide was achieved. Molecular diversity was studied on genes coding ribosomal proteins, groEL, tuf and amp besides phytoplasma 16S rRNA. Selected samples infected by phytoplasmas belonging to diverse ribosomal groups were also studied by in silico RFLP followed by phylogenetic analyses. Moreover a partial genome annotation of a ‘Ca. P. brasiliense’ strain was done towards future application for epidemiological studies. Phytoplasma presence in cassava showing frog skin (CFSD) and witches’ broom (CWB) diseases in Costa Rica - Paraguay and in Vietnam – Thailand, respectively, was evaluated. In both cases, the diseases were associated with phytoplasmas related to aster yellows, apple proliferation and “stolbur” groups, while only phytoplasma related to X-disease group in CFSD, and to hibiscus witches’ broom, elm yellows and clover proliferation groups in CWB. Variability was found among strains belonging to the same ribosomal group but having different geographic origin and associated with different disease. Additionally, a dodder transmission assay to elucidate the role of phytoplasmas in CWB disease was carried out, and resulted in typical phytoplasma symptoms in periwinkle plants associated with the presence of aster yellows-related strains. Lethal wilt disease, a severe disease of oil palm in Colombia that is spreading throughout South America was also studied. Phytoplasmas were detected in symptomatic oil palm and identified as ‘Ca. P. asteris’, ribosomal subgroup 16SrI-B, and were distinguished from other aster yellows phytoplasmas used as reference strains; in particular, from an aster yellows strain infecting corn in the same country.