Envejecimiento de la población y sistemas de pensiones en América Latina

Este artículo examina el papel que desempeña el envejecimiento demográfico en la evolución de mediano a largo plazo de los sistemas de pensiones en América Latina y el Caribe. Está organizado en seis secciones. Luego de la sección introductoria, la sección II entrega información sobre las tendencias del envejecimiento y de los sistemas de pensiones en los países latinoamericanos, con algunas referencias al contexto internacional. La sección III presenta los indicadores, datos y métodos de análisis, y examina el efecto de las estructuras de población envejecidas y de la creciente longevidad en las variables de los sistemas: el gasto en pensiones, el balance financiero, las obligaciones pensionales y la rentabilidad implícita; también hace un análisis crítico de los criterios que suelen utilizarse para evaluar la sustentabilidad de los sistemas de reparto. Luego, la sección IV introduce de manera más sistemática el concepto y los indicadores de la deuda personal implícita, entrega estimaciones de la magnitud de las obligaciones pensionales que deben hacerse explícitas al cambiar a un régimen de capitalización, y analiza los efectos de la estructura etaria y de la mortalidad adulta en los países latinoamericanos. La sección V examina brevemente los costos fiscales de transición que es preciso afrontar cuando se aplica este tipo de reforma, y por último, la sección VI proporciona un resumen y conclusiones.

¿Buses o tranvías para las avenidas de ciudades latinoamericanas?

Una vez, el transporte público en casi todas las principales ciudades de América Latina dependía críticamente de servicios de tranvía, los que se extinguieron hace unos cincuenta años, por una serie de razones. Ahora, especialmente en las ciudades del mundo más desarrollado, regresa el tranvía, en una versión moderna, conocida generalmente como light rail transit. Sin embargo, en América Latina se ha desarrollado un concepto autóctono de servicio urbano de transporte masivo de pasajeros, en la forma de buses de alta capacidad que transitan por vías exclusivas, de una manera integrada con el resto del sistema de transporte público. En general, esta solución latinoamericana puede ser más indicada para las necesidades de la región, por razones de flexibilidad, costos y capacidad.

Buses or trams for Latin America's cities?

There was a time when tram services were critical to public transport in many of the largest cities of Latin America; however, trams disappeared about fifty years ago, for a number of reasons. They are back now, especially in the cities of the more developed world, in a modern version usually known as light rail transit. Latin America has developed its own concept of urban mass transit, namely, high-capacity buses operating in special lanes as an integral component of the overall mass transit system. As a general rule, this Latin American solution seems to be the best suited to the needs of the region, given its flexibility, cost and capacity. Each situation must be assessed separately, however, and in some cases, a modernized version of the tramway may be the best solution.

La evasión contributiva en la protección social de salud y pensiones: Un análisis para la Argentina, Colombia y el Perú

Incluye bibliografía.

El sistema contributivo de pensiones como locus de rivalidad y de un nuevo pacto social en Chile

En este estudio se realiza un diagnóstico del sistema contributivo de pensiones en Chile y se formulan algunas recomendaciones de reforma, desde una perspectiva de derechos sociales que generan expectativas de satisfacción: el objetivo primordial de un sistema de pensiones es proveer seguridad del ingreso en la vejez y las pensiones contributivas deben reflejar el ahorro realizado a lo largo de la vida laboral para garantizar que, a niveles semejantes de esfuerzo, se obtendrán protecciones similares o proporcionales.

Tamoxifen Subcellular Localization; Observation of Cell-Specific Cytotoxicity Enhancement by Inhibition of Mitochondrial ETC Complexes I and III

Recently, a nongenomic cytotoxic component of the chemotherapeutic agent tamoxifen (TAM) has been identified that predominantly triggers mitochondrial events. The present study delineates the intracellular fate of TAM and studies its interaction with a spectrum of cell homeostasis modulators primarily relevant to mitochondria. The subcellular localization of TAM was assessed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The effect of the modulators on TAM cytotoxicity was assessed by standard MTT assays. Our findings show that in estrogen receptor positive MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma cells and DU145 human prostate cancer cells, TAM largely accumulates in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, but not lysosomes. Our results further demonstrate that in MCF7, but not in DU145 cells, mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I and III inhibitors exacerbate TAM toxicity with an order of potency of myxothiazol = stigmatellin > rotenone > antimycin A, suggesting a cell-specific cytotoxic interplay between mitochondrial complex I and III function and TAM action.

Design and Performance Evaluation of Network-on-Chip Communication Protocols and Architectures

The scale down of transistor technology allows microelectronics manufacturers such as Intel and IBM to build always more sophisticated systems on a single microchip. The classical interconnection solutions based on shared buses or direct connections between the modules of the chip are becoming obsolete as they struggle to sustain the increasing tight bandwidth and latency constraints that these systems demand. The most promising solution for the future chip interconnects are the Networks on Chip (NoC). NoCs are network composed by routers and channels used to inter- connect the different components installed on the single microchip. Examples of advanced processors based on NoC interconnects are the IBM Cell processor, composed by eight CPUs that is installed on the Sony Playstation III and the Intel Teraflops pro ject composed by 80 independent (simple) microprocessors. On chip integration is becoming popular not only in the Chip Multi Processor (CMP) research area but also in the wider and more heterogeneous world of Systems on Chip (SoC). SoC comprehend all the electronic devices that surround us such as cell-phones, smart-phones, house embedded systems, automotive systems, set-top boxes etc... SoC manufacturers such as ST Microelectronics , Samsung, Philips and also Universities such as Bologna University, M.I.T., Berkeley and more are all proposing proprietary frameworks based on NoC interconnects. These frameworks help engineers in the switch of design methodology and speed up the development of new NoC-based systems on chip. In this Thesis we propose an introduction of CMP and SoC interconnection networks. Then focusing on SoC systems we propose: • a detailed analysis based on simulation of the Spidergon NoC, a ST Microelectronics solution for SoC interconnects. The Spidergon NoC differs from many classical solutions inherited from the parallel computing world. Here we propose a detailed analysis of this NoC topology and routing algorithms. Furthermore we propose aEqualized a new routing algorithm designed to optimize the use of the resources of the network while also increasing its performance; • a methodology flow based on modified publicly available tools that combined can be used to design, model and analyze any kind of System on Chip; • a detailed analysis of a ST Microelectronics-proprietary transport-level protocol that the author of this Thesis helped developing; • a simulation-based comprehensive comparison of different network interface designs proposed by the author and the researchers at AST lab, in order to integrate shared-memory and message-passing based components on a single System on Chip; • a powerful and flexible solution to address the time closure exception issue in the design of synchronous Networks on Chip. Our solution is based on relay stations repeaters and allows to reduce the power and area demands of NoC interconnects while also reducing its buffer needs; • a solution to simplify the design of the NoC by also increasing their performance and reducing their power and area consumption. We propose to replace complex and slow virtual channel-based routers with multiple and flexible small Multi Plane ones. This solution allows us to reduce the area and power dissipation of any NoC while also increasing its performance especially when the resources are reduced. This Thesis has been written in collaboration with the Advanced System Technology laboratory in Grenoble France, and the Computer Science Department at Columbia University in the city of New York.

Concepts for Contemporary Social Work: Globalization, Oppression, Social Exclusion, Human Rights, Etc.

The society wrestles with mass social change congruent with economic globalization and the communications revolution. This change creates new challenges for the social work profession in the areas of social and economic justice. This article analyzes the terminology of the new global era, words that signify a paradigm shift in outlook, most of them a reaction to the new authoritarianism of the age. Globalization, oppression, social exclusion, human rights, harm reduction, and restorative justice are the representative terms chosen.

Real-Encyclopädie des Judentums : Wörterbuch zum Handgebrauch für Bibelfreunde, Theologen, Juristen, Staatsmänner, Gemeinde- und Schulvorsteher, Schulinspektoren etc.

ausgearb. von J. Hamburger