1923-1927, 1929-1931: Nathan B. Young

7th & 9th President 1923-19271929-1931

1880-1898, 1922-1923: Inman E. Page

1st & 6th President In Office: 1880-1898, 1922-1923 Inman E. Page was the first individual named "president" at Lincoln University of Missouri. He was born a slave, bought his and his family's freedom, graduated from Brown University in Washington and was nominated there as Class Orator. During his tenure he brought in many new instructors, built several campus buildings, was president of the Negro Teacher's Association, worked with the state government for meaningful funding of the institute and was popular with the press because he was well spoken. In 1889, the Board tried to oust him, to put in a new person, but the move was so highly controversial that the candidate withdrew from the process. While Inman was president, in 1891, Lincoln University became a Land-Grant Institution under the Morrill Land-Grant Fund and the first Memorial Hall was built. He also began instituting college-level courses, which faced some serious opposition, but inevitably led to Lincoln Institute becoming Lincoln University. Reference Marshall, A. P. (1966). Soldiers' Dream: A Centennial History of Lincoln University of Missouri. Lincoln University: Jefferson City, MO.

Possible forcing of global temperature by the oceanic tides

An approximately decadal periodicity in surface air temperature is discernable in global observations from A.D. 1855 to 1900 and since A.D. 1945, but with a periodicity of only about 6 years during the intervening period. Changes in solar irradiance related to the sunspot cycle have been proposed to account for the former, but cannot account for the latter. To explain both by a single mechanism, we propose that extreme oceanic tides may produce changes in sea surface temperature at repeat periods, which alternate between approximately one-third and one-half of the lunar nodal cycle of 18.6 years. These alternations, recurring at nearly 90-year intervals, reflect varying slight degrees of misalignment and departures from the closest approach of the Earth with the Moon and Sun at times of extreme tide raising forces. Strong forcing, consistent with observed temperature periodicities, occurred at 9-year intervals close to perihelion (solar perigee) for several decades centered on A.D. 1881 and 1974, but at 6-year intervals for several decades centered on A.D. 1923. As a physical explanation for tidal forcing of temperature we propose that the dissipation of extreme tides increases vertical mixing of sea water, thereby causing episodic cooling near the sea surface. If this mechanism correctly explains near-decadal temperature periodicities, it may also apply to variability in temperature and climate on other times-scales, even millennial and longer.

Entre materia y espíritu: la construcción moral de la enfermedad social en la España liberal (1833-1923)

A lo largo del siglo XIX, la sociedad europea se vio sometida a una serie de cambios estructurales que variaron notablemente sus formas de vida, modificando sensiblemente las formas de acceso a la salud y la incidencia de la enfermedad. El carácter de emergencia que adquirieron estos problemas fue generando consciencia en los distintos agentes sociales sobre la necesidad de adecuar las nuevas formas de vida a los principios programáticos de la higiene, dotando así a la ciencia médica de un poder político y social nuevo, debido a su autoproclamada capacidad para reconducir esa situación de emergencia socio-sanitaria del modo más adecuado y eficiente. Nuestra investigación intenta mostrar las particularidades que tuvo ese desarrollo médico-social en la España liberal, si bien, limita su objeto principal al análisis del proceso de construcción teórica de la disciplina. Gracias al uso de fuentes médicas, hemos podido detectar que los fundamentos teóricos de la Medicina española estuvieron marcados por un profundo rechazo, o al menos por una adaptación crítica, de las fórmulas teóricas racionalistas que, desde la Ilustración, habían buscado ofrecer una solución fundamentalmente material los problemas sociales ligados con la enfermedad. Frente a esta posición, una parte mayoritaria de los médicos españoles se mantuvo ligada a unos principios científico-teóricos asistemáticos vinculados a la tradición filosófica y cultural católica previa, que les llevó a dirigir el avance de la disciplina, hacia la perfección del análisis de las causas morales de los procesos patológicos...

El higienismo ante la urban penalty y las causas del atraso sanitario español, 1881-1923

Comunicación presentada en el X Congreso Internacional de la Asociación Española de Historia Económica (AEHE), Carmona (Sevilla), 8-9 septiembre 2011.

El papel de la enfermería en el desarrollo de la salud pública española (1923-1935): la visitadora sanitaria

Se analiza el proceso de institucionalización de la enfermería de salud pública en España durante el periodo 1923-35. En primer lugar, se estudian los programas de socialización en el marco de las Escuelas Nacionales de Puericultura (1926) y de Sanidad (1933), así como el convenio de formación de postgrado en el extranjero firmado con la Fundación Rockefeller (1931). A continuación se examinan tanto las actividades profesionales que llevaron a cabo, como los esfuerzos de organización del colectivo que se concretaron en la creación de la Asociación Profesional de Enfermeras Visitadoras en 1934. Los resultados muestran el proceso de definición sociológica que llegó a alcanzar la actividad profesional de la visitadora sanitaria, como sector especializado de la enfermería, así como su influencia en la mejora del nivel de la salud pública española.

Handing Down and Adaption: The Construction of the Material World of Health Care Technology in Spain (1855-1955)

This historical study uses qualitative methods to analyze and describe the components of the material world of nursing care in Spain between 1855 and 1955 based on the analysis of eight nurse training manuals. A total of 360 objects and 45 procedures were recorded. Manual analysis was carried out concurrently with data collection based on the Grounded Theory approach. Findings show that the material world of health care was composed of objects that were handed down by the medical profession to health care professionals and adapted objects, improvised mainly out of everyday household items. While the handing down of medical tools and instruments could be said to be a theoretical and technical achievement, it is not clear whether it was also a scientific accomplishment. The improvisation of objects out of everyday household items promoted by the manuals highlights the artisan-like and ingenious nature of nursing practice, which should be explored further in future studies to provide a greater understanding and promote the recognition of these objects as a health care technology.