Die aeroelastische Stabilitätsanalyse – ein praxisnaher Ansatz zur intervalltheoretischen Betrachtung von Modellierungsunsicherheiten am Flugzeug

Die Untersuchung des dynamischen aeroelastischen Stabilitätsverhaltens von Flugzeugen erfordert sehr komplexe Rechenmodelle, welche die wesentlichen elastomechanischen und instationären aerodynamischen Eigenschaften der Konstruktion wiedergeben sollen. Bei der Modellbildung müssen einerseits Vereinfachungen und Idealisierungen im Rahmen der Anwendung der Finite Elemente Methode und der aerodynamischen Theorie vorgenommen werden, deren Auswirkungen auf das Simulationsergebnis zu bewerten sind. Andererseits können die strukturdynamischen Kenngrößen durch den Standschwingungsversuch identifiziert werden, wobei die Ergebnisse Messungenauigkeiten enthalten. Für eine robuste Flatteruntersuchung müssen die identifizierten Unwägbarkeiten in allen Prozessschritten über die Festlegung von unteren und oberen Schranken konservativ ermittelt werden, um für alle Flugzustände eine ausreichende Flatterstabilität sicherzustellen. Zu diesem Zweck wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit ein Rechenverfahren entwickelt, welches die klassische Flatteranalyse mit den Methoden der Fuzzy- und Intervallarithmetik verbindet. Dabei werden die Flatterbewegungsgleichungen als parameterabhängiges nichtlineares Eigenwertproblem formuliert. Die Änderung der komplexen Eigenlösung infolge eines veränderlichen Einflussparameters wird mit der Methode der numerischen Fortsetzung ausgehend von der nominalen Startlösung verfolgt. Ein modifizierter Newton-Iterations-Algorithmus kommt zur Anwendung. Als Ergebnis liegen die berechneten aeroelastischen Dämpfungs- und Frequenzverläufe in Abhängigkeit von der Fluggeschwindigkeit mit Unschärfebändern vor.

Magneto-optische Oberflächenplasmonresonanzeffekte in austauschverschobenen Dünnschichtsystemen

Die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Biomolekülen spielen eine zentrale Rolle in der biochemischen und pharmazeutischen Forschung. In der biomolekularen Interaktionsanalyse sind dabei Biosensoren auf Basis des Oberflächenplasmonresonanzeffekts (SPR-Effekt) weitverbreitet. Seit Einführung der ersten kommerziellen SPR-Biosensoren Anfang der 1990er Jahre wurden verschiedenste Messanordnungen sowie Materialsysteme mit dem Ziel einer möglichst hohen Empfindlichkeit getestet. Eine Möglichkeit zur Steigerung der Empfindlichkeit klassischer SPR-Systeme bieten sogenannte magneto-optische SPR-Biosensoren (MOSPR-Biosensoren). Grundlage der Empfindlichkeitssteigerung ist die gleichzeitige Messung des SPR-Effekts und des transversalen magneto-optischen KERR-Effekts (tMOKE). Bisherige Untersuchungen haben sich meist auf den Einfluss der Magnetisierung freier ferromagnetischer Schichten beschränkt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden erstmals austauschverschobene Dünnschichtsysteme (EB-Systeme), eine Kombination aus Ferromagnet und Antiferromagnet, hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für SPR- und MOSPR-basierte biosensorische Anwendungen untersucht. Aufgrund der remanenten Magnetisierung der ferromagnetischen Schicht und ihrer magnetischen Strukturierbarkeit sind EB-Systeme eine hochinteressante Plattform zur Realisierung neuer Biosensorkonzepte. Zur Reduzierung der stark dämpfendenden Wirkung magnetischer Materialien wurde das hier betrachtete IrMn/Co EB-System zwischen zwei Goldschichten eingebettet. Eine Gegenüberstellung optimierter Au/ IrMn/Co/Au-Systeme mit einem reinen Au-System, wie es typischerweise in kommerziellen SPR-basierten Biosensoren eingesetzt wird, demonstriert, dass mit den entwickelten EB-Systemen vergleichbare Empfindlichkeiten in SPR-Sensor-Anwendungen erreicht werden können. Die magneto-optische Aktivität der untersuchten Dünnschichtsysteme liegt im Bereich der Literaturwerte für Au/Co/Au-Systeme, mit denen erhöhte Empfindlichkeiten gegenüber Standard-SPR-Biosensoren realisiert wurden. Auf Grundlage magnetisch strukturierter Au/IrMn/Co/Au-Systeme wurden neue Biosensorkonzepte entwickelt und getestet. Erste Experimente belegen, dass mit diesen Schichtsystemen eine gleichzeitige Detektion der magnetisierungsabhängigen Reflektivitäten in ortsauflösenden MOSPR-Messungen möglich ist. Eine solche Messanordnung profitiert von der erhöhten Empfindlichkeit MOSPR-basierter Biosensoren, hohen Messgeschwindigkeiten und einem verbesserten Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis. Weiterhin wurde der domänenwandassistierte Transport (DOWMAT) superparamagnetischer Partikel über der Oberfläche eines exemplarischen EB-Systems, zur Sensorintegration von Misch-, Reinigungs- und Aufkonzentrationsfunktionen erfolgreich getestet. Die Ergebnisse demonstrieren, dass ein Transport von Partikelreihen mit hohen Geschwindigkeiten bei moderaten externen Magnetfeldern über den entwickelten Schichtsystemen möglich ist. Die Agglomeration der Partikel wird dabei intrinsisch vermieden. Diese Beobachtungen verdeutlichen die Vorzüge des DOWMAT-Mechanismus für biosensorische Anwendungen. Die präsentierten Untersuchungen bilden die Grundlage auf dem Weg zur Umsetzung neuer vielversprechender Biosensorkonzepte, die eine Schlüsselfunktion in der medizinischen point-of-care-Diagnostik bei der Detektion kleinster Konzentrationen krankheitsrelevanter Biomarker einnehmen können.

Exercise sheet 11 pdf

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Exercise sheet 11

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Semiactive control strategies for vibration mitigation in adaptronic structures equipped with magnetorheological dampers

Los sistemas tales como edificios y veh¨ªculos est¨¢n sujetos a vibraciones que pueden causar mal funcionamiento, incomodidad o colapso. Para mitigar estas vibraciones, se suelen instalar amortiguadores. Estas estructuras se convierten en sistemas adaptr¨®nicos cuando los amortiguadores son controlables. Esta tesis se enfoca en la soluci¨®n del problema de vibraciones en edificios y veh¨ªculos usando amortiguadores magnetoreol¨®gicos (MR). Estos son unos amortiguadores controlables caracterizados por una din¨¢mica altamente no lineal. Adem¨¢s, los sistemas donde se instalan se caracterizan por la incertidumbre param¨¦trica, la limitaci¨®n de medidas y las perturbaciones desconocidas, lo que obliga al uso de t¨¦cnicas complejas de control. En esta tesis se usan Backstepping, QFT y H2/H¡Þ mixto para resolver el problema. Las leyes de control se verifican mediante simulaci¨®n y experimentaci¨®n.

Analysis and Simulation of Transverse Random Fracture of Long Fibre Reinforced Composites

La present tesi proposa una metodología per a la simulació probabilística de la fallada de la matriu en materials compòsits reforçats amb fibres de carboni, basant-se en l'anàlisi de la distribució aleatòria de les fibres. En els primers capítols es revisa l'estat de l'art sobre modelització matemàtica de materials aleatoris, càlcul de propietats efectives i criteris de fallada transversal en materials compòsits. El primer pas en la metodologia proposada és la definició de la determinació del tamany mínim d'un Element de Volum Representatiu Estadístic (SRVE) . Aquesta determinació es du a terme analitzant el volum de fibra, les propietats elàstiques efectives, la condició de Hill, els estadístics de les components de tensió i defromació, la funció de densitat de probabilitat i les funcions estadístiques de distància entre fibres de models d'elements de la microestructura, de diferent tamany. Un cop s'ha determinat aquest tamany mínim, es comparen un model periòdic i un model aleatori, per constatar la magnitud de les diferències que s'hi observen. Es defineix, també, una metodologia per a l'anàlisi estadístic de la distribució de la fibra en el compòsit, a partir d'imatges digitals de la secció transversal. Aquest anàlisi s'aplica a quatre materials diferents. Finalment, es proposa un mètode computacional de dues escales per a simular la fallada transversal de làmines unidireccionals, que permet obtenir funcions de densitat de probabilitat per a les variables mecàniques. Es descriuen algunes aplicacions i possibilitats d'aquest mètode i es comparen els resultats obtinguts de la simulació amb valors experimentals.

Reducció de vibracions residuals en moviments transitoris. Definició de lleis de moviment per mitjà de corbes B-spline

Molts sistemes mecànics existents tenen un comportament vibratori funcionalment perceptible, que es posa de manifest enfront d'excitacions transitòries. Normalment, les vibracions generades segueixen presents després del transitori (vibracions residuals), i poden provocar efectes negatius en la funció de disseny del mecanisme. El mètode que es proposa en aquesta tesi té com a objectiu principal la síntesi de lleis de moviment per reduir les vibracions residuals. Addicionalment, els senyals generats permeten complir dues condicions definides per l'usuari (anomenats requeriments funcionals). El mètode es fonamenta en la relació existent entre el contingut freqüencial d'un senyal transitori, i la vibració residual generada, segons sigui l'esmorteïment del sistema. Basat en aquesta relació, i aprofitant les propietats de la transformada de Fourier, es proposa la generació de lleis de moviment per convolució temporal de polsos. Aquestes resulten formades per trams concatenats de polinomis algebraics, cosa que facilita la seva implementació en entorns numèrics per mitjà de corbes B-spline.

Numerical simulation of baroclinic waves with a parameterized boundary layer

A dry three-dimensional baroclinic life cycle model is used to investigate the role of turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum within the boundary layer on mid-latitude cyclones. Simulations are performed of life cycles for two basic states, both with and without turbulent fluxes. The different basic states produce cyclones with contrasting frontal and mesoscale-flow structures. The analysis focuses on the generation of potential-vorticity (PV) in the boundary layer and its subsequent transport into the free troposphere. The dynamic mechanism through which friction mitigates a barotropic vortex is that of Ekman pumping. This has often been assumed to be also the dominant mechanism for baroclinic developments. The PV framework highlights an additional, baroclinic mechanism. Positive PV is generated baroclinically due to friction to the north-east of a surface low and is transported out of the boundary layer by a cyclonic conveyor belt flow. The result is an anomaly of increased static stability in the lower troposphere which restricts the growth of the baroclinic wave. The reduced coupling between lower and upper levels can be sufficient to change the character of the upper-level evolution of the mature wave. The basic features of the baroclinic damping mechanism are robust for different frontal structures, with and without turbulent heat fluxes, and for the range of surface roughness found over the oceans.

On the sensitivity of annular mode dynamics to stratospheric radiative timescales

Long decorrelation timescales of the annular mode are observed in the lower stratosphere. This study uses a simple dynamical model, which has been used extensively to study stratosphere-troposphere coupling, to investigate the origin of the long dynamical timescales. Several long runs of the model are completed, with different imposed thermal damping timescales in the stratosphere. The dynamical timescales of the annular mode are found to be largely insensitive to the input thermal damping timescales, producing similar dynamical timescales in all cases below 50hPa. This result suggests that the hypothesis that long timescales in the lower stratosphere are due to long radiative timescales in this region is false.

The impact of moist processes on the African easterly jet-African easterly wave system

The African Easterly Jet-Easterly Wave (AEJ-AEW) system was explored in an idealised model. Prescribed zonally symmetric surface temperature and moisture profiles determine the AEJ which becomes established through meridional contrasts in dry and moist convection.As in previous studies, a realistic AEJ developed with only dry convection. Including moist processes, increased its development rate, but reduced its speed and meridional extent. AEWs grew through barotropic-baroclinic conversions. Negative meridional potential vorticity (PV) gradients arose in the zonally symmetric state through the intrusion of the low-PV Saharan boundary layer. Since moist processes strengthened this significantly through diabatically generated PV in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, moist AEWs were three times stronger. Larger barotropic conversions and faster AEJ development increased the moist wave growth-rate. Jet-level and northerly low-level amplitudes grew, but in the moist case the low-level amplitudes weakened as the AEW interacted with convection, consistent with their absence from observations during the peak monsoon. Striking dependencies between the AEJ, AEW and rainfall existed. Two time-scales governed their evolution, depending on the transfer coefficients: (1) the AEJ's replenishment rate influenced by heat fluxes, and (2) the wave growth-rate, by damping, and the slower jet development rate.Moist AEWs were characterized by intermittent growth/decay, with growth preceded by increased mean rainfall and later, weakening AEJs. These dependencies established an internal 8-10-day variability, consistent with intra-seasonal observations of 9-day rainy sequences. This internal variability offers an alternative explanation to the previously proposed external forcing and a new view of the moist AEW life cycle. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society

Annular variability and eddy-zonal flow interactions in a simplified atmospheric GCM. Part 1: Characterization of high and low frequency behaviour

Experiments have been performed using a simplified, Newtonian forced, global circulation model to investigate how variability of the tropospheric jet can be characterized by examining the combined fluctuations of the two leading modes of annular variability. Eddy forcing of this variability is analyzed in the phase space of the leading modes using the vertically integrated momentum budget. The nature of the annular variability and eddy forcing depends on the time scale. At low frequencies the zonal flow and baroclinic eddies are in quasi equilibrium and anomalies propagate poleward. The eddies are shown primarily to reinforce the anomalous state and are closely balanced by the linear damping, leaving slow evolution as a residual. At high frequencies the flow is strongly evolving and anomalies are initiated on the poleward side of the tropospheric jet and propagate equatorward. The eddies are shown to drive this evolution strongly: eddy location and amplitude reflect the past baroclinicity, while eddy feedback on the zonal flow may be interpreted in terms of wave breaking associated with baroclinic life cycles in lateral shear.

Atmosphere feedbacks during ENSO in a coupled GCM with a modified atmospheric convection scheme

The too diverse representation of ENSO in a coupled GCM limits one’s ability to describe future change of its properties. Several studies pointed to the key role of atmosphere feedbacks in contributing to this diversity. These feedbacks are analyzed here in two simulations of a coupled GCM that differ only by the parameterization of deep atmospheric convection and the associated clouds. Using the Kerry–Emanuel (KE) scheme in the L’Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Coupled Model, version 4 (IPSL CM4; KE simulation), ENSO has about the right amplitude, whereas it is almost suppressed when using the Tiedke (TI) scheme. Quantifying both the dynamical Bjerknes feedback and the heat flux feedback in KE, TI, and the corresponding Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) atmosphere-only simulations, it is shown that the suppression of ENSO in TI is due to a doubling of the damping via heat flux feedback. Because the Bjerknes positive feedback is weak in both simulations, the KE simulation exhibits the right ENSO amplitude owing to an error compensation between a too weak heat flux feedback and a too weak Bjerknes feedback. In TI, the heat flux feedback strength is closer to estimates from observations and reanalysis, leading to ENSO suppression. The shortwave heat flux and, to a lesser extent, the latent heat flux feedbacks are the dominant contributors to the change between TI and KE. The shortwave heat flux feedback differences are traced back to a modified distribution of the large-scale regimes of deep convection (negative feedback) and subsidence (positive feedback) in the east Pacific. These are further associated with the model systematic errors. It is argued that a systematic and detailed evaluation of atmosphere feedbacks during ENSO is a necessary step to fully understand its simulation in coupled GCMs.

The global response to tropical heating in the Madden-Julian oscillation during the northern winter

A life cycle of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) was constructed, based on 21 years of outgoing long-wave radiation data. Regression maps of NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data for the northern winter show statistically significant upper-tropospheric equatorial wave patterns linked to the tropical convection anomalies, and extratropical wave patterns over the North Pacific, North America, the Atlantic, the Southern Ocean and South America. To assess the cause of the circulation anomalies, a global primitive-equation model was initialized with the observed three-dimensional (3D) winter climatological mean flow and forced with a time-dependent heat source derived from the observed MJO anomalies. A model MJO cycle was constructed from the global response to the heating, and both the tropical and extratropical circulation anomalies generally matched the observations well. The equatorial wave patterns are established in a few days, while it takes approximately two weeks for the extratropical patterns to appear. The model response is robust and insensitive to realistic changes in damping and basic state. The model tropical anomalies are consistent with a forced equatorial Rossby–Kelvin wave response to the tropical MJO heating, although it is shifted westward by approximately 20° longitude relative to observations. This may be due to a lack of damping processes (cumulus friction) in the regions of convective heating. Once this shift is accounted for, the extratropical response is consistent with theories of Rossby wave forcing and dispersion on the climatological flow, and the pattern correlation between the observed and modelled extratropical flow is up to 0.85. The observed tropical and extratropical wave patterns account for a significant fraction of the intraseasonal circulation variance, and this reproducibility as a response to tropical MJO convection has implications for global medium-range weather prediction. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society

The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring fluctuation that originates in the tropical Pacific region and affects ecosystems, agriculture, freshwater supplies, hurricanes and other severe weather events worldwide. Under the influence of global warming, the mean climate of the Pacific region will probably undergo significant changes. The tropical easterly trade winds are expected to weaken; surface ocean temperatures are expected to warm fastest near the equator and more slowly farther away; the equatorial thermocline that marks the transition between the wind-mixed upper ocean and deeper layers is expected to shoal; and the temperature gradients across the thermocline are expected to become steeper. Year-to-year ENSO variability is controlled by a delicate balance of amplifying and damping feedbacks, and one or more of the physical processes that are responsible for determining the characteristics of ENSO will probably be modified by climate change. Therefore, despite considerable progress in our understanding of the impact of climate change on many of the processes that contribute to El Niño variability, it is not yet possible to say whether ENSO activity will be enhanced or damped, or if the frequency of events will change.

Key features of the IPSL ocean atmosphere model and its sensitivity to atmospheric resolution

This paper presents the major characteristics of the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model. The model components and the coupling methodology are described, as well as the main characteristics of the climatology and interannual variability. The model results of the standard version used for IPCC climate projections, and for intercomparison projects like the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP 2) are compared to those with a higher resolution in the atmosphere. A focus on the North Atlantic and on the tropics is used to address the impact of the atmosphere resolution on processes and feedbacks. In the North Atlantic, the resolution change leads to an improved representation of the storm-tracks and the North Atlantic oscillation. The better representation of the wind structure increases the northward salt transports, the deep-water formation and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. In the tropics, the ocean–atmosphere dynamical coupling, or Bjerknes feedback, improves with the resolution. The amplitude of ENSO (El Niño-Southern oscillation) consequently increases, as the damping processes are left unchanged.