Educació per al consum i el medi ambient. 'Educación para el consumo y el medio ambiente'.

Unidad didáctica para trabajar transversalmente la Educación para el consumo y el medio ambiente. Los objetivos principales de este material son comprender la existencia y la importancia de la interdependencia económica, social, política y ecológica entre los países pobres y ricos; trabajar conceptos procedimentales y actitudes para proteger el medio ambiente y adquirir nuevas normas de comportamiento sobre consumo y medio ambiente. La carpeta consta de una guía de recursos para los docentes donde se incluyen orientaciones didácticas (objetivos y actividades) y también se proporciona material par el alumnado. En la propuesta de actividades se especifican los objetivos, metodología y evaluación de las actividades. Se proponen otros recursos didácticos para complementar la unidad didáctica: un cuento para colorear, un cassette de música, un montaje de diapositivas, vídeo, etc..

Educació per al consum i el medi ambient. 'Educación para el consumo y el medio ambiente'.

Unidad didáctica para trabajar transversalmente la Educación para el consumo y el medio ambiente. Los objetivos principales de esta unidad didáctica es comprender la existencia y la importancia de la interdependencia económica, social, política y ecológica entre el norte y el sur, trabajar conceptos procedimentales y actitudinales para desarrollar la mentalidad ecológica y pautas de comportamiento en la vida cotidiana. Se proponen actividades para desarrollar en áreas de conocimiento como: Ciencias Sociales, Ciencias Experimentales, Matemáticas, Educación tecnológica, Lengua, etc. En la propuesta de actividades donde se especifican los objetivos, metodología y evaluación de los temas propuestos: consumo-ecología, agua , energía, publicidad, alimentos, comercio-dinero-transportes, servicios públicos, medios de comunicación.

Ciències de la Terra i del Medi ambient. 'Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio ambiente'.

Ejemplo de segundo nivel de concreción sobre medio ambiente para Bachillerato. Se plantean tres módulos: 1. Atmosfera e hisdrosfera, 2. La geosfera, 3. La pedosfera y la gestión del medio ambiente. Se desarrolla una unidad didáctica como ejemplo para la práctica educativa. Se aportan materiales y ejercicios.

L'aigua que abasta palma : educació per a la salut i medi ambient. 'El agua que abastece a Palma : educación para la salud y el medio ambiente'.

El objetivo del libro es dar a conocer al profesorado una serie de recursos pedagógicos para que los estudiantes tengan un mejor conocimiento del medio ambiente y aprendan a respetar sus recursos naturales. La obra se estructura en dos grandes apartados: en el primero se teoriza sobre el ciclo natural del agua, sus recursos , su distribución y su consumo. Y en la segunda parte se exponen cuatro unidades didácticas sobre las características hidrológicas de la isla de Mallorca, su contaminación, el abastecimiento del agua y su control.

La matemàtica i el medi ambient a Catalunya. 'La matemática y el medio ambiente en Cataluña'.

Contiene: Guía del taller para el profesores, 16 fichas temáticas, 10 fichas de campo con informaciones y propuestas de actividades, un juego Mat-Med y una ficha de evaluación. Uno de los ejemplares no está encuadernado sino en carpeta y formato fichas. Premios Educación y Sociedad del CIDE, 1995, mención honorífica

Experiment with air.

Realiza experimentos con aviones de papel, botellas de plástico, instrumentos musicales de viento caseros, globos llenos de aire caliente, paracaidas, para explicar las propiedades del aire.Tiene un glosario.Para alumnos de primaria.

Air.

Explica por qué el aire es importante para la vida vegetal y animal. Se analiza cómo algunos inventos han dependido de él, y se sugieren actividades que demuestren sus propiedades.

I can help clean our air.

Analiza las formas prácticas en las que los niños pueden proteger el medio ambiente. Sencillas actividades para mostrar cuáles son los problemas, y sugerir la forma en que pueden participar en la preservación de los recursos naturales del planeta a través del reciclaje. Le cuenta a los lectores cual es la composición del aire que respiramos, por qué es importante para nosotros, la forma en que está contaminado y lo que podemos hacer para mantenerlo limpio y saludable.

El medi ambient, un reclam per participar en el territori. 'El medio ambiente, un reclamo para participar en el territorio'

Este art??culo se incluye en el monogr??fico 'Educaci?? i participaci?? : dossier'

Instituciones pedagógicas extranjeras : Le Centre National D'Education de plein air de Suresnes.

Se describen brevemente las instalaciones y la organización de esta institución pedagógica francesa, cuyo objetivo es la formación de maestros especializados en la enseñanza de alumnos con deficiencias mentales, sensoriales y motóricas. En cuanto al alumnado, vive en la escuela en régimen de seminternado y su estancia puede variar desde unos meses hasta el ciclo de escolaridad completo.

Viewpoint-Based Ambient Occlusion

We've developed a new ambient occlusion technique based on an information-theoretic framework. Essentially, our method computes a weighted visibility from each object polygon to all viewpoints; we then use these visibility values to obtain the information associated with each polygon. So, just as a viewpoint has information about the model's polygons, the polygons gather information on the viewpoints. We therefore have two measures associated with an information channel defined by the set of viewpoints as input and the object's polygons as output, or vice versa. From this polygonal information, we obtain an occlusion map that serves as a classic ambient occlusion technique. Our approach also offers additional applications, including an importance-based viewpoint-selection guide, and a means of enhancing object features and producing nonphotorealistic object visualizations

Adaptacions dels peixos al seu ambient

Adaptació dels peixos de la Mediterrània al seu ambient

Case-Crossover Analysis of Air Pollution Health Effects: A Systematic Review of Methodology and Application

Case-crossover is one of the most used designs for analyzing the health-related effects of air pollution. Nevertheless, no one has reviewed its application and methodology in this context. Objective: We conducted a systematic review of case-crossover (CCO) designs used to study the relationship between air pollution and morbidity and mortality, from the standpoint of methodology and application.Data sources and extraction: A search was made of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases.Reports were classified as methodologic or applied. From the latter, the following information was extracted: author, study location, year, type of population (general or patients), dependent variable(s), independent variable(s), type of CCO design, and whether effect modification was analyzed for variables at the individual level. Data synthesis: The review covered 105 reports that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, 24 addressed methodological aspects, and the remainder involved the design’s application. In the methodological reports, the designs that yielded the best results in simulation were symmetric bidirectional CCO and time-stratified CCO. Furthermore, we observed an increase across time in the use of certain CCO designs, mainly symmetric bidirectional and time-stratified CCO. The dependent variables most frequently analyzed were those relating to hospital morbidity; the pollutants most often studied were those linked to particulate matter. Among the CCO-application reports, 13.6% studied effect modification for variables at the individual level.Conclusions: The use of CCO designs has undergone considerable growth; the most widely used designs were those that yielded better results in simulation studies: symmetric bidirectional and time-stratified CCO. However, the advantages of CCO as a method of analysis of variables at the individual level are put to little use

Combined Analysis of the Short-Term Effects of Photochemical Air Pollutants on Mortality within the EMECAM Project

In recent years, some epidemiologic studies have attributed adverse effects of air pollutants on health not only to particles and sulfur dioxide but also to photochemical air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide and ozone). The effects are usually small, leading to some inconsistencies in the results of the studies. Furthermore, the different methodologic approaches of the studies used has made it difficult to derive generic conclusions. We provide here a quantitative summary of the short-term effects of photochemical air pollutants on mortality in seven Spanish cities involved in the EMECAM project, using generalized additive models from analyses of single and multiple pollutants. Nitrogen dioxide and ozone data were provided by seven EMECAM cities (Barcelona, Gijón, Huelva, Madrid, Oviedo, Seville, and Valencia). Mortality indicators included daily total mortality from all causes excluding external causes, daily cardiovascular mortality, and daily respiratory mortality. Individual estimates, obtained from city-specific generalized additive Poisson autoregressive models, were combined by means of fixed effects models and, if significant heterogeneity among local estimates was found, also by random effects models. Significant positive associations were found between daily mortality (all causes and cardiovascular) and NO2, once the rest of air pollutants were taken into account. A 10 μg/m3 increase in the 24-hr average 1-day NO2 level was associated with an increase in the daily number of deaths of 0.43% [95% confidence interval(CI), –0.003–0.86%] for all causes excluding external. In the case of significant relationships, relative risks for cause-specific mortality were nearly twice as much as that for total mortality for all the photochemical pollutants. Ozone was independently related only to cardiovascular daily mortality. No independent statistically significant relationship between photochemical air pollutants and respiratory mortality was found. The results in this study suggest that, given the present levels of photochemical pollutants, people living in Spanish cities are exposed to health risks derived from air pollution

Comparing meta-analysis and ecological-longitudinal analysis in time-series studies: a case study of the effects of air pollution on mortality in three Spanish cities

The objective of this paper is to introduce a diVerent approach, called the ecological-longitudinal, to carrying out pooled analysis in time series ecological studies. Because it gives a larger number of data points and, hence, increases the statistical power of the analysis, this approach, unlike conventional ones, allows the complementation of aspects such as accommodation of random effect models, of lags, of interaction between pollutants and between pollutants and meteorological variables, that are hardly implemented in conventional approaches. Design—The approach is illustrated by providing quantitative estimates of the short-termeVects of air pollution on mortality in three Spanish cities, Barcelona,Valencia and Vigo, for the period 1992–1994. Because the dependent variable was a count, a Poisson generalised linear model was first specified. Several modelling issues are worth mentioning. Firstly, because the relations between mortality and explanatory variables were nonlinear, cubic splines were used for covariate control, leading to a generalised additive model, GAM. Secondly, the effects of the predictors on the response were allowed to occur with some lag. Thirdly, the residual autocorrelation, because of imperfect control, was controlled for by means of an autoregressive Poisson GAM. Finally, the longitudinal design demanded the consideration of the existence of individual heterogeneity, requiring the consideration of mixed models. Main results—The estimates of the relative risks obtained from the individual analyses varied across cities, particularly those associated with sulphur dioxide. The highest relative risks corresponded to black smoke in Valencia. These estimates were higher than those obtained from the ecological-longitudinal analysis. Relative risks estimated from this latter analysis were practically identical across cities, 1.00638 (95% confidence intervals 1.0002, 1.0011) for a black smoke increase of 10 μg/m3 and 1.00415 (95% CI 1.0001, 1.0007) for a increase of 10 μg/m3 of sulphur dioxide. Because the statistical power is higher than in the individual analysis more interactions were statistically significant,especially those among air pollutants and meteorological variables. Conclusions—Air pollutant levels were related to mortality in the three cities of the study, Barcelona, Valencia and Vigo. These results were consistent with similar studies in other cities, with other multicentric studies and coherent with both, previous individual, for each city, and multicentric studies for all three cities