Air defence in Northern Europe

Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College.

Natural freeze crystallization : purification of aqueous Na2SO4 solutions with cold air

The aim of this thesis was to examine efficiency of freeze crystallization and eutectic freeze crystallization in purification of wastewater by imitating natural freezing. In addition, a mathematic model based on heat transfer to determine ice thickness and ice growth rate was examined. Also, the amount of sodium sulfate crystallized at the eutectic point was under investigation. In literature part, advantages and applications of the freeze crystallization are discussed, and possibility to apply it in Northern hemisphere winter weather conditions is under study. Furthermore, main sources of sodium sulfate from Finnish industries are described. The experiments were carried out in modified chest freezer, where a fan was placed in order to obtain laminar air flow inside. Picolog PT-104 data logger was used to monitor temperature changes in the salt-water solution, and constant temperature was maintained in the crystallizer with Lauda RP 850 thermostat. The impurity of formed ice layer was determined by weighing ice samples after experiment and again after 24 hours drying to full dryness in oven. Volume of salt-water solution was also measured after experiment. The highest purity of formed ice layer was obtained with small temperature difference and with long freezing time. On the other hand, the amount of crystallized sodium sulfate was its greatest with long freezing time and higher temperature difference. The results obtained by the mathematic model and empirical results did not differ significantly in most of the experiments. However, the difference increased when salt-water mixture reached its eutectic point, leading to simultaneous ice and salt crystallization. Eutectic point was reached only with the highest salt concentration with one exception. In these cases, calculated values were in many cases greater than the experimental ones. In winter weather conditions freeze crystallization is cost-effective wastewater treatment method and rather simple. Nonetheless, the efficiency and separation rate are strongly depended on ambient temperature and its changes

Corruption, income, and rule of law: empirical evidence from developing and developed economies

This article presents an empirical analysis based on cross-country data concerned with two points regarding corruption: (i) its effects on income; and (ii) how to mitigate corruption. The findings can be highlighted in two points. Firstly the idea that corruption is intrinsically connected with income is confirmed. Secondly, the traditional argument that an increase in rule of law represents a good strategy in the fight against corruption is valid for developing countries. Furthermore, this study reveals that the search for increasing the human development index represents a rule of thumb for high levels of income and to control corruption.

In Search for the European solidarity: The rule of law within the European Union in the framework of constitutional pluralism

The dissertation examines the rule of law within the European Union in the theoretical framework of constitutional pluralism. The leading lines of constitutional pluralism are examined with relation to the traditional and prevailing, monistic and hierarchical conceptions on how to perceive legal orders in Europe. The theoretical part offers also historical perspective by highlighting some of the turning points for the Union constitutional legal order in the framework of European integration. The concept of rule of law is examined in legal terms and its meaning to the Union constitutional constellation as a constitutional principle and a common value is observed. The realization of the rule of law at supranational and national level is explored with a view to discover that recent developments in some of the Member States give rise to concern about the viability of the rule of law within the European Union. It is recognized that the inobservance of the rule of law at national level causes a threat to the supranational constitutional legal order. The relationship between the supranational and national legal orders is significant in this respect and therefore particularly the interaction between the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter the ECJ) and the Member States’ (constitutional/supreme) courts takes focus. It is observed that functioning dialogue between the supranational and national courts based on mutual respect and judicial deference is an important prerequisite for the realization of the rule of law within Europe. In order to afford a concrete example, a recent case C-62/14 Gauweiler v Deutscher Bundestag is introduced and analysed in relation to the notorious relationship between the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany and the ECJ. The implications of the ECJ’s decision in Gauweiler v Deutscher Bundestag is assessed with reference to some of the pressing issues of constitutionalism within Europe and some institutional aspects are also brought forward. Lastly, the feasibility of constitutional pluralism as a theoretical setting is measured against the legal reality of today’s Europe and its many constitutions. The hierarchical idea of one ultimate source of power, stemming from the traditional approaches to legal systems, is then assessed with relation to the requirement of the realization of the rule of law within the European Union from the supranational and national point of view.

Parental and Successor Liability in EU Competition Law Infringements

Under EU competition law, parent companies may be held jointly and severally liable for the competition law infringements committed by their subsidiaries. The possibility of holding parent companies liable demonstrates a significant exception from the idea of separate legal entities. However, it is not the only deviation developed under EU competition law. In cases, where the legal entity responsible for the anti-competitive conduct has changed its form, liability can be attributed to the new operator, in particular, to its successor. The principles of legal certainty and legitimate expectations are issues that surround the doctrines of parental and successor liability. The aim of this thesis is to present a comprehensive comparative analysis of the parental and successor liability doctrines and to clarify the conditions under which it is possible to attribute liability for the infringements of EU competition law. The main purpose is therefore to demonstrate the problems related to the allocation of liability and to discuss whether these liability principles, established to assure the effective enforcement of the EU competition rules, are good solutions. The research methods used in this thesis are the legal dogmatic approach and the comparative law approach. The former enables the possibility of using the case law and legislation as a framework in which the difficulties concerning the application of parental and successor liability can be discussed while the latter ensures the comparison of the characteristics and judgments. The doctrines of parental and successor liability are both well established, but the application practice has caused several difficulties. These problems derive from, inter alia, the broadness and disjointed developed of the doctrines. There has been much recent case law dealing with these issues and having the potential to open up a considerable risk and to allocate strict liability for parent and successor companies.

La flûte enchantée. Ah! l'ingrat par son silence : air de Pamina / Mozart, comp.. Roméo et Juliette. Ah! je veux vivre dans le rêve : valse / Gounod, comp. ; Mme Ritter Ciampi, S ; accompagnement d'orchestre

Comprend : La flûte enchantée ; Roméo et Juliette

Airs de Ballet : Marche, Air gai en rondeau, Tambourins... / Jean-Philippe Rameau, comp. ; Mme Pauline Aubert, clav. ; orchestre sous la direction de M. R. Gerlin

Comprend : Marche / Jean-Philippe Rameau, comp. ; Mme Pauline Aubert, clav. ; orchestre sous la direction de M. R. Gerlin ; Air gai en rondeau / Jean-Philippe Rameau, comp. ; Mme Pauline Aubert, clav. ; orchestre sous la direction de M. R. Gerlin ; Tambourins / Jean-Philippe Rameau, comp. ; Mme Pauline Aubert, clav. ; orchestre sous la direction de M. R. Gerlin ; Menuets / Jean-Philippe Rameau, comp. ; Mme Pauline Aubert, clav. ; orchestre sous la direction de M. R. Gerlin ; Rondeau / Jean-Philippe Rameau, comp. ; Mme Pauline Aubert, clav. ; orchestre sous la direction de M. R. Gerlin ; Air / Jean-Philippe Rameau, comp. ; Mme Pauline Aubert, clav. ; orchestre sous la direction de M. R. Gerlin