辽西半干旱区春小麦氮磷水耦合产量效应研究

为了探讨春小麦水肥耦合作用,采用312-D最优饱和设计,于2000～2003年在辽西半干旱区开展了水肥耦合对春小麦产量效应的田间试验研究。结果表明:在该试验条件下水分对产量的作用最大,磷肥次之,氮肥最小;水肥耦合的产量效应是:中水中肥效应最高,高水高肥次之,低水低肥最低;水肥交互耦合效应大小顺序是:氮水耦合>氮磷耦合>磷水耦合。产量超过4000kg/hm2的水肥管理方案为:施氮量240.1～361.2kg/hm2,施磷量103.1～152.6kg/hm2,灌水量337.5～450.0mm。获得最高产量4610kg/hm2的施氮量为315.1kg/hm2、施磷量111.1kg/hm2、灌水量354.6mm。

沈阳满堂河污水处理厂最佳回流比与曝气量研究

检测代表性的5个水质指标:氨氮(NH3-N)、总磷(T-P)、化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD5)、固体悬浮物(SS)的去除率,确定沈阳市满堂河污水处理厂最佳的污泥回流比与最佳曝气量.结果表明:回流比为75%,曝气量为34 kg/h时,各指标的去除率达到最大,即污水处理的效果最佳.

维生素C二步发酵的新组合菌系

以掷孢酵母作为伴生菌与氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌组成新混菌体系 ,对其产酸性能和特点进行了研究。实验室摇瓶结果显示 :新菌系混菌状态不同 ,产酸不同 ,以KGA含量为 4 8,小菌 /掷孢酵母为 31∶1种液接种时 ,最有利于产酸 ,增加接种生物量可提高产酸速度 ,缩短发酵周期 ,但不影响最终产酸量。相同条件下 ,新菌系产酸能力高于现有菌系 ,酸量增加 5mg/ml～ 7mg/ml,发酵周期缩短 6h～ 8h ,酸转化率提高 3%～ 4 % ,最高产酸点pH值下降约 0 5,表现出较大的产酸潜力和可修饰性

用拉格朗日反演模型模拟长白山森林蒸散

该文以长白山阔叶红松林为研究对象,以Raupach提出的Localized Near Field(LNF)理论为依据,耦合垂直速度标准差σw(z)和拉格朗日时间尺度TL(z),建立林冠内水汽源/汇强度和平均浓度廓线之间的关系;利用拉格朗日反演模型提出了通过林冠水汽浓度梯度计算林冠内的水汽源/汇强度进而推算森林蒸散的方法.模拟结果与开路涡动相关系统的观测数据比较显示:白天水汽累积通量的模拟精度达到81%,模拟值高出实测值约15%~25%;夜间模拟值比实测值高出2~4倍,其原因尚不清楚.观测期内全天水汽总量模拟值298.91 mm,观测值为240.33 mm.最后,讨论了水汽源/汇强度及其通量随时间和高度的演变过程.

西藏生物质能开发的资源、环境基础分析

开发生物质能是缓解能源供应紧张、环境污染严重这两大难题的理性选择。而由于生物质能蕴藏于生物质中,生物质又与区域自然地理特征息息相关,因此,各地发展生物质能具有明显的区域特性,不可一刀切。论文分析了西藏发展生物质能的资源条件和环境基础,认为西藏生物质能资源总量大而单位面积的生物净初级生产量不高,自然环境脆弱且生物质能利用与环境关系紧张。在前人关于西藏的太阳能、生物量、净初级生产量研究基础上,从生物质能转化过程的角度,提出了可利用生产量的概念及生物质能可持续利用的模式,继而估算出了西藏的生物质能资源总量240

井冈山森林凋落物分解动态及磷、钾释放速率

应用网袋分解法对井冈山地区亚热带常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和高山矮林地上和地下(10cm)2个分解组的叶凋落物进行了连续2年的分解试验,测定了凋落物的分解速率以及P、K元素的释放动态.结果表明:3种林分叶凋落物残留率与时间呈负指数衰减关系.各林分凋落物干质量损失前期较快,第1年末两组平均质量损失率分别为50.6%(常绿阔叶林)、41.7%(针阔叶混交林)和40.13%(高山矮林),且地上组显著高于地下组;后期较慢,至第2年末2组平均质量损失率分别达到60.95%(常绿阔叶林)、57.06%(针阔叶混交林)和

Emergy Assessment of a Wheat-Maize Rotation System with Different Water Assignments in the North China Plain

Sustainable water use is seriously compromised in the North China Plain (NCP) due to the huge water requirements of agriculture, the largest use of water resources. An integrated approach which combines the ecosystem model with emergy analysis is presented to determine the optimum quantity of irrigation for sustainable development in irrigated cropping systems. Since the traditional emergy method pays little attention to the dynamic interaction among components of the ecological system and dynamic emergy accounting is in its infancy, it is hard to evaluate the cropping system in hypothetical situations or in response to specific changes. In order to solve this problem, an ecosystem model (Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model) is introduced for emergy analysis to describe the production processes. Some raw data, collected by investigating or observing in conventional emergy analysis, may be calculated by the VIP model in the new approach. To demonstrate the advantage of this new approach, we use it to assess the wheat-maize rotation cropping system at different irrigation levels and derive the optimum quantity of irrigation according to the index of ecosystem sustainable development in NCP. The results show, the optimum quantity of irrigation in this region should be 240-330 mm per year in the wheat system and no irrigation in the maize system, because with this quantity of irrigation the rotation crop system reveals: best efficiency in energy transformation (transformity = 6.05E + 4 sej/J); highest sustainability (renewability = 25%); lowest environmental impact (environmental loading ratio = 3.5) and the greatest sustainability index (Emergy Sustainability Index = 0.47) compared with the system in other irrigation amounts. This study demonstrates that application of the new approach is broader than the conventional emergy analysis and the new approach is helpful in optimizing resources allocation, resource-savings and maintaining agricultural sustainability.

N2O fluxes from the native and grazed semi-arid steppes and their driving factors in Inner Mongolia, China

This paper presents results of 2 years (from January 2005 to December 2006) of measurement of N2O fluxes from the native and grazed Leymus chinensis (LC) steppes in Inner Mongolia, China using the static opaque chamber method. The measurement was at a frequency of twice per month in the growing season and once per month in the non-growing season. In addition, the possible effect of water-heat factors on N2O fluxes was statistically analyzed. The results indicated that there were distinct seasonal patterns in N2O fluxes with large fluxes in spring, summer, and autumn but negative fluxes in winter. The annual net emission of N2O ranging from 0.24 to 0.30 kg N2O-N ha(-1) and from 0.06 to 0.26 kg N2O-N ha(-1) from the native and grazed LC steppe, respectively. Grazing activities suppressed N2O production. In the growing season, soil moisture was the primary driving factor of N2O fluxes. The high seasonal variation of N2O fluxes was regulated by the distribution of effective rainfall, rather than precipitation intensity. Air temperature or soil temperature at 0, 5, and 10 cm depth was the most restricting factor of N2O fluxes in the non-growing season.

Dry sliding wear behavior of magnesium alloys

Dry sliding tests were performed on as-cast magnesium alloys Mg97Zn1Y2 and AZ91 using a pin-on-disc configuration. Coefficients of friction and wear rates were measured within a load range of 20-380 and 20-240 N at a sliding velocity of 0.785 m/s. X-ray differactometer, scanning electron microscopy, tensile testing machine were used to characterize the microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg97Zn1Y2 alloy and AZ91 alloy. Worn surface morphologies of Mg97Zn1Y2 and AZ91 were examined using scanning electron microscopy.

The morphology control of pentacene for write-once-read-many-times memory devices

We realized write-once-read-many-times (WORM) memory devices based on pentacene and demonstrated that the morphology control of the vacuum deposited pentacene thin film is greatly important for achieving the unique nonvolatile memory properties. The resulted memory devices show a high ON/OFF current ratio (10(4)), long retention time (over 12 h), and good storage stability (over 240 h). The reduction of the barrier height caused by a large interface dipole and the damage of the interface dipole under a critical bias voltage have been used to explain the transition processes.

Preparation and characterization of As-cast and hot-rolled Mg-3Al-0.5Mn-0.5Zn-1MM alloy

Mg-3Al-0.5Mn-0.5Zn-1MM alloy was prepared by metal mould casting method. The as-cast ingot was homogenized and then hot-rolled at 673 K with total thickness reduction of 65%. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-cast and hot-rolled samples were investigated. The results showed that the as-cast sample mainly consisted of alpha-Mg, beta-Mg17Al12, Al10Ce2Mn7, and Al11RE3 (RE = La and Ce) phases. The average grain size of the sample homogenized at 673 K was about 240 gm, and it was greatly refined to about 7 mu m by dynamic recrystallization for the hot-rolled sample.

Crystallographic and electrochemical characteristics of Ti45Zr35Ni13Pd7 melt-spun alloys

Ti45Zr35Ni13Pd7 alloys are prepared by melt spinning at different cooling rates (v). The phase structure and electrochemical hydrogen storage performance are investigated. When U is 10 m/s, the alloy consists of icosahedral quasicrystalline phase (I-phase), C14 Laves phase and a little amorphous phase. When v increases to 20 or 30 m/s, a mixed structure of I-phase and amorphous phase is formed. Maximum discharge capacity of alloy electrode decreases from 156 mAh/g (v = 10 m/s) to 139 mAh/g (v = 30 m/s) with increasing v. High-rate discharge ability at the discharge current density of 240 mA/g decreases monotonically from 61.2% (v = 10 m/s) to 56.8% (v = 30 m/s).

Perovskite-Like Mixed Oxides (LaSrMn1-x Ni (x) O4+delta, 0 a parts per thousand currency sign x a parts per thousand currency sign 1) as Catalyst for Catalytic NO Decomposition: TPD and TPR Studies

Catalytic NO decomposition on LaSrMn1-x Ni (x) O4+delta (0 a parts per thousand currency sign x a parts per thousand currency sign 1) is investigated. The activity of NO decomposition increases dramatically after the substitution of Ni for Mn, but decreases when Mn is completely replaced by Ni (x = 1.0). The optimum value is at x = 0.8. These indicate that the catalytic performance of the samples is contributed by the synergistic effect of Mn and Ni. O-2-TPD and H-2-TPR experiments are carried out to explain the change of activity. The former indicates that only when oxygen vacancy is created, could the catalyst show enhanced activity for NO decomposition; the latter suggests that the best activity is obtained from catalyst with the most matched redox potentials (in this work, the biggest Delta T and Delta E values).

Investigation of 3,3 ',5,5 '-tetramethylbenzidine as colorimetric substrate for a peroxidatic DNAzyme

in this Work, the suitability of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine sulfate (TMB) as the substrate of a DNAzyme catalytic system composed of a guanine-quadruplex DNA molecule and hemin was investigated. In the presence of H2O2, the hemin-DNA complex catalyzes the oxidation of TMB to produce two colored products, much like a peroxidase. The color-generating activity of this system could be influenced by several factors such as buffer type, pH value, DNA sequence, reaction time, and concentrations of both the hemin and H2O2. To illustrate the utility of this catalytic system, we designed a colorimetric assay, in which a synthetic oligonucleotide with a sequence complementary to the G-quadruplex DNA was used as the target. A detection limit of 1.86 nM was obtained. Our data have shown that TMB was an excellent colorimetric indicator that reported the peoxidase activities of the widely studied hemin-G-quadruplex DNAzyme system.