Long-term potentiation and neural network activity in the neonatal rat cerebral cortex in vivo

Long-term potentiation in the neonatal rat rnbarrel cortex in vivo rnLong-term potentiation (LTP) is important for the activity-dependent formation of early cortical circuits. In the neonatal rodent barrel cortex LTP has been so far only studied in vitro. I combined voltage-sensitive dye imaging with extracellular multi-electrode recordings to study whisker stimulation-induced LTP for both the slope of field potential and the number of multi-unit activity in the whisker-to-barrel cortex pathway of the neonatal rat barrel cortex in vivo. Single whisker stimulation at 2 Hz for 10 min induced an age-dependent expression of LTP in postnatal day (P) 0 to P14 rats with the strongest expression of LTP at P3-P5. The magnitude of LTP was largest in the stimulated barrel-related column, smaller in the surrounding septal region and no LTP could be observed in the neighboring barrel. Current source density analyses revealed an LTP-associated increase of synaptic current sinks in layer IV / lower layer II/III at P3-P5 and in the cortical plate / upper layer V at P0-P1. This study demonstrates for the first time an age-dependent and spatially confined LTP in the barrel cortex of the newborn rat in vivo. These activity-dependent modifications during the critical period may play an important role in the development and refinement of the topographic map in the barrel cortex. (An et al., 2012)rnEarly motor activity triggered by gamma and spindle bursts in neonatal rat motor cortexrnSelf-generated neuronal activity generated in subcortical regions drives early spontaneous motor activity, which is a hallmark of the developing sensorimotor system. However, the neuronal activity patterns and functions of neonatal primary motor cortex (M1) in the early movements are still unknown. I combined voltage-sensitive dye imaging with simultaneous extracellular multi-electrode recordings in the neonatal rat S1 and M1 in vivo. At P3-P5, gamma and spindle bursts observed in M1 could trigger early paw movements. Furthermore, the paw movements could be also elicited by the focal electrical stimulation of M1 at layer V. Local inactivation of M1 could significantly attenuate paw movements, suggesting that the neonatal M1 operates in motor mode. In contrast, the neonatal M1 can also operate in sensory mode. Early spontaneous movements and sensory stimulations of paw trigger gamma and spindle bursts in M1. Blockade of peripheral sensory input from the paw completely abolished sensory evoked gamma and spindle bursts. Moreover, both sensory evoked and spontaneously occurring gamma and spindle bursts mediated interactions between S1 and M1. Accordingly, local inactivation of the S1 profoundly reduced paw stimulation-induced and spontaneously occurring gamma and spindle bursts in M1, indicating that S1 plays a critical role in generation of the activity patterns in M1. This study proposes that both self-generated and sensory evoked gamma and spindle bursts in M1 may contribute to the refinement and maturation of corticospinal and sensorimotor networks required for sensorimotor coordination.rn

In vitro modulation of epileptiform activity in the hippocampal formation of immature rodents by GABAergic antagonists, dopamine and methylxanthines

Während des frühen Lebens stellen epileptische Anfälle schwere neurologische Zustände dar, weil sie ein großer Risikofaktor für die Manifestation der Epilepsie sind und eine hohe pharmakologische Resistenz zeigen. In meiner Doktorarbeit konzentrierte ich mich auf die Frage, wie verschiedene Neurotransmitter-Systeme und klinisch verwendete Medikamente epileptiforme Entladungen im perinatalen Hippocampus beeinflussen. rnIm ersten Teil meines Projektes untersuchte ich die Wirkung von GABA-Antagonisten und Modulatoren, die zwischen phasischen und tonischen GABAergen Strömen differenzieren, auf Feldpotentialaktivität in Hippocampusschnitten. Diese Experimente zeigten, dass im unreifen Hippocampus synaptische GABAerge Aktivität benötigt wird, um die Erregbarkeit zu begrenzen, während tonische GABAerge Ströme die Erregbarkeit verstärken können. Dies könnte darauf hinweisen, dass Antiepileptika mit einer höheren Spezifität für synaptische GABAA-Rezeptoren wirksamer zur Behandlung von epileptischen Anfällen bei Neugeborenen sein können. rnUm den Einfluss von Dopamin auf die Erregbarkeit des unreifen Hippocampus herauszufinden, untersuchte ich im zweiten Teil meiner Arbeit die Wirkung von verschiedenen Dopaminkonzentrationen und spezifische Agonisten und Antagonisten der Dopamin-Rezeptor-Subtypen auf epileptiforme Entladungen. Diese Experimente zeigten, dass niedrige Dopamin Konzentrationen eine antikonvulsive Wirkung haben, welche vom D2-ähnliche-Rezeptor-Agonisten Quinpirol nachgeahmt werden kann, während höhere Dopamin-Konzentrationen eine prokonvulsive Wirkung über Aktivierung von D1-ähnlichen Rezeptoren hervorrufen. Obwohl unsere Untersuchungen eine mögliche Verwendung von D2-ähnlichen Rezeptor-Agonisten zur Kontrolle epileptischer Anfälle in Neugeborenen nahelegen, müssen mögliche negative Auswirkungen von DAergen Agonisten und Antagonisten auf die neuronale Entwicklung berücksichtigt werden.rnIm dritten Teil meiner Arbeit untersuchte ich welche Konzentrationen von Methylxanthinen epileptische Anfälle in Hippocampuspreparationen auslösen die synaptische Übertragungen verändern können. Diese Experimente zeigten, dass sowohl Theophyllin als auch Koffein in höheren Konzentrationen die basale synaptische Übertragungen in der CA1-Region des Hippocampus modifizieren und epileptiforme Entladungen provozieren. Die Auswirkungen auf die postsynaptischen Antworten und spontanen epileptiformen Entladungen durch Koffein waren weniger ausgeprägt, was darauf hindeutet, dass diese Substanz potentiell vorteilhafter für therapeutische Anwendungen bei Frühgeborenen sein kann. rnZusammenfassend bereichern die Ergebnisse meiner Studie erheblich unser Wissen über die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen epileptiformer Aktivität im unreifen Hippocampus und den therapeutischen Einsatz von Methylxanthinen und Pharmaka, die auf das GABAerge und DArge System einwirken.rnrn

Modulation of network excitability and epileptiform activity in the hippocampus of immature rats by the activation of GlyRs

Epileptic seizures are the manifestations of epilepsy, which is a major neurological disorder and occurs with a high incidence during early childhood. A fundamental mechanism underlying epileptic seizures is loss of balance between neural excitation and inhibition toward overexcitation. Glycine receptor (GlyR) is ionotropic neurotransmitter receptor that upon binding of glycine opens an anion pore and mediates in the adult nervous system a consistent inhibitory action. While previously it was assumed that GlyRs mediate inhibition mainly in the brain stem and spinal cord, recent studies reported the abundant expression of GlyRs throughout the brain, in particular during neuronal development. But no information is available regarding whether activation of GlyRs modulates neural network excitability and epileptiform activities in the immature central nervous system (CNS). Therefore the study in this thesis addresses the role of GlyRs in the modulation of neuronal excitability and epileptiform activity in the immature rat brain. By using in vitro intact corticohippocampal formation (CHF) of rats at postnatal days 4-7 and electrophysiological methods, a series of pharmacological examinations reveal that GlyRs are directly implicated in the control of hippocampal excitation levels at this age. In this thesis I am able to show that GlyRs are functionally expressed in the immature hippocampus and exhibit the classical pharmacology of GlyR, which can be activated by both glycine and the presumed endogenous agonist taurine. This study also reveals that high concentration of taurine is anticonvulsive, but lower concentration of taurine is proconvulsive. A substantial fraction of both the pro- and anticonvulsive effects of taurine is mediated via GlyRs, although activation of GABAA receptors also considerably contributes to the taurine effects. Similarly, glycine exerts both pro- and anticonvulsive effects at low and high concentrations, respectively. The proconvulsive effects of taurine and glycine depend on NKCC1-mediated Cl- accumulation, as bath application of NKCC1 inhibitor bumetanide completely abolishes proconvulsive effects of low taurine and glycine concentrations. Inhibition of GlyRs with low concentration of strychnine triggers epileptiform activity in the CA3 region of immature CHF, indicating that intrinsically an inhibitory action of GlyRs overwhelms its depolarizing action in the immature hippocampus. Additionally, my study indicates that blocking taurine transporters to accumulate endogenous taurine reduces epileptiform activity via activation of GABAA receptors, but not GlyRs, while blocking glycine transporters has no observable effect on epileptiform activity. From the main results of this study it can be concluded that in the immature rat hippocampus, activation of GlyRs mediates both pro- and anticonvulsive effects, but that a persistent activation of GlyRs is required to prevent intrinic neuronal overexcitability. In summary, this study uncovers an important role of GlyRs in the modulation of neuronal excitability and epileptiform activity in the immature rat hippocampus, and indicates that glycinergic system can potentially be a new therapeutic target against epileptic seizures of children.

Short-term changes in magnetic resonance imaging and disease activity in response to infliximab

To characterise and quantify short-term changes in local inflammation using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to correlate the findings with clinical disease activity in response to infliximab in patients with spondyloarthritis.

Alterations of white matter integrity related to motor activity in schizophrenia

Altered structural connectivity is a key finding in schizophrenia, but the meaning of white matter alterations for behavior is rarely studied. In healthy subjects, motor activity correlated with white matter integrity in motor tracts. To explore the relation of motor activity and fractional anisotropy (FA) in schizophrenia, we investigated 19 schizophrenia patients and 24 healthy control subjects using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and actigraphy on the same day. Schizophrenia patients had lower activity levels (AL). In both groups linear relations of AL and FA were detected in several brain regions. Schizophrenia patients had lower FA values in prefrontal and left temporal clusters. Furthermore, using a general linear model, we found linear negative associations of FA and AL underneath the right supplemental motor area (SMA), the right precentral gyrus and posterior cingulum in patients. This effect within the SMA was not seen in controls. This association in schizophrenia patients may contribute to the well known dysfunctions of motor control. Thus, structural disconnectivity could lead to disturbed motor behavior in schizophrenia.

Measuring motor activity in major depression: the association between the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and actigraphy

Despite the use of actigraphy in depression research, the association of depression ratings and quantitative motor activity remains controversial. In addition, the impact of recurring episodes on motor activity is uncertain. In 76 medicated inpatients with major depression (27 with a first episode, 49 with recurrent episodes), continuous wrist actigraphy for 24h and scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) were obtained. In addition, 10 subjects of the sample wore the actigraph over a period of 5 days, in order to assess the reliability of a 1-day measurement. Activity levels were stable over 5 consecutive days. Actigraphic parameters did not differ between patients with a first or a recurrent episode, and quantitative motor activity failed to correlate with the HAMD total score. However, of the motor-related single items of the HAMD, the item activities was associated with motor activity parameters, while the items agitation and retardation were not. Actigraphy is consistent with clinical observation for the item activities. Expert raters may not correctly rate the motor aspects of retardation and agitation in major depression.