De región decimonónica a región nacional: la configuración institucional del departamento del Valle, 1910-1948.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar desde una perspectiva neo institucional la configuración del departamento del Valle en calidad de región político administrativa en el período 1910-1948. Para alcanzar este propósito, nos concentramos en el estudio de las instituciones o reglas de juego impulsadas, defendidas y promulgadas por la figura del gobernador en calidad de funcionario público y primera autoridad de los vallunos o valle-caucanos. Las fuentes centrales son los Informes anuales del Gobernador antes los miembros de la Asamblea departamental, libros de viajeros y algunos de los periódicos de circulación local y regional en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Para desarrollar este objetico hemos divido el trabajo en dos partes; en la primera, −integrada por tres capítulos− nos distanciamos de las explicaciones actuales referentes a la creación del departamento del Valle y proponemos una nueva interpretación, centrada en el descontento de las municipalidades ubicadas en el valle geográfico del río Cauca ―Cali, Buga, Palmira, entre otras− por las reglas de juego promulgadas desde Popayán para reinvertir los recaudos fiscales provenientes de sus rentas. De igual forma, con base en la noción de path dependence estudiamos las herencias coloniales y decimonónicas que tuvieron que enfrentar los gobernadores vallunos para poder configurar la nueva región política administrativa. Nos referimos a la inestabilidad del orden político, a la ausencia de vías y sistemas de comunicación y a los métodos tradicionales en la producción agropecuaria. En la segunda parte ―integrada por tres capítulos y las conclusiones− analizamos las instituciones impulsadas por el gobernador del departamento del Valle para consolidar la nueva región político administrativa, propósito que únicamente era posible si superaban los path dependence o herencias coloniales y decimonónicas. El estudio se focaliza en las reglas de juego impulsadas por la primera autoridad de los vallunos para: 1). Alcanzar paz política o paz pública, en calidad de factor determinante en el mantenimiento del orden social; 2). Estimular la apertura y construcción de vías de comunicación y obras de infraestructura; 3). Modernizar los métodos de producción agropecuaria. Finalmente, en las conclusiones señalamos algunas problemáticas que se deben abordar en las futuras investigaciones y de esta manera darle continuidad a la propuesta analítica desarrollada en este trabajo.

Metabolismo del desecho en la determinación social de la salud: economía política y geografía crítica de la basura en el Ecuador 2009-2013

La investigación analiza el metabolismo social capitalista a través del estudio de su quinto proceso, la excreción. En una suerte de relación subsunción-autonomía, partimos de la construcción de una teoría crítica del metabolismo del desecho en la determinación social de la salud que aterriza en un estudio nacional de economía política y geografía crítica de la basura en el Ecuador, y termina con un estudio de caso que devela de qué manera esos procesos macro determinan las condiciones de vida, de salud o su pérdida en comunidades afectadas por sistemas de disposición final de residuos, especialmente recicladores/as informales y sus familias. El primer capítulo propone un abordaje conceptual de ruptura, que toma como marcos disciplinarios la crítica de la economía política, la ecología política, la epidemiología crítica y las teorías del Estado. El segundo capítulo realiza un análisis sociohistórico a nivel nacional, desde los años del neoliberalismo durante los que se gesta la crisis de la basura, hasta los años del gobierno actual en los que la crisis de la basura tiene un boom, con el colapso de muchos de los sistemas de disposición final, especialmente en cabeceras cantonales. El tercer capítulo analiza la determinación social, exposición, vulnerabilidad y perfil epidemiológico de trabajadores informales y sus familias, en el botadero a cielo abierto del cantón Portoviejo en Ecuador. La investigación finaliza evidenciando el peso que representa, en términos económicos para el Estado, mantener el subsidio de la gestión y administración de los residuos sólidos y propone el modelo de “Basura cero”, reparador del metabolismo social.

Las personas GLBTT y derecho de familia

Los derechos de las personas gays, lesbianas, bisexuales, travestis y transexuales, GLBTT, han sido ocultados y menospreciados por el poder dominante –heterosexual y patriarcal– bajo la premisa de que la sexualidad entre un hombre y una mujer, exclusivamente para fines reproductivos, es la única posible. El presente estudio busca desmitificar y repensar tal concepto, a través de un análisis jurídico y socio lógico de la familia, demostrando que no es una institución fija sino que responde a los intereses del poder dominante, y que, por lo tanto, al cambiar la matriz social, es posible ampliar los sujetos que la constituyen. El autor deconstruye otros conceptos e instituciones –sexo, género, moral, hetero sexismo y sistema patriarcal–, demuestra que todo aquello que se asume como inamovible y natural en las relaciones de poder es producto de la cultura, y afirma que los ordenamientos jurídicos, también productos culturales, responden a las necesidades de los grupos hegemónicos. La investigación concluye con que el real y efectivo reconocimiento de derechos presupone un conjunto de instituciones sociales y estatales que permitan el libre desarrollo de la personalidad y de la familia nuclear, para que las personas GLBTT sean reales sujetos de derechos, en lo privado (dentro de la familia) y en lo público (política, cultura, arte...).

The Upper Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) positive carbon-isotope event recorded in terrestrial plants

Our understanding of the ancient ocean-atmosphere system has focused on oceanic proxies. However, the study of terrestrial proxies is equally necessary to constrain our understanding of ancient climates and linkages between the terrestrial and oceanic carbon reservoirs. We have analyzed carbon-isotope ratios from fossil plant material through the Valanginian and Lower Hauterivian from a shallow-marine, ammonite-constrained succession in the Crimean Peninsula of the southern Ukraine in order to determine if the Upper Valanginian positive carbon-isotope excursion is expressed in the atmosphere. delta(13)C(plant) values fluctuate around -23% to -22% for the Valanginian-Hauterivian, except during the Upper Valanginian where delta(13)C(plant) values record a positive excursion to similar to-18%. Based upon ammonite biostratigraphy from Crimea, and in conjunction with a composite Tethyan marine delta(13)C(carb) curve, several conclusions can be drawn: (1) the delta(13)C(plant) record indicates that the atmospheric carbon reservoir was affected; (2) the defined ammonite correlations between Europe and Crimea are synchronous; and (3) a change in photosynthetic carbon-isotope fractionation, caused by a decrease in atmospheric PCO2, occurred during the Upper Valanginian Positive delta(13)C excursion. Our new data, combined with other paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic information, indicate that the Upper Valanginian was a cool period (icehouse) and highlights that the Cretaceous period was interrupted by periods of cooling and was not an equable climate as previously thought. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The impact of Eisenia veneta on As, Cu, Pb and Zn uptake by ryegrass (Lolium perenne L)

Earthworms are an essential part of the soil fauna in many global soils, represent a significant proportion of the soil biomass and are regarded as a useful indicator of soil health and quality (Edwards, 2004). They are also often the subject of inoculation programmes during the restoration of degraded lands (Butt, 1999) and the inoculation of earthworms to metal-contaminated soils has been suggested (Dickinson, 2000) largely due to the role earthworms are known to play in soil formation at such sites (Frouz et al., 2007).

Interactions of tea tannins and condensed tannins with proteins

Binding parameters for the interactions of four types of tannins: tea catechins, grape seed proanthocyanidins, mimosa 5-deoxy proanthocyanidins,and sorghum procyanidins (mDP=17), with gelatin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been determined from isothermal titration calorimetry data. Equilibrium binding constants determined for the interaction with gelatin were in the range 10(4) to 10(6) M-1 and in the order: sorghum procyanidins > grape seed proanthocyanidins > mimosa 5-deoxy proanthocyanidins > tea catechins. Interaction with BSA was generally weaker, with equilibrium binding constants of <= 10(3) M-1 for grape seed proanthocyanidins, mimosa 5-deoxy proanthocyanidins and tea catechins, and 10(4) M-1 for the sorghum procyanidins. In all cases the interactions with proteins were exothermic and involved multiple binding sites on the protein. The data are discussed in relation to the structures and the known nutritional effects of the condensed tannins.

Interdisciplinarity: perceptions of the value of computer-supported collaborative work in design for the built environment

This paper presents the findings from a study into the current exploitation of computer-supported collaborative working (CSCW) in design for the built environment in the UK. The research is based on responses to a web-based questionnaire. Members of various professions, including civil engineers, architects, building services engineers, and quantity surveyors, were invited to complete the questionnaire. The responses reveal important trends in the breadth and size of project teams at the same time as new pressures are emerging regarding team integration and efficiency. The findings suggest that while CSCW systems may improve project management (e.g., via project documentation) and the exchange of information between team members, it has yet to significantly support those activities that characterize integrated collaborative working between disparate specialists. The authors conclude by combining the findings with a wider discussion of the application of CSCW to design activity-appealing for CSCW to go beyond multidisciplinary working to achieve interdisciplinary working.

Genetic structure and systematic relationships within the Ophrys fuciflora aggregate (Orchidaceae: Orchidinae): high diversity in Kent and a wind-induced discontinuity bisecting the Adriatic

A recent phylogenetic study based on multiple datasets is used as the framework for a more detailed examination of one of the ten molecularly circumscribed groups identified, the Ophrys fuciflora aggregate. The group is highly morphologically variable, prone to phenotypic convergence, shows low levels of sequence divergence and contains an unusually large proportion of threatened taxa, including the rarest Ophrys species in the UK. The aims of this study were to (a) circumscribe minimum resolvable genetically distinct entities within the O. fuciflora aggregate, and (b) assess the likelihood of gene flow between genetically and geographically distinct entities at the species and population levels. Fifty-five accessions sampled in Europe and Asia Minor from the O. fuciflora aggregate were studied using the AFLP genetic fingerprinting technique to evaluate levels of infraspecific and interspecific genetic variation and to assess genetic relationships between UK populations of O. fuciflora s.s. in Kent and in their continental European and Mediterranean counterparts. The two genetically and geographically distinct groups recovered, one located in England and central Europe and one in south-eastern Europe, are incongruent with current species delimitation within the aggregate as a whole and also within O. fuciflora s.s. Genetic diversity is higher in Kent than in the rest of western and central Europe. Gene flow is more likely to occur between populations in closer geographical proximity than those that are morphologically more similar. Little if any gene flow occurs between populations located in the south-eastern Mediterranean and those dispersed throughout the remainder of the distribution, revealing a genetic discontinuity that runs north-south through the Adriatic. This discontinuity is also evident in other clades of Ophrys and is tentatively attributed to the long-term influence of prevailing winds on the long-distance distribution of pollinia and especially seeds. A cline of gene flow connects populations from Kent and central and southern Europe; these individuals should therefore be considered part of an extensive meta-population. Gene flow is also evident among populations from Kent, which appear to constitute a single metapopulation. They show some evidence of hybridization, and possibly also introgression, with O. apifera.

Influence of a halide ion on ribbons of water pentamer

Reactions of CuF2, CuCl2 center dot 2H(2)O and CuBr2 with 2,2'-dipyridylamine (HDPA) in water at room temperature using Cu: HDPA = 2: 1 mol yield [Cu(HDPA) (H2O)(2)F]F center dot 3H(2)O (1), Cu(HDPA) Cl-2 (2) and [Cu(HDPA) Br-2 (3) respectively. The structures of 2 and 3 are isostructural in spacegroup C-2 with cell dimensions; for 2, a = 14.702(8), b = 7.726(2), c = 4.829(6) angstrom, beta = 96.68(8)degrees and for 3, a = 14.2934(8), b = 7.9057(6), c = 5.1982(5) angstrom, beta = 94.049(7)degrees. In the X-ray crystal structure, the complex 1 is found to contain tapes of water pentamers. Our DFT calculations at the B3LYP/LanL2DZ level show that the reaction Cu(HDPA)X-2 + 2H(2)O = [Cu(HDPA)(H2O)(2)X]X is most exothermic in the gas phase when X- = F-, i.e., the tendency of water uptake is maximum for Cu(HDPA) F-2. It seems that the exothermicities of the aquations of Cu(HDPA) Cl-2 and Cu(HDPA) Br-2 are not sufficient to stabilise the type of ribbons of water observed in 1 and consequently water is eschewed when X- = Cl- or Br-.

The need of sustainable buildings construction in the Kingdom of Bahrain

This thesis is aimed to initiate implementing sustainable building construction in the kingdom of Bahrain, i.e. Building-Integration PhotoVoltaic (BIPV) or Wind Energy (BIWE). It highlights the main constrains that discourage such modern concept in building and construction. Three groups have been questioned using a questionnaire. These are the policy and decision makers, the leading consultants and the contractors. The main constrains of the dissemination of BIVP and BIWE, according to the policy and decision makers, are: lack of knowledge and awareness of the public in sustainable technology, low cost of electricity, low cost of gas and oil and difficulty in applying local environmental taxes. The consultants had attributed the constrains to ignorance of life cycle cost of PV and Wind turbines systems, lack of education and knowledge in sustainable design, political system, shortage of markets importing sustainable technologies and client worries in profitability and pay-back period. The contractors are found to be very enthusiastic and ready to take over any sustainable building project and prefer to have a construction manger to coordinate between the design and contracting team. Design and Build is found the favorable procurement method in Bahrain for conducting BIPV or BIWE projects.