The analysis of the transient temperature distribution of double-slab Nd:YAG laser medium

A novel double-slab Nd:YAG laser, which uses face-pumped slab medium cooled by liquid with different temperatures on both sides, is proposed. The thermal distortion of wavefront caused by the non-uniform temperature distribution in the laser gain media can be self-compensated. According to the method of operation, the models of the temperature distribution and stress are presented, and the analytic solutions for the model are derived. Furthermore, the numerical simulations with pulse pumping energy of 10 J and repetition frequencies of 500 and 1000 Hz are calculated respectively for Nd:YAG laser medium. The simulation results show that the temperature gradient remains the approximative linearity, and the heat stress is within the extreme range. Then the absorption coefficient is also discussed. The result indicates that the doping concentration cannot be too large for the high repetition frequency laser. It has been proved that the high repetition frequency, high laser beam quality, and high average output power of the order of kilowatt of Nd: YAG slab laser can be achieved in this structure.

Theoretical study on longitudinally pumped Yb3+:Y2O3 lasers

To optimize the performance of longitudinally pumped Yb^(3+):Y2O3 ceramic lasers, cavity parameters such as material length and output coupler transmission at a certain laser output power are calculated numerically using quasi-three-level laser model. The results show great potential of Yb^(3+):Y2O3 ceramics for highly efficient diode-pumped solid-state lasers.

Highly efficient Nd:YAG ceramic CW laser with 59.8% slope-efficiency

In this paper, a highly efficient Ti:sapphire end-pumped 1 at.-% Nd:YAG ceramic laser that is comparable in efficiency with Nd:YAG single crystal lasers has been developed. Optical absorption and emission spectra for Nd:YAG ceramics have been measured. With 673-mW pumping, 295-mW laser output at 1064 nm has been obtained. The laser threshold is only 13 mW. Deducted the transmitted light, the corresponding optical-to-optical conversion efficiency is 58.4%. The lasing characteristics of Nd:YAG ceramic are nearly equal to those of Nd:YAG single crystal.

110-W fiber laser with homemade double-clad fiber

A high-power ytterbium-doped fiber laser (YDFL) with homemade double-clad fiber (DCF) is introduced in this letter. The geometric parameter and laser characteristics of the fiber have been studied. With one-end-pumping scheme, pumped by a high-power laser diode with launching power of 280 W, a maximum continuous wave (CW) output of 110 W is obtained with an optical-to-optical efficiency of 40%.

Effect of Fe impurity on the optical loss of Nd-doped phosphate laser glass

The optical loss coefficient at 1053-nm wavelength, influenced by Fe ions in N31-type Nd-doped phosphate laser glass, was determined precisely and analyzed in detail. It is found that the optical loss coefficient per unit of Fe concentration (cm^(-1)/ppmw) increases with Fe concentration in the range of 0---300 ppmw, but it approaches a constant as the Fe concentration is larger than 300 ppmw. Such a concentration effect is due to a shift in the redox equilibrium between Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions in the glass. The effect of oxygen pressure, temperature, and variable valence states of other metal ions in glass samples on the optical loss is also discussed.

Structural role of fluoride in aluminophosphate sol-gel glasses: High-resolution double-resonance NMR studies

The local structure of Na-Al-P-O-F glasses, prepared by a novel sol-gel route, was extensively investigated by advanced solid-state NMR techniques. Al-21{F-19} rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) results indicate that the F incorporated into aluminophosphate glass is preferentially bonded to octahedral Al units and results in a significant increase in the concentration of six-coordinated aluminum. The extent of Al-F and Al-O-P connectivities are quantified consistently by analyzing Al-27{P-31} and Al-21{F-19} REDOR NMR data. Two distinct types of fluorine species were identified and characterized by various F-19{Al-27}, F-19{Na-23}, and F-19{P-31} double resonance experiments, which were able to support peak assignments to bridging (Al-F-Al, -140 ppm) and terminal (Al-F, -170 ppm) units. On the basis of the detailed quantitative dipole-dipole coupling information obtained, a comprehensive structural model for these glasses is presented, detailing the structural speciation as a function of composition.

Avaliação do efeito da ingestão do chocolate-cacau 70% sobre a pressão arterial, biomarcadores circulantes da função endotelial, metabolismo glicídico e lipídico em hipertensos primários estágio 1

Estima-se que aproximadamente 30 milhões de brasileiros apresentem hipertensão arterial e a despeito da grande quantidade de hipotensores disponíveis, acredita-se que apenas 2,7 milhões estejam sendo tratados adequadamente. Recentemente vários estudos clínicos, epidemiológicos e experimentais têm mostrado uma associação entre o consumo de alimentos ricos em cacau e a redução da pressão arterial assim como relacionando este efeito a uma possível ação dos flavonóides do cacau sobre a função endotelial. Objetivos: avaliar em pacientes hipertensos primários, estágio 1, o efeito da administração dos flavonóides do chocolate amargo 70% de cacau sobre: a pressão arterial; a função endotelial e as possíveis correlações entre as variações da pressão arterial e da função endotelial. Tipo de estudo: experimental, clínico e aberto. Casuística: 20 pacientes, sem distinção de raça ou sexo, com hipertensão arterial primária no estágio 1, sem tratamento anti-hipertensivo prévio, eutróficos, com sobrepeso ou obesos grau I, com idades entre 18 e 60 anos. Local do estudo: Disciplina de Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental Clinex. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Variáveis estudadas: pressão arterial, PCR-US, IL-6, TNF-α, VCAM, ICAM, E-selectina, LDL-OX, colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicérides, glicemia, insulina, HOMA, índice de massa corporal, circunferência de cintura, circunferência de quadril, relação cintura quadril e percentual de gordura corporal. Resultados: o chocolate-cacau 70% reduziu de forma significativa a pressão arterial avaliada pelo método oscilométrico casual. Através deste método observamos que a pressão arterial sistólica reduziu de forma significativa após 4 semanas de tratamento, (V0: 146,50 1,28; V1: 140,40 3,02; V2: 138,50 2,44; V3: 140,60 2,50; V4: 136,90 2,60; V4 vs. V0, p<0,001) enquanto a pressão arterial diastólica apresentou redução significativa a partir de 2 semanas de tratamento e assim permanecendo até o final do estudo (V0: 93,2 0,74; V1: 87,50 1,8; V2: 86,05 1,67; V3: 88,35 1,48; V4: 87,45 1,78; V2 vs. V0, p< 0,05 e V4 vs. V0, p<0,03). A pressão arterial avaliada pelo método de monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial durante 24h (MAPA) não modificou de maneira significativa após a intervenção. Observamos reduções expressivas, embora não estatisticamente significativas nas concentrações de PCR-US, TNF-α, LDL-OX, IL-6, VCAM, ICAM e E-selectina As correlações da PCR-US com IL-6 e ICAM foram significativas (r=0,3; p=0,05 e r=0.45, p=0,04) e de IL-6 com ICAM forte mas sem significância (r=0,42, p=0,06). As demais variáveis avaliadas não se modificaram de forma significativa após 4 semanas de consumo de chocolate-cacau 70%. Conclusões: os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que o chocolate-cacau 70% tem efeito benéfico sobre a função endotelial e controverso em relação ao comportamento da pressão arterial

Epitope mapping of antibodies to alpha-synuclein in LRRK2 mutation carriers, idiopathic Parkinson disease patients, and healthy controls

Alpha-synuclein (Snca) plays a major role in Parkinson disease (PD). Circulating anti-Snca antibodies has been described in PD patients and healthy controls, but they have been poorly characterized. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of anti-Snca reactivity in human subjects carrying the LRRK2 mutation, idiopathic PD (iPD) patients, and healthy controls and to map the epitopes of the anti-Snca antibodies. Antibodies to Snca were detected by ELISA and immunoblotting using purified recombinant Snca in plasma from individuals carrying LRRK2 mutations (104), iPD patients (59), and healthy controls (83). Epitopes of antibodies were mapped using recombinant protein constructs comprising different regions of Snca. Clear positive anti-Snca reactivity showed no correlation with age, sex, years of evolution, or the disability scores for PD patients and anti-Snca reactivity was not prevalent in human patients with other neurological or autoimmune diseases. Thirteen of the positive individuals were carriers of LRRK2 mutations either non-manifesting (8 out 49 screened) or manifesting (5 positive out 55), three positive (out of 59) were iPD patients, and five positive (out of 83) were healthy controls. Epitope mapping showed that antibodies against the N-terminal (a.a. 1-60) or C-terminal (a.a. 109-140) regions of Snca predominate in LRRK2 mutation carriers and iPD patients, being N122 a critical amino acid for recognition by the anti-C-terminal directed antibodies. Anti-Snca circulating antibodies seem to cluster within families carrying the LRRK2 mutation indicating possible genetic or common environmental factors in the generation of anti-Snca antibodies. These results suggest that case-controls' studies are insufficient and further studies in family cohorts of patients and healthy controls should be undertaken, to progress in the understanding of the possible relationship of anti-Snca antibodies and PD patholog

Laser bidezko tenplaketa jasandako piezen distortsio termikoen analisia.

[EU]Proiektu honen bidez, laser bidezko tenplaketaren ondoriozko piezen gainazalen distortsioaren neurketa kuantitatiboa eta tratamendu honegatik eratorri daitezkeen hondar tentsioen azterketa egin nahi izan da. Hauxe burutzeko hondar tentsioen neurketarako Contour metodoa erabili da, elektro-higadurako ebaketa eginez. IGET Bilboko mekanikako tailerreko ingurugiroan eta bertako langileen inbestigazio lerroetan barneratzeko helburuz, laser tenplaketa tratamenduen azterketan lagungarria izateko xedearekin aurrera eraman da proiektu hau.

Upconversion luminescence and mechanisms in Yb3+-sensitized Tm3+-doped oxyhalide tellurite glasses

Effect of Yb2O3 content on upconversion luminescence and mechanisms in Yb3+-sensitized Tm3+-doped oxyhalide tellurite glasses were investigated under 980 nm excitation. Intense blue and relatively weak red upconversion emission centered at 476 and 649nm corresponding to the transitions (1)G(4) -> H-3(6) and (1)G(4) -> H-3(4) of Tm3+, respectively, are simultaneously observed at room temperature. The results show that upconversion blue and red emission intensities of Tm3+ first increase, reach its maximum at Yb2O3% = 3 mol%, and then decrease with increasing Yb2O3 content. The effect of Yb2O3 content on upconversion intensity is discussed, and possible effect mechanisms are evaluated. The investigated results were conducing to increase upconversion luminescence efficiency of Tm3+. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of various alkaline-earth metal oxides on the broadband infrared luminescence from bismuth-doped silicate glasses

We report on the effect of various alkaline-earth metal oxides on the broadband infrared luminescence covering 1000-1600 nm wavelength region from bismuth-doped silicate glasses. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the infrared luminescence and the fluorescent lifetime is more than 200 nm and 400 mu s, respectively. The fluorescent intensity decreases with increasing basicity of host glasses. Besides the broadband infrared luminescence, luminescence centered at 640 nm was also observed, which should be ascribed to Bi2+ rather than to the familiar Bi3+. We suggest that the infrared luminescence should be assigned to the X-2 (2)Pi (3/2) -> X-1 (2)Pi(1/2) transition of BiO molecules dispersed in the host glasses. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The influence of OH groups on laser performance in phosphate glasses

Because of the influence of OH groups in phosphate glasses on the radiation of rare-earth ions, the laser performance is degraded. The laser efficiency and the small signal gain experiment of several phosphate glass samples have been done, the concentration of OH groups in glasses was calculated from the measured absorption coefficient at 3.47 μm. It is shown that the concentration of OH groups in phosphate glasses can seriously influence the laser output characteristics, and the OH groups have worse influence on the laser amplifier than laser oscillator.

Characterization of Er3+-doped Na2O-WO3-TeO2 glass for ion-exchanged waveguide amplifiers and lasers

Er^(3+)-doped Na2O-WO3-TeO2 glass consistent with standard ion-exchange technology has been fabricated and characterized. The measured absorption and emission spectra of the glass were analyzed by the Judd-Ofelt and McCumber theories. The intensity parameters are Ω2 = 7.01

Consumo de óleo de peixe na resposta inflamatória em ratos submetidos a esplenectomia total isolada ou combinada com autoimplante esplênico e à indução de sepse abdominal

Em órgãos potencialmente importantes na resposta imune, como o baço, alternativas como o autoimplante de segmentos esplênicos, quando a esplenectomia total torna-se necessária, e a utilização de nutrientes com funcionalidade imunomoduladora vêm sendo estudadas, objetivando minimizar o efeito pró-inflamatório persistente da sepse abdominal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do consumo de óleo de peixe na modulação da resposta inflamatória em animais submetidos a esplenectomia total isolada ou combinada com autoimplante esplênico e à indução de sepse abdominal, verificando a possível otimização na resposta pró-inflamatória e a regeneração funcional do autoimplante. Utilizamos 64 ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, com peso variando entre 140-200 g, aleatoriamente distribuídos em oito grupos: quatro grupos-controle (100% óleo de soja) e quatro grupos-intervenção (35% de óleo de peixe), cada um com oito animais. Os dos grupos-controle (animais alimentados com ração purificada, segundo AIN-93, com conteúdo lipídico constituído por 100% óleo de soja) foram: I sem intervenção cirúrgica e, 16 semanas após, submetidos à indução de sepse abdominal; II esplenectomia total isolada e, 16 semanas após, submetidos à indução de sepse abdominal; III esplenectomia total combinada com autoimplante esplênico e, 16 semanas após, submetidos à indução de sepse abdominal; e IV esplenectomia total combinada com autoimplante esplênico e, oito semanas após, submetidos à indução de sepse abdominal. Os dos grupos-intervenção (V a VIII) foram submetidos a procedimentos similares aos executados nos grupos I a IV, respectivamente, sendo a única modificação fundamentada na substituição de 35% do conteúdo lipídico da alimentação dos animais por óleo de peixe. Todos os animais foram submetidos a sepse induzida por ligadura e perfuração cecal (CLP). Coletamos amostras sanguíneas de todos os animais antes da indução da sepse (período 1) e 2 e 4 horas (períodos 2 e 3) após a indução da sepse abdominal. Verificou-se, a cada três dias, massa corporal (MC) e ingestão alimentar (IA). Analisamos as citocinas INF-γ, IL-6 e IL-10 por meio da tecnologia Luminex. Utilizamos o teste T de Student para análise estatística, considerando significativo com p≤0,05. Os dos grupos V, VI e VIII apresentaram maior consumo alimentar que seus controles. Os do grupo V apresentaram menores concentrações de IFN-γ em todos os períodos e maior IL-10 nos períodos 2 e 3. Os do grupo VI apresentaram menores concentrações de todas as citocinas: IFN-γ nos períodos 2 e 3; IL-6 nos períodos 1 e 2; e maior IL-10 nos períodos 1 e 2. Os do grupo VIII apresentaram menor IFN-γ no período 3, IL-6 no período 2, e maior IL-10 no período 1. Não observou-se diferenças nos do grupo VII em nenhuma das citocinas estudadas. Este estudo demonstrou que a utilização do óleo de peixe em pequena dose, consumido cronicamente, como parte do teor lipídico total da dieta e não de forma suplementar, é capaz de manter a massa corporal adequada e reduzir a resposta inflamatória à sepse abdominal induzida por CLP, aumentando a IL-10 plasmática em ratos que não sofreram intervenção cirúrgica, e parece favorecer a regeneração funcional precoce do autoimplante esplênico.