Nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) beta/delta in skin wound healing and cancer

We review the functions of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) beta/delta in skin wound healing and cancer. In particular, we highlight the roles of PPAR beta/delta in inhibiting keratinocyte apoptosis at wound edges via activation of the PI3K/PKB alpha/Akt1 pathway and its role during re-epithelialization in regulating keratinocyte adhesion and migration. In fibroblasts, PPAR beta/delta controls IL-1 signalling and thereby contributes to the homeostatic control of keratinocyte proliferation. We discuss its therapeutic potential for treating diabetic wounds and inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and acne vulgaris. PPAR beta/delta is classified as a tumour growth modifier; it is activated by chronic low-grade inflammation, which promotes the production of lipids that, in turn, enhance PPAR beta/delta transcription activity. Our earlier,work unveiled a cascade of events triggered by PPAR beta/delta that involve the oncogene Src, which promotes ultraviolet-induced skin cancer in mice via enhanced EGFR/Erk1/2 signalling and the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. Interestingly, PPAR beta/delta expression is correlated with the expression of SRC and EMT markers in human skin squamous cell carcinoma. Furthermore, there is a positive interaction between PPAR beta/delta, SRC, and TGF beta 1 at the transcriptional level in various human epithelial cancers. Taken together, these observations suggest the need for evaluating PPAR beta/delta modulators that attenuate or increase its activity, depending on the therapeutic target.

Role of microRNAs in the age-associated decline of pancreatic beta cell function in rat islets.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Ageing can lead to reduced insulin sensitivity and loss of pancreatic beta cell function, predisposing individuals to the development of diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) to age-associated beta cell dysfunction. METHODS: The global mRNA and miRNA profiles of 3- and 12-month-old rat islets were collected by microarray. The functional impact of age-associated differences in miRNA expression was investigated by mimicking the observed changes in primary beta cells from young animals. RESULTS: Beta cells from 12-month-old rats retained normal insulin content and secretion, but failed to proliferate in response to mitotic stimuli. The islets of these animals displayed modifications at the level of several miRNAs, including upregulation of miR-34a, miR-124a and miR-383, and downregulation of miR-130b and miR-181a. Computational analysis of the transcriptomic modifications observed in the islets of 12-month-old rats revealed that the differentially expressed genes were enriched for miR-34a and miR-181a targets. Indeed, the induction of miR-34a and reduction of miR-181a in the islets of young animals mimicked the impaired beta cell proliferation observed in old animals. mRNA coding for alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor, which is critical for compensatory beta cell mass expansion, is directly inhibited by miR34a and is likely to be at least partly responsible for the effects of this miRNA. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Changes in the level of specific miRNAs that occur during ageing affect the proliferative capacity of beta cells. This might reduce their ability to expand under conditions of increased insulin demand, favouring the development of type 2 diabetes.

Involvement of a transforming-growth-factor-beta-like molecule in tumor-cell-derived inhibition of nitric-oxide synthesis in cerebral endothelial cells.

Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to exert cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. We have reported that EC219 cells, a rat-brain-microvessel-derived endothelial cell line, produced NO through cytokine-inducible NO synthase (iNOS), the induction of which was significantly decreased by (a) soluble factor(s) secreted by DHD/PROb, an invasive sub-clone of a rat colon-carcinoma cell line. In this study, the DHD/PROb cell-derived NO-inhibitory factor was characterized. Northern-blot analysis demonstrated that the induction of iNOS mRNA in cytokine-activated EC219 cells was decreased by PROb-cell-conditioned medium. When DHD/PROb cell supernatant was fractionated by affinity chromatography using Con A-Sepharose or heparin-Sepharose, the NO-inhibitory activity was found only in Con A-unbound or heparin-unbound fractions, respectively, indicating that the PROb-derived inhibitory factor was likely to be a non-glycosylated and non-heparin-binding molecule. Pre-incubation of DHD/PROb-cell supernatant with anti-TGF-beta neutralizing antibody completely blocked the DHD/PROb-derived inhibition of NO production by EC219 cells. Addition of exogenous TGF-beta 1 dose-dependently inhibited NO release by EC219 cells. The presence of active TGF-beta in the DHD/PROb cell supernatant was demonstrated using a growth-inhibition assay. Moreover, heat treatment of medium conditioned by the less invasive DHD/REGb cells, which constitutively secreted very low levels of active TGF-beta, increased both TGF-beta activity and the ability to inhibit NO production in EC219 cells. Thus, DHD/PROb colon-carcinoma cells inhibited NO production in EC219 cells by secreting a factor identical or very similar to TGF-beta.

Terutroban, A TP-receptor antagonist, reduces portal pressure in cirrhotic rats.

Increased production of vasoconstrictive prostanoids, such as thromboxane A2 (TXA2 ), contributes to endothelial dysfunction and increased hepatic vascular tone in cirrhosis. TXA2 induces vasoconstriction by way of activation of the thromboxane-A2 /prostaglandin-endoperoxide (TP) receptor. This study investigated whether terutroban, a specific TP receptor blocker, decreases hepatic vascular tone and portal pressure in rats with cirrhosis due to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) or bile duct ligation (BDL). Hepatic and systemic hemodynamics, endothelial dysfunction, liver fibrosis, hepatic Rho-kinase activity (a marker of hepatic stellate cell contraction), and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling pathway were measured in CCl4 and BDL cirrhotic rats treated with terutroban (30 mg/kg/day) or its vehicle for 2 weeks. Terutroban reduced portal pressure in both models without producing significant changes in portal blood flow, suggesting a reduction in hepatic vascular resistance. Terutroban did not significantly change arterial pressure in CCl4 -cirrhotic rats but decreased it significantly in BDL-cirrhotic rats. In livers from CCl4 and BDL-cirrhotic terutroban-treated rats, endothelial dysfunction was improved and Rho-kinase activity was significantly reduced. In CCl4 -cirrhotic rats, terutroban reduced liver fibrosis and decreased alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen-I, and transforming growth factor beta messenger RNA (mRNA) expression without significant changes in the eNOS pathway. In contrast, no change in liver fibrosis was observed in BDL-cirrhotic rats but an increase in the eNOS pathway. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that TP-receptor blockade with terutroban decreases portal pressure in cirrhosis. This effect is due to decreased hepatic resistance, which in CCl4 -cirrhotic rats was linked to decreased hepatic fibrosis, but not in BDL rats, in which the main mediator appeared to be an enhanced eNOS-dependent vasodilatation, which was not liver-selective, as it was associated with decreased arterial pressure. The potential use of terutroban for portal hypertension requires further investigation.

Extração, estruturas e propriedades de alfa- e beta-quitina

The fact that alpha- and beta-chitin adopt different arrays in the solid state is explored to emphasize their different properties and distinct spectral characteristics and X ray diffraction patterns. The methods for their extraction from the biomass in view of the preservation of their native structures and aiming to fulfill the claims of purity and uniformity for potential applications are discussed. The different arrays adopted by alpha- and beta-chitin also result in distinct reactivities toward the deacetylation reaction. Thus, the deacetylation of beta-chitin is more efficient owing to the better accessibility to amide groups due to the lower crystallinity of this polymorph.

Purificação e caracterização da beta-lapachona e estudo de estabilidade dos cristais em diferentes condições de armazenamento

The beta-lapachone is a product obtained from the Ipê Roxo tree [Tabebuia avellandae], which has proved its excellent antineoplasic potential acting through a particular mechanism of apoptosis against various cancer types. This study aims at determining the identity card of beta-lapachone by means of physico-chemical and pharmaco-technical characterization. A purifying process has been performed, as well as the isolation of a contaminant, its isomer alpha-lapachone. A stability study was also performed, determining the ideal storing conditions for beta-lapachone, essential for the ongoing pre-formulation studies for obtaining the different classic pharmaceutical forms and modified release systems.

Alpha- and gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormones in obesity. A study of the key central areas of metabolic regulation

The melanocortin system is an important regulator of feeding, energy metabolism,and cardiovascular function and it consists of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) derived melanocyte stimulating hormones (α-, β- and γ-MSH) and their endogenous melanocortin receptors, MC1R to MC5R. In the hypothalamus, α-MSH reduces food intake, and increases energy expenditure and sympathetic tone by binding to MC4R. Mutations affecting the MC4R gene lead to obesity in mammals. On the other hand, the metabolic effects of MC3R stimulation using agonists such as the endogenously expressed γ-MSH have been less extensively explored. The main objective of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of increased melanocortin tone in key areas of metabolic regulation in the central nervous system (CNS) in order to investigate the sitespecific roles of both α-MSH and γ-MSH. The aim was to stereotaxically induce local overexpression of single melanocortin peptides using lentiviral vectors expressing α-MSH (LVi-α-MSH-EGFP) and γ-MSH (LVi-γ-MSH-EGFP). The lentiviral vectors were shown to produce a long-term overexpression and biologically active peptides in cell-based assays. The LVi-α-MSHEGFP was targeted to the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus of diet induced obese mice where it reduced weight gain and adiposity independently of food intake. When the nucleus tractus solitarus in the brainstem was targeted, the LVi-α-MSH-EGFP treatment was shown to cause a small decrease in adiposity, which did not impact weight development. However, the α-MSH treatment increased heart rate, which was attenuated by adrenergic receptor blockade indicative of increased sympathetic activity. The LVi-γ-MSH-EGFP was targeted to the hypothalamus where it decreased fat mass in mice eating the standard diet, but the effect was abated if animals consumed a high-fat Western type diet. When the diet induced obese mice were subjected again to the standard diet, the LVi-γ-MSH-EGFP treated animals displayed increased weight loss and reduced adiposity. These results indicate that the long-term central anti-obesity effects of α-MSH are independent of food intake. In addition, overexpression of α-MSH in the brain stem efficiently blocked the development of adiposity, but increased sympathetic tone. The evidence presented in this thesis also indicates that selective MC3R agonists such as γ-MSH could be potential therapeutics in combination with low fat diets.

Evaluation of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves during its developmental stages: a chemical composition study

Beetroot leaves (Beta vulgaris L.) are commonly cut off and discarded before using its bulb due to lack of knowledge of how to use them. Aiming at using these leaves, in the present study, in natura and dehydrated beetroot leaves were chemically characterized in terms of fatty acid composition, proximate composition, minerals, total phenolic compounds (TPC), and antioxidant activity by DPPH• in different stages (60, 80, and 100 days) of development. The beetroot leaves showed significant levels of protein and lipids in all developmental stages, and all proximate composition nutrients decreased during these maturation stages; the highest content was observed at 60 days. The Fe content decreased during the developmental stages (from 342.75 to 246.30 mg.kg-1), while the content of K increased (from 13,367.64 to 20,784.90 mg.kg-1). With regard to to fatty acid composition, linolenic acid was present in the greatest quantity, and it increase up to 2.58 mg.g-1 (in natura) and 40.11 mg.g-1 (dehydrated) at 100 days of development. The n-6/n-3 ratios were low in all stages. The TPC and antioxidant activity by DPPH• changed during the developmental stages. The TPC was highest in the 100-day dehydrated leaves (15.27±0.12 mg GAE.g-1 FW), and the 50% inhibition of DPPH• (IC50 89.52 µg.mL-1) were better in the 60-day in natura leaves. This study shows that all developmental stages produced satisfactory results, and therefore, these leaves can be reused as food. The antioxidant activity and the chemical constituents, mainly the ω-3fatty acid, increased during the stages of development.

Modulation de la réponse immunitaire dans le cerveau par la barrière hémato-encéphalique : implication en sclérose en plaques

La sclérose en plaques (SEP) est une maladie inflammatoire du système nerveux central (SNC) caractérisée par une infiltration périvasculaire de cellules mononucléaires, telles que les lymphocytes T CD4+ et CD8+, les lymphocytes B ainsi que les cellules myéloïdes qui comprend les monocytes, les macrophages et les cellules dendritiques (DCs). Ce phénomène d’infiltration est dû à une fragilisation de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE). L’entrée des cellules immunitaires au SNC va mener à la destruction de la gaine de myéline et donc à l’apparition de plaques de démyélinisation. Ainsi, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la migration des divers sous-types de cellules immunitaires du sang périphérique à travers la BHE est contrôlée par des mécanismes moléculaires distincts et spécifiques à chaque type cellulaire. Afin de répondre à cette hypothèse, quatre différentes études ont été mises sur pieds. En premier lieu, nous démontrons un effet bénéfique des statines sur la BHE en SEP, en diminuant la migration des lymphocytes T et des monocytes, et en diminuant la diffusion de marqueurs moléculaire soluble. Ce phénomène s’opère via la suppression du processus d’isoprenylation, et en empêchant probablement la contraction des cellules endothéliales de la BHE. De plus, nous démontrons que les monocytes qui migrent au SNC en condition inflammé sont en mesures de se différencier en DCs et d’induire une réponse inflammatoire de la part des lymphocytes T CD4+. La migration des monocytes à travers la BHE est contrôlée par une nouvelle molécule d’adhérence nommée Ninjurin-1. Le blocage de Ninjurin-1 conduit à une inhibition spécifique de la migration des monocytes in vitro, ainsi qu’à une amélioration des signes cliniques du modèle animal de la SEP, soit l’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE). Finalement, nous démontrons que la migration des lymphocytes T CD8+ au SNC s’effectue via l’intégrine alpha-4. De plus, la majorité des lymphocytes T CD8+ que l’on retrouve dans le liquide céphalo-rachidien de patients SEP, dans le SNC de souris EAE ainsi que dans le SNC de souris infectée au virus de l’hépatite murine portent un phénotype effecteur mémoire. Ces données pourraient expliquer l’émergence de leucoencéphalopathie multifocale progressive observée chez certains patients SEP traités au natalizumab, un anticorps dirigé contre l’intégrine alpha-4. En conclusion, notre étude a permis de démontrer l’importance des monocytes provenant de la périphérie dans le processus inflammatoire prenant part au SNC en SEP. L’inhibition d’entrée de ces cellules pourrait s’avérer bénéfique en SEP tout en permettant l’immuno-surveillance du cerveau, ce que l’anti-alpha-4 intégrine ne permet pas. Les statines pourraient s’avérer une autre option intéressante puisqu’elles agissent sur les processus inflammatoires impliqués dans la SEP.

Rôle de la PKC delta dans la fonction plaquettaire en réponse à la thrombine via le récepteur GPIb alpha

La famille des protéines kinases C (PKC) est essentielle pour la fonction plaquettaire en réponse à la thrombine qui signale et active les plaquettes via les proteases activated receptors (PAR-1 et PAR-4) et le GPIbα. Ces derniers constituent les récepteurs de moyenne/faible et de hautes affinités pour la thrombine, respectivement. L’isoforme PKCδ régule positivement ou négativement la fonction des plaquettes tout dépendamment de la nature du stimulus. Cependant, son importance dans la fonction plaquettaire en réponse à la thrombine en aval de la GPIbα reste inconnue. L’objectif principal de ce projet de doctorat était de déterminer l'implication de l'axe thrombine/GPIbα/PKCδ dans la fonction plaquettaire et d’évaluer le rôle de cet axe dans la régulation de la thrombose. Dans les plaquettes humaines, le prétraitement avec l'inhibiteur spécifique de la PKCδ δ(V1-1)TAT, a significativement potentialisé l'activation et l’agrégation des plaquettes en réponse à de faibles concentrations de α-thrombine, mais pas en réponse à la γ-thrombine ou aux agonistes des PARs. Ce phénomène de potentialisation a été associé à une sécrétion accrue de granules, de génération de thromboxane A2 (TXA2) et une phosphorylation de la PKCδ sur la Tyr311, qui ont toutes été prévenues par l’inhibition spécifique du GPIbα à l’aide d’un anticorps monoclonal bloquant. En outre, l'inhibition de la p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 et le TXA2 a inversé ce processus de potentialisation. Les plaquettes murines déficientes en PKCδ étaient aussi plus réactives à la thrombine et ont montré une augmentation significative de l'agrégation, alors qu’une étude menée in vivo chez la souris PKCδ- /- a montré, suite à une stimulation par α-thrombine, une réaction thrombotique accrue caractérisée par une diminution significative du temps de saignement ainsi qu’une formation de thrombo-embolies pulmonaires. En bloquant le GPIbα, ces effets ont été renversés. Cette étude ouvre de nouvelles perspectives quant au rôle de la PKCδ dans les plaquettes en aval de GPIbα, où elle régule négativement la fonction plaquettaire en réponse à la thrombine. Ainsi, l'axe thrombine/GPIbα/PKCδ dans les plaquettes pourrait représenter un régulateur critique de la fonction plaquettaire et l'hémostase, et le dysfonctionnement de cette voie pourrait conduire à des événements thrombotiques.

Role of alpha 2,3-sialyltransferases ST3Gal III and ST3Gal IV in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Este trabajo demuestra que los genes que codifican para los enzimas beta-galactosido alfa-2,3-sialiltransferasa 3 (ST3Gal III), y en menor medida beta-galactosido alfa-2,3-sialiltransferasa 4 (ST3Gal IV), están directamente implicados en etapas clave de la progresión tumoral como la adhesión, la migración y la formación de metástasis en las líneas de adenocarcinoma pancreático humano Capan-1 y MDAPanc-28. También, que las Especies Reactivas del Oxígeno (ROS) generadas durante los procesos de proliferación y diferenciación celular o debido a estímulos oxidantes externos, desempeñan un importante papel en el control de la síntesis de ST3Gal III y SLex, y por lo tanto en la regulación del fenotipo metastático. Además, junto al papel pro-adhesivo de la E-Selectina, este trabajo ha descrito efectos prometastáticos adicionales para esta molécula como inductora de la migración y de la secreción de VEGF a través de un mecanismo E-Selectina-SLex dependiente.

Muscle hypertrophy driven by myostatin blockade does not require stem/precursor-cell activity

Myostatin, a member of the TGF-beta family, has been identified as a powerful inhibitor of muscle growth. Absence or blockade of myostatin induces massive skeletal muscle hypertrophy that is widely attributed to proliferation of the population of muscle fiber-associated satellite cells that have been identified as the principle source of new muscle tissue during growth and regeneration. Postnatal blockade of myostatin has been proposed as a basis for therapeutic strategies to combat muscle loss in genetic and acquired myopathies. But this approach, according to the accepted mechanism, would raise the threat of premature exhaustion of the pool of satellite cells and eventual failure of muscle regeneration. Here, we show that hypertrophy in the absence of myostatin involves little or no input from satellite cells. Hypertrophic fibers contain no more myonuclei or satellite cells and myostatin had no significant effect on satellite cell proliferation in vitro, while expression of myostatin receptors dropped to the limits of detectability in postnatal satellite cells. Moreover, hypertrophy of dystrophic muscle arising from myostatin blockade was achieved without any apparent enhancement of contribution of myonuclei from satellite cells. These findings contradict the accepted model of myostatin-based control of size of postnatal muscle and reorient fundamental investigations away from the mechanisms that control satellite cell proliferation and toward those that increase myonuclear domain, by modulating synthesis and turnover of structural muscle fiber proteins. It predicts too that any benefits of myostatin blockade in chronic myopathies are unlikely to impose any extra stress on the satellite cells.

A dual role for integrin-linked kinase in platelets: regulating integrin function and alpha-granule secretion

Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) has been implicated in the regulation of a range of fundamental biological processes such as cell survival, growth, differentiation, and adhesion. In platelets ILK associates with beta 1- and beta 3-containing integrins, which are of paramount importance for the function of platelets. Upon stimulation of platelets this association with the integrins is increased and ILK kinase activity is up-regulated, suggesting that ILK may be important for the coordination of platelet responses. In this study a conditional knockout mouse model was developed to examine the role of ILK in platelets. The ILK-deficient mice showed an increased bleeding time and volume, and despite normal ultrastructure the function of ILK-deficient platelets was decreased significantly. This included reduced aggregation, fibrinogen binding, and thrombus formation under arterial flow conditions. Furthermore, although early collagen stimulated signaling such as PLC gamma 2 phosphorylation and calcium mobilization were unaffected in ILK-deficient platelets, a selective defect in alpha-granule, but not dense-granule, secretion was observed. These results indicate that as well as involvement in the control of integrin affinity, ILK is required for alpha-granule secretion and therefore may play a central role in the regulation of platelet function. (Blood. 2008; 112: 4523-4531)

Variation in the ability of human influenza A viruses to induce and inhibit the IFN-beta pathway

We investigated the ability of a selection of human influenza A viruses, including recent clinical isolates, to induce IFN-beta production in cultured cell lines. In contrast to the well-characterized laboratory strain A/PR/8/34, several, but not all, recent isolates of H3N2 viruses resulted in moderate IFN-beta stimulation. Through the generation of recombinant viruses, we were able to show that this is not due to a loss of the ability of the NS1 genes to suppress IFN-beta induction; indeed, the NS1 genes behaved similarly with respect to their abilities to block dsRNA signaling. Interestingly, replication of A/Sydney/5/97 virus was less Susceptible to pre-treatment with IFN-alpha than the other viruses. In contrast to the universal effect on dsRNA signaling, we noted differences in the effect of NS1 proteins on expression of interferon stimulated genes and also genes induced by a distinct pathway. The majority of NS1 proteins blocked expression From both IFN-dependent and TNF-dependent promoters by an apparent post-transcriptional mechanism. The NS1 gene of A/PR/8/34 NS1 did not confer these blocks. We noted striking differences in the Cellular localization of different influenza A virus NS1 proteins during infection, which might explain differences in biological activity. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Supramolecular peptide helix from a novel double turn forming peptide containing a beta-amino acid

A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of the terminally protected tetrapeptide Boc-beta-Ala-Aib-Leu-Aib-OMe 1 (Aib: alpha-aminoisobutyric acid; beta-Ala: beta-Alanine) reveals that it adopts a new type of double turn structure which self-associates to form a unique supramolecular helix through intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Scanning electron microscopic studies show that peptide 1 exhibits amyloid-like fibrillar morphology in the solid state. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.