Proyectos empresariales: una alternativa curricular con enfoque en competencias para la formación profesional en turismo

El presente trabajo se centra en la justificación de proyectos empresariales como parte curricular de la formación profesional para el turismo, puesto que, aunque existe de alguna manera la práctica de este tipo de ideas, se carece del planteamiento académico que lo sustente. Por lo tanto, se propone revelar si una empresa puede ser parte de un currículo con enfoque en competencias y demostrar que puede ser planificada, ejecutada y evaluada de forma académica, así como generar valiosos beneficios para la formación y el aprendizaje. El objetivo general de este trabajo es diseñar una estructura curricular para la formación en turismo, que aplique el enfoque en competencias y destaque la creación de proyectos empresariales. Los objetivos específicos son: analizar y proponer los aspectos teóricos en la formación profesional por competencias para el sector turismo, diseñar los principales componentes curriculares con enfoque en competencias para la formación profesional en turismo y establecer la estructura curricular por competencias en la cual se identifique la ubicación de los proyectos empresariales. Es una investigación de carácter descriptivo y propositivo, que se ha basado principalmente en fuentes secundarias como la revisión de libros, revistas especializadas y sitios web, con cuya información se procedió a recopilar datos y realizar interpretaciones que ayudaron a crear la propuesta. Las fuentes consultadas, en su mayoría de origen ecuatoriano, colombiano, mexicano y español, se relacionan con los conceptos de educación superior, enfoque en competencias y gestión. A través del análisis de la formación profesional en turismo, el diseño de componentes curriculares y la identificación de los proyectos empresariales en la estructura curricular, se demuestra que la relación entre enfoque por competencias y educación turística, resulta una combinación interesante y coherente que puede y debe existir en la formación profesional a nivel universitario. Esta relación ayuda a replantear o crear nuevas y efectivas ofertas educativas para el turismo, además de identificar que los proyectos empresariales pueden convertirse no solo en valiosos elementos curriculares, sino en importantes laboratorios de aporte a la academia y al sector turismo.

Procesos de reapropiación del espacio público en Quito: el caso del graffiti en la administración de Augusto Barrera (2009 – 2014)

A finales del siglo XX, se asiste a una nueva etapa del desarrollo de la estética urbana, marcada por la aplicación y presencia de las nuevas tecnologías y la aparición de nuevos agentes sociales como el escritor de grafiti, el artista de la calle o el activista contracultural. El grafiti, entendido como práctica cultural tradicionalmente urbana, se encuentra sujeto a las transformaciones que manifiestan la sociedad y el espacio de la ciudad, adaptándose continuamente y desde diferentes formatos a la realidad social. En esta práctica se observa un modo de reafirmar identidades, criticar y proponer proyectos de ciudad posibles. Además, las intervenciones de calle producidas por escritores de grafiti, artistas urbanos o activistas culturales, sociales y políticos contribuyen a la construcción y definición de la imagen pública de una determinada área urbana, subrayando o alterando la imagen tradicional de dichos espacios. En esa línea de ideas, la investigación analizará el graffiti en los aspectos correspondientes a los actores que ejecutan las intervenciones, el contexto político y coyuntural en el que nacen estas iniciativas, el contenido visual y lingüístico de los mismos, así como el espacio geográfico en el que se plasman, entendiendo que cada uno de ellos brinda una espesor interpretativo que enriquece el trabajo desarrollado. Por lo tanto, el estudio del grafiti en la ciudad de Quito es relevante en cuanto permite evaluar, en términos cualitativos: la vitalidad ciudadana del área metropolitana, la pluralidad de sus agentes culturales, sus pretensiones, su carácter crítico, su nivel de pensamiento y formación, el grado de conciencia y participación en la transformación social.

La importancia y el rol de la valoración económica de los servicios ambientales para la toma de decisiones en el contexto de las negociaciones de cambio climático: estudio de caso; valoración económica de servicios ambientales de fijación de carbono en los bosques de la parroquia San Francisco de Borja, Napo-Ecuador

Los ecosistemas forestales cumplen un importante rol en la supervivencia de la especie humana, en la satisfacción de sus necesidades básicas y en el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida. Sin embargo, pese a sus grandes bondades, estos están siendo amenazados. Debido a ello, la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, ha establecido tomar medidas urgentes para prevenir interferencias antropogénicas peligrosas, con énfasis en el cuidado de los bosques. Es así que se ha llevado a cabo una serie de programas y proyectos para su conservación. Sin embargo, se ha establecido también la necesidad de contar con herramientas apropiadas que permitan generar información sobre el verdadero estado de los recursos forestales y las necesidades de financiamiento para su protección. En ese sentido, la valoración económica ha logrado un gran avance conceptual, metodológico y político en el Marco de esta Convención. Es así que este trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad demostrar la importancia y el rol de la valoración económica de bienes y servicios ambientales en el contexto de las negociaciones de cambio climático; constituyendo un elemento clave a ser incorporado en las propuestas que el país fomenta ante dicha Convención. Esta investigación contempla un estudio de caso práctico: Valoración Económica de Servicios Ambientales de Fijación de Carbono en los Bosques de la Parroquia San Francisco de Borja, siendo esta parroquia, uno de los sitios que mayor deterioro ambiental presenta dentro de la zona de amortiguamiento norte de la Reserva de Biósfera Sumaco; el mismo que pudiese ser solucionado de cierta forma, si se lograse un desarrollo económico bien planificado. Dicho estudio pretende demostrar que la valoración económica es una herramienta útil para optimizar el manejo de información, que permita tomar decisiones en los procesos de negociaciones de cambio climático. Asimismo, se demuestra que la valoración económica coadyuvaría al fortalecimiento de la planificación local y regional; sirviendo como una guía que permita a los planificadores y decisores la toma de decisiones.

Determinação simultânea de Rifampicina, Isoniazida, Pirazinamida e Etambutol em comprimidos com doses fixas combinadas

Os comprimidos utilizados no tratamento da tuberculose possuem quatro fármacos associados, isoniazida, pirazinamida, etambutol e rifampicina, e são distribuídos gratuitamente pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Os métodos analíticos oficiais para analisar este medicamento estão especificados na Farmacopeia Americana 36a edição e na Farmacopeia Internacional 4a edição. Porém, estes compêndios oficiais não possuem monografias para análise simultânea dos quatro fármacos. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma metodologia para determinar simultaneamente os princípios ativos em comprimidos dose fixa combinada, utilizando-se cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência com detector de ultravioleta-visível, pois é de grande importância para o controle da qualidade do medicamento. O método desenvolvido utilizou coluna cromatográfica C18 (250 x 4,6) mm e 5 μm, fase móvel constituída de fase aquosa (85 % tampão formiato de amônio 0,3 mol/L pH 5, 15 % metanol e 0,005 mol/L de Cu2+ ou 250 mg/L de CuSO4.5H2O) e fase orgânica (metanol, 0,1 % de trietilamina e 0,2 % de ácido fórmico). O fluxo foi de 1,0 mL/min e comprimento de ondade 265 nm para isoniazida, pirazinamida e o etambutol e de 335 nm para rifampicina. Este método apresentou desvio padrão relativo inferior a 2,0 % na precisão e linearidade para os quatro fármacos estudados.

Avaliação da contaminação de amostras de soja com resíduos de agrotóxicos pelo método QuEChERS acetato com análise por meio de CLAE-EM/EM

O presente estudo teve por finalidade avaliar a situação atual do consumo de alimentos à base de soja disponíveis no mercado em relação à presença de resíduos de agrotóxicos. A metodologia foi validada para efetuar a determinação de 122 resíduos de pesticida na matriz soja e de 124 substâncias na matriz extrato solúvel de soja. As curvas analíticas estudadas nas duas matrizes apresentaram linearidade na faixa de trabalho analisada (0,002 a 0,200 μg.mL-1). A exatidão e a precisão em dois níveis de fortificação apresentaram valores de 70 % a 119 % de recuperação e de CV (%) de 1 a 18. O Limite de Quantificação (LQ) apresentou resultados satisfatórios (0,005 a 0,215 mg.kg-1 matriz soja e 0,006 a 0,028 mg.kg-1 matriz extrato solúvel de soja) em relação aos Limites Máximos de Resíduo (LMRs) quando existentes. Para realizar o estudo, foram selecionadas 42 amostras de soja e materiais à base de soja. As amostras foram adquiridas, no período de 2011 a 2012, em estabelecimentos comerciais na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Esta avaliação exploratória de contaminação evidenciou o uso inapropriado dos agrotóxicos ciprodinil, pirimifós-metílico, ciazofamida e butóxido de piperonila na soja e de estar em desacordo com a legislação vigente.

Automated organizational network analysis for enterprise 2.0

Social Networking Sites have recently become a mainstream communications technology for many people around the world. Major IT vendors are releasing social software designed for use in a business/commercial context. These Enterprise 2.0 technologies have impressive collaboration and information sharing functionality, but so far they do not have any organizational network analysis (ONA) features that reveal any patterns of connectivity within business units. This paper shows the impact of organizational network analysis techniques and social networks on organizational performance, we also give an overview on current enterprise social software, and most importantly, we highlight how Enterprise 2.0 can help automate an organizational network analysis.

Consumption of a Flaxseed-Rich Food Is Not More Effective Than a Placebo in Alleviating the Climacteric Symptoms of Postmenopausal Women

Our objective in this work was to test the effects of daily intake of bread produced with partially defatted ground flaxseed on the climacteric symptoms and endometrial thickness of postmenopausal women. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial was performed with 38 women who had been postmenopausal for 1-10 y and consumed 2 slices of bread containing 25 g of flaxseed (46 mg lignans) or wheat bran (<1 mg lignans; control) every day for 12 consecutive weeks. The outcome variables were the daily number of hot flashes, the Kupperman Menopausal Index (KMI), and endometrial thickness. The plasma lipid profile (total cholesterol and HDL, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol fractions and triglycerides) and the hormones estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and free thyroxine also were measured. Food intake was evaluated by means of 2 24-hrecalls, before and after the treatment. Twenty patients in the study group and 18 in the control group completed the study. The general characteristics did not differ between the 2 groups at the start of the study. Both had significant, but similar, reductions in hot flashes and KMI after 3 mo of treatment. Moreover, endometrial thickness was not affected in either group. Our findings clearly show that although flaxseed is safe, its consumption at this level (46 mg lignans/d) is no more effective than placebo for reducing hot flashes and KMI. J. Nutr. 140: 293-297, 2010.

Research on Candida dubliniensis in a Brazilian yeast collection obtained from cardiac transplant, tuberculosis, and HIV-positive patients, and evaluation of phenotypic tests using agar screening methods

The aim of this study was to research Candida dubliniensis among isolates present in a Brazilian yeast collection and to evaluate the main phenotypic methods for discrimination between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis from oral cavity. A total of 200 isolates, presumptively identified as C. albicans or C. dubliniensis obtained from heart transplant patients under immunosuppressive therapy, tuberculosis patients under antibiotic therapy, HIV-positive patients under antiretroviral therapy, and healthy subjects, were analyzed using the following phenotypic tests: formation and structural arrangement of chlamydospores on corn meal agar, casein agar, tobacco agar, and sunflower seed agar; growth at 45 degrees C; and germ tube formation. All strains were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In a preliminary screen for C. dubliniensis, 48 of the 200 isolates on corn meal agar, 30 of the 200 on casein agar, 16 of the 200 on tobacco agar, and 15 of the 200 on sunflower seed agar produced chlamydoconidia; 27 of the 200 isolates showed no or poor growth at 45 degrees C. All isolates were positive for germ tube formation. These isolates were considered suggestive of C. dubliniensis. All of them were subjected to PCR analysis using C. dubliniensis-specific primers. C. dubliniensis isolates were not found. C. dubliniensis isolates were not recovered in this study done with immunocompromised patients. Sunflower seed agar was the medium with the smallest number of isolates of C. albicans suggestive of C. dubliniensis. None of the phenotypic methods was 100% effective for discrimination between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Patterns of Antibodies Against Latent and Lytic Antigens of Human Herpesvirus 8 in an Endemic Population and Patients With Kaposi`s Sarcoma in Mozambique

The patterns of antibodies against latent and lytic antigens of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) were assessed using immunofluorescence assays of samples from 155 persons seropositive for HHV-8 seen at public health centers and 24 patients with Kaposi`s sarcoma (KS) from Mozambique. Of the 155 persons without KS, 48(31%) had antibodies against latent antigens only, 29 (18.7%) had antibodies against lytic antigens only, and 78 (50.3%) had antibodies against both types of antigen. The HHV-8 antibody titer tended to increase with age until age 40, after which it began to decrease. High titers of antibodies against latent and lytic antigens of HHV-8 were detected mostly in persons co-infected with HIV, and these increased titers could have a predictive value. All patients with KS except four patients who were seronegative for HHV-8 had elevated titers of HHV-8 antibodies, predominantly against latent antigens. The data suggest the potential for an increase in the development of KS in this endemic area for HHV-8. J. Med. Virol. 82:1576-1581, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Seroprevalence of Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection in Individuals From Health Care Centers in Mozambique: Potential for Endemic and Epidemic Kaposi`s Sarcoma

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is common in sub-Saharan Africa, but its prevalence in Mozambique is unknown. The seroprevalence of HHV-8 in a cohort of individuals seen at public health centers in Northern (n = 208), Central (n = 226), or Southern (n = 318) Mozambique was examined. All individuals were interviewed to obtain socioeconomic, demographic and clinical data and were tested for serum anti-HHV-8 antibodies using an immunofluorescence assay. The overall frequency of HHV-8 antibodies was 21.4% and, in spite of the diversity of epidemiological characteristics of the tested individuals, did not differ significantly among regions: 18.7%, 24.3% and 21.4% in the North, Center, and South, respectively (chi(2), 2.37; P = 0.305). The variables that were associated significantly with the presence of HHV-8 antibodies were gender, age, level of education, number of siblings and HIV serostatus, but these differed across the regions. In the North, although tested individuals lived under poor socioeconomic conditions, no association between HHV-8 infection and household variables was detected, with the exception of the number of siblings (P = 0.042). In the Central region, HHV-8 infection was associated with gender (P = 0.010), the number of household members (P = 0.031), and the place of attendance (P = 0.021). In the South, HHV-8 infection was associated with the number of siblings (P = 0.023) and HIV status (P = 0.002). The overall prevalence of HHV-8 seropositivity increased with age. These results demonstrate that Mozambique is another country in Africa with endemic HHV-8 infection, and, because of the AIDS epidemic, continued access to antiretroviral treatment is necessary to avert an outbreak of AIDS-Kaposi`s sarcoma. J. Med. Virol. 82:1216-1223, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Comparison of signal-to-cutoff values in first, second, and third generation enzyme immunoassays for the diagnosis of HTLV-1/2 infection in ""at-risk"" individuals from Sao Paulo, Brazil

Data obtained during routine diagnosis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) in ""at-risk"" individuals from Sao Paulo, Brazil using signal-to-cutoff (S/C) values obtained by first, second, and third generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits, were compared. The highest S/C values were obtained with third generation EIA kits, but no correlation was detected between these values and specific antibody reactivity to HTLV-1, HTLV-2, or untyped HTLV (p = 0.302). In addition, use of these third generation kits resulted in HTLV-1/2 false-positive samples. In contrast, first and second generation EIA kits showed high specificity, and the second generation EIA kits showed the highest efficiency, despite lower S/C values. Using first and second generation EIA kits, significant differences in specific antibody detection of HTLV-1, relative to HTLV-2 (p = 0.019 for first generation and p < 0.001 for second generation EIA kits) and relative to untyped HTLV (p = 0.025 for first generation EIA kits), were observed. These results were explained by the composition and format of the assays. In addition, using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, a slight adjustment in cutoff values for third generation EIA kits improved their specificities and should be used when HTLV ""at-risk"" populations from this geographic area are to be evaluated. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Comparative Study of the Frequency of Antibody and Titers Against Human Herpesvirus 8 Latent and Lytic Antigens in ""At-Risk"" Individuals and Among Patients With Kaposi`s Sarcoma

Differences in the prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and Kaposi`s sarcoma (KS) have been described, depending on the study population and their geographic origin. A cross-sectional study aimed at detecting the frequency and titers of antibodies against HHV-8 latent and lytic antigens in serum samples from individuals with different risk-factors for HHV-8 infection, as well as predictive marker identification in patients with KS, was conducted. Serum samples were collected from seven groups of individuals: 75 patients with AIDS-KS, 5 with classic KS, 16 with African KS, 495 with HIV/AIDS, 805 patients with chronic kidney disease, 683 handicapped individuals, and 757 health care workers. Samples were evaluated for the presence and titers of HHV-8-specific antibodies to latent and lytic antigens using ""in house"" immunofluorescence assays. The results were analyzed by the Chi-square, Fisher`s exact test, Kruskal-Wallis and/or Mann-Whitney U-tests. The frequencies of HHV-8 antibodies were as follows: 87.5-100% in patients with KS, 20.4% in patients with HIV/AIDS, 18% in patients with chronic kidney disease, 1.6% in handicapped individuals, and 1.1% in health care workers. A greater number of samples were antibody positive to lytic antigens. Elevated titers of antibodies to latent and lytic antigens, mostly among patients with KS, were detected. Using established serological assays, different ""at-risk"" populations for HHV-8 infection/disease were detected in this geographic area, confirming HIV/AIDS and identifying patients with chronic kidney disease as high-risk groups. It is suggested that a longitudinal evaluation of antibody titers in patients with chronic kidney disease be undertaken to confirm their predictive value in the development of KS. J. Med. Virol. 81: 1292-1297, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Isolation and genotype analysis of rubella virus from a case of Guillain-Barre syndrome

Rubella virus (RV) infection has sporadically been linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), but the association with RV has been based only on clinical and/or serological backgrounds. In the present case it was possible to isolate RV (genotype 1a) from cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of an 18-year-old woman diagnosed with GBS after clinical manifestations of rubella. This report contributes to confirm RV as one of the triggering pathogens of this peripheral nervous system disease. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.