979 resultados para AK-002-002


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钻井废水是油气井开采钻探过程中产生的废水,钻井废水成分复杂,有机物浓度高、色度高、悬浮物浓度高,水质变化大,排放点分散,不经处理排放会污染环境,破坏生态。随着石油工业的不断发展和国家环保法律法规的日益严格,钻井废水的治理也越来越受到重视。如何采用经济有效的方法处理废弃钻井液,对油气井开采业的可持续发展具有重要意义。本论文以遂宁磨153 井的钻井废水为主要研究对象,在对废水进行絮凝沉降预处理和生物法处理探索的基础上,针对钻井废水可生化性差的特点,采用水解酸化和Fenton 试剂改善钻井废水的可生化性,对反应过程进行了比较详细的考察,对可生化性改善的机理进行了探索。主要研究结论如下:1 用PFS 和PAC 配制的混合混凝剂对钻井废水COD 的去除效果比较显著,在最佳条件下COD 的去除率可达75%,且絮体沉降速度较快,出水pH 保持中性;2 水解酸化法处理钻井废水可显著改善废水的可生化性。经48 小时水解酸化处理,钻井废水的理论BOD5可提高约22 倍,表观BOD5/COD值由0.004 提高到0.034。用接触氧化反应器处理经水解酸化处理后的废水,处理效果比较稳定,COD平均去除率达35.5%;3 研究了Fenton反应中各影响因子对废水COD去除率、BOD5/COD的影响并分析其作用机制,确定了最佳条件:初始pH为4.0,H2O2/Fe2+(摩尔浓度比)为20,H2O2/COD(质量浓度比)为1,反应时间为2 个小时。此条件下,废水的COD去除率约为40%,BOD5/COD值从0.002~0.003 提高至0.15~0.2,可生化性得到很大提高。本论文的主要创新点在于:1 以成分复杂、水质变化大的气井钻井废水为研究对象,从理论BOD 和表观BOD 两方面对水解酸化过程中废水可生化性的变化进行了分析;2 对Fenton 试剂改善钻井废水可生化性的过程、主要影响因素进行了比较详细的考察。本论文的研究成果,可为生物法处理钻井废水的深入研究提供理论依据。Drilling wastewater is produced in the process of oil-gas well drilling,because of its complicated composition, high concentrate of organic compound andsuspended solid, high chroma, levity of water quality and decentralization ofdischarge point, it pollutes environment seriously if discharged without treatment.With the development of petroleum industry and the issuing of more strict laws forenvironmental protection, it has been paid more and more attention on drillingwastewater treatment. It is of great importance for the sustainable development ofoil-gas well drilling to treat drilling wastewater by economical and effective methods.In this paper, drilling wastewater of Mo No.153 well in Suining was studied asthe main object. On the basis of research on pre-treatment with flocculant andbiological treatment, and according to the character of poor biodegradability, thedrilling wastewater was treated by hydrolytic acidification and Fenton’s reagent toimprove its biodegradability. The process and mechanism of biodegradabilitychanging were investigated. The primary conclusions are:1 It is effective to treat drilling wastewater with mixing PFS and PAC asflocculant. The removal rates of COD came up to 75% under optimal conditions, thesedimentation rate of flocculation is rapid, and the pH value of treated water remainedneutral;2 The biodegradability of drilling wastewater was highly improved afterhydrolytic acidification process. The theoretic BOD5 of drilling wastewater increasedby 22 times and its detected BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.004 to 0.034 afterhydrolytic acidification for 48 hours. The wastewater after hydrolytic acidificationwas treated by biological contact oxidation reactor. Stable treatment performance was achieved, and the average removal rates of COD came up to 35.5%;3 The effects of various affection factors on the removal efficiency of COD andBOD5/COD radio in treating drilling wastewater by Fenton’s reagent wereinvestigated and the mechanism was analyzed. The optimal conditions were: initialpH of solution was 4.0, the molar ratio of H2O2 and Fe2+ was 20, the concentrationratio of H2O2 and COD was 1 and the reaction time was 120 min. Under the aboveconditions, the removal efficiency was about 40% and the ratio of BOD5 and CODincreased from 0.002 ¡« 0.003 to 0.15 ¡« 0.2. The biodegradability of drillingwastewater was greatly improved.The innovations of this thesis are:1 The drilling wastewater was taken as the research object which hascomplicated composition and variational water quality, and the changes ofbiodegradability were analyzed from theoretic BOD and detected BOD aspects duringhydrolytic acidification process;2 The biodegradability changing process and primary affection factors of drillingwastewater treating by Fenton’s reagent were investigated.The results of this study could provide theoretic foundation for further researchon biological treatment of drilling wastewater.

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A modified solution method, successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction(SILAR), was applied to prepare transparent zinc oxide(ZnO) film on glass substrate at (125±5) ℃ in mixed ion precursor solution. The surface morphology and crystallizations of films were analyzed by field emission scanning microscopy(FESEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD), respectively. The optical properties of the films were studied by ultraviolet visible(UV-Vis)spectroscopy. The results show that the obtained samples are polycrystallin...中文文摘:采用一种改进的液相成膜技术——连续离子层吸附与反应(SILAR)法,用锌氨络离子[Zn(NH3)4]2+溶液作为独立的前驱体溶液,以载玻片为衬底,在(125±5)℃的温度下沉积出致密、透明的ZnO薄膜。分别用冷场发射型扫描电镜(FESEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析了薄膜样品的表面形貌和结晶状态,用紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis spectroscopy)研究了薄膜样品的发光性能。结果表明:获得样品为六角纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜材料沿[002]方向择优生长;样品表面均匀、致密,厚度约为550nm;在可见光波段具有高的透射率(>80%)。

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采用一种改进的液相成膜技术——连续离子层吸附与反应(SILAR)法,用锌氨络离子[Zn(NH3)4]2+溶液作为独立的前驱体溶液,以载玻片为衬底,在(125±5)℃的温度下沉积出致密、透明的ZnO薄膜。分别用冷场发射型扫描电镜(FESEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析了薄膜样品的表面形貌和结晶状态,用紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis spectroscopy)研究了薄膜样品的发光性能。结果表明:获得样品为六角纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜材料沿[002]方向择优生长;样品表面均匀、致密,厚度约为550nm;在可见光波段具有高的透射率(>80%)。

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Cobalt nanowires with controlled diameters have been synthesized using electrochemical deposition in etched ion-track polycarbonate membranes. Structural characterization of these nanowires with diameter 70, 90, 120 nm and length 30 mu m was performed by scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The as-prepared wires show uniform diameter along the whole length and X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that [002] texture of these wires become more pronounced as diameter is reduced. Magnetic characterization of the nanowires shows a clear difference of squareness and coercivity between parallel and perpendicular orientations of the wires with respect to the applied field direction. In case of parallel applied field, the coercivity has been found to be decreasing with increasing diameter of the wires while in perpendicular case; the coercivity observes lower values for larger diameter. The results are explained by taking into account the magnetocrystalline and shape anisotropies with respect to the applied field and domain transformation mechanism when single domain limit is surpassed.

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室温下用80keVN离子注入ZnO薄膜样品,注量分别为5.01014,5.01015和5.01016ions/cm2,然后用X射线衍射和透射电镜技术对样品的结构特性进行了表征。实验结果表明,由高度(002)择优取向的致密柱状晶构成的薄膜中,注入5.0×1015ions/cm2时,观测到缺陷生成和局域无序化现象,但薄膜总体结构仍保持柱状晶和(002)择优取向;随着注量的增大,晶格常数c和压应力呈增大趋势。对注入N离子对ZnO薄膜结构特性的影响机理进行了简单的讨论。

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采用室内培养和田间试验相结合的方法,探讨了新型硝化抑制剂3,5-二甲基吡唑(DMP)对尿素氮转化及玉米田硝酸盐淋溶损失的影响.结果表明,DMP对尿素水解仅起短暂的抑制作用,但可在较长时间内显著抑制土壤铵的氧化,且随DMP用量的增加,抑制效应显著增强.培养第10 d时,DMP各处理(0.002 5、0.01及0.025 g/kg)的土壤NH4+-N累积量分别比CK提高了5.17、9.36和11.04倍,而NO3--N累积量于培养第14 d时差异最大,与CK相比分别降低了33.30%、61.19%和73.72%(p<0.01).土壤NO2--N只在尿素施用前期有少量累积,但第3 d DMP各处理土壤NO2--N含量降低幅度达95.77%~96.13%;土壤矿质氮总量于10 d以后,随DMP用量的增加,显著降低,而DMP1处理的土壤微生物量N在培养14~56 d期间显著提高.连续2 a的玉米田间试验原位取土测定结果表明,2004和2005年,DMP的施用使作物根系密集层以下(40~100 cm)土层的NO3--N累积总量分别比CK降低了28.77%和44.70%.因此,硝化抑制剂DMP与尿素配合施用是调控氮素转化、缓解氮肥污染的有效措施.

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The heat capacities of chrysanthemic acid in the temperature range from 80 to 400 K were measured with a precise automatic adiabatic calorimeter. The chrysanthemic acid sample was prepared with the purity of 0.9855 mole fraction. A solid-liquid fusion phase transition was observed in the experimental temperature range. The melting point, T-m, enthalpy and entropy of fusion, Delta(fus)H(m), Delta(fus)S(m), were determined to be 390.741 +/- 0.002 K, 14.51 +/- 0.13 kJ mol(-1), 37.13 +/- 0.34 J mol(-1) K-1, respectively. The thermodynamic functions of chrysanthemic acid, H-(T)-H-(298.15), S-(T)-S-(298.15) and G((T))-G((298.15)) were reported with a temperature interval of 5 K. The TG analysis under the heating rate of 10 K min(-1) confirmed that the thermal decomposition of the sample starts at ca. 410 K and terminates at ca. 471 K. The maximum decomposition rate was obtained at 466 K. The purity of the sample was determined by a fractional melting method.

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该文研究了科尔沁沙地沙丘演替阶段(流动沙丘-半流动沙丘-半固定沙丘-固定沙丘)的土壤种子库特征.土壤种子库物种组成和种子密度均以一年生植物为主.流动和半流动沙丘土壤种子库密度约为90和364粒/m2,半固定和固定沙丘种子密度显著增加到723和8 880粒/m2.沙丘演替阶段种子密度的时间动态和土壤种子垂直分布特征分析结果表明:流动半流动沙丘无显著差异(P>0.05),固定半固定沙丘则有显著差异(P≤0.002);固定半固定沙丘的植物种子表现为持久土壤种子库类型Ⅲa,并且随土壤深度增加,土壤种子密度显著下降.沙丘演替阶段土壤种子库的种子密度与植物在地上植被中出现的频度具有显著相关性,二者相关系数为0.568.

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采集从北向南依次分布的干润砂质新成土(神木)、黄土正常新成土(延安)和土垫旱耕人为土(杨陵)等典型土壤剖面0~200cm土层土样,通过测定土样颗粒体积分形维数及基本性质,以期阐明黄土高原典型土壤颗粒体积分形特征及其与土壤基本性质间的相关性。结果表明,从南到北,土壤颗粒体积分形维数呈下降趋势,而不同土层土壤颗粒体积分形维数差异不显著。土垫旱耕人为土、黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土表层(0~10cm)颗粒体积分形维数分别为2.723±0.024、2.609±0.077和2.589±0.025,表层以下(10~200cm)颗粒平均体积分形维数分别为2.729±0.034、2.584±0.054和2.558±0.034;颗粒体积分形维数与<0.01mm的物理性黏粒及<0.002mm的黏粒体积百分含量呈极显著正相关关系,与0.002~0.05mm的粉粒和>0.05mm的砂粒体积百分含量呈极显著负相关关系,与粉粒的显著性较小,而土壤中物理性黏粒体积百分含量与土壤全氮、有机碳及矿物固定态铵均达到极显著正相关关系,而砂粒体积百分含量与上述土壤基本性质均呈极显著负相关关系。

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采用具有不同开垦年限的0~20和20~40 cm耕层土壤,对其不同粒级的有机碳和全N分布进行了研究.结果表明,在0~20和20~40 cm耕层,<0.002 mm粒级的有机碳含量最高,<0.02 mm粒级含量次之,<0.2 mm粒级含量最少.土壤全N的粒级分布规律与有机碳基本相同.在同一粒级中,有机碳和全N的各粒级分布与开垦年限没有明显的相关性.各粒级的有机碳与全N相关性极显著,在<0.2 mm粒级的相关系数为0.74,在<0.02 mm和<0.002 mm分别达到了0.94和0.91.

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Strings of interconnected hollow carbon nanoparticles with porous shells were prepared by simple heat-treatments of a mixture of resorcinol-formaldehyde gel and transition-metal salts. The sample was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption. Results show that the sample consisted of relatively uniform hollow particles with sizes ranging from 70 to 80 nm forming a strings-of-pearls-like nanostructure. The material with porous shells possessed well-developed graphitic structure with an interlayer (d(002)) spacing of 0.3369 nm and the stack height of the graphite crystallites of 9 nm.

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The structural, mechanical and electronic properties Of OsC2 were investigated by use of the density functional theory. Seven structures were considered, i.e., orthorhombic Cmca (No. 12, OsSi2), Pmmn (No. 59, 002) and Pnnm (No. 58, OsN2); tetragonal P4(2)/mnm (No. 136, OsO2) and 14/mmm (No. 139, CaC2); cubic Fm-3m (No. 225, CaF2) and Pa-3 (No. 205, PtN2). The results indicate that Cmca in OsSi2 type structure is energetically the most stable phase among the considered structures. It is also stable mechanically. OsC2 in Pmmn phase has the largest bulk modulus 319 GPa and shear modulus 194 GPa. The elastic anisotropy is discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Polycrystalline powder sample of KSr4(BO3)(3) was synthesized by high-temperature solid-state reaction. The influence of different rare earth dopants, i.e. Tb3+, TM3+ and Ce3+, on thermoluminescence (TL) of KSr4(BO3)(3) Phosphor was discussed. The TL, photoluminescence (PL) and some dosimetric properties of Ce3+-activated KSr4(BO3)(3) phosphor were studied. The effect of the concentration of Ce3+ on TL intensity was investigated and the result showed that the optimum Ce3+ concentration was 0.2 mol%. The TL kinetic parameters of KSr4(BO3)(3):0.002 Ce3+ phosphor were calculated by computer glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) method. Characteristic emission peaking at about 407 and 383 nm due to the 4f(0)5d(1) -> F-2((5/2),(7/2)) transitions of Ce3+ ion were observed both in PL and three-dimensional (3D) TL spectra. The dose-response of KSr4(BO3)(3):0.002 Ce3+ to gamma-ray was linear in the range from 1 to 1000 mGy. In addition, the decay of the TL intensity of KSr4(BO3)(3):0.002 Ce3+ was also investigated.

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Ce6-xDyxMoO15-delta (0.0 <= x <= 1.8) were synthesized by modified sol-gel method. Structural and electrical properties were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The XRD patterns showed that the materials were single phase with a cubic fluorite structure. Impedance spectroscopy measurement in the temperature range between 350 degrees C and 800 degrees C indicated a sharp increase in conductivity for the system containing small amount of Dy2O3. The Ce5.6Dy0.4MoO15-delta detected to be the best conducting phase with the highest conductivity (sigma(t) = 8.93 x 10(-3) S cm(-1)) is higher than that of Ce5.6Sm0.4MoO15-delta (sigma(t) = 2.93 x 10(-3) S cm(-1)) at 800 degrees C, and the corresponding activation energy of Ce5.6Dy0.4MoO15-delta (0.994 eV) is lower than that of Ce5.6Sm0.4MoO15-delta (1.002 eV).

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The crystal structures of EtEDTB.1.4C(2)H(5)OH.5H(2)O 1 and H4EtEDTB(ClO4)(4).C2H5OH 2 (EtEDTB = N, N,N',N'-tetrakis[2-(1-ethylbenzimidazolyl)methyl]-1,2-ethanediamine) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. Compound 1 crystallizes in the space group P(1) over bar with a = 11.489(2), b = 11.866(3), c = 12.002(3) Angstrom, alpha = 97.47(2), beta = 114.564(13), gamma = 114.11(2)degrees, V = 1266.6(5) Angstrom(3), Z = 1, M-r = 847.48, D-c = 1.111 g/cm(3), F(000) = 456 and mu(MoKalpha) = 0.076 mm(-1). A total of 5207 reflections were measured for 1, of which 4323 were independent. The structure of 1 was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares technique to the final R = 0.0706 and wR = 0.1802 for 1318 observed reflections with I > 2sigma(I). In the structure of 1, centrosymmetric EtEDTB molecules are linked by hydrogen bonds through water and ethanol to form 2-dimensional network. Compound 2 crystallizes in the space group C2/c with a = 24.260(5), b = 13.040(3), c = 17.680(4) Angstrom, beta = 97.50(3)degrees, V = 5545.2(2) Angstrom(3), Z = 4, M-r = 1140.80, D-c = 1.366 g/cm(3), F(000) = 2384 and mu(MoKalpha) = 0.289 mm(-1).