Propuesta curricular para elevar la formación ambiental de los ingenieros agrónomos de la Facultad Agropecuaria de Montaña del Escambray

La universidad debe responder actualmente a la formación de un profesional integral, que desde su profesión contribuya a salvar nuestro hábitat, dando solución a los problemas ambientales que se manifiesten en su entorno, sin embargo se revelan insuficiencias en el proceso de ambientalización de la Carrera de Agronomía en la Facultad Agropecuaria de Montaña del Escambray. La investigación que se presenta, se realizó desde una perspectiva interpretativa, utilizando una metodología cualitativa y con un diseño de investigación evaluativa. A partir de los resultados del diagnóstico que permitió determinar cómo se encuentra declarada la Educación Ambiental en el currículo del agrónomo y la formación en la temática que poseen los profesores de la institución, fue elaborada una propuesta de intervención para elevar la formación ambiental de los egresados de la Facultad, proyectada en una estrategia docente educativa y cursos de superación para los docentes.

Propuesta para la intervención psicopedagógica con vista a la mejora de la orientación en el contexto del Centro Universitario de Sancti Spíritus "José Martí Pérez"

La investigación se propuso identificar las posibilidades que ofrece el marco universitario actual para la práctica de la orientación y la tutoría en Cuba y asesorar el diseño e implementación de un programa de orientación a ser aplicado en el Centro Universitario de Sancti Spíritus. El abordaje de la problemática desde una perspectiva interpretativa, con un marco metodológico cualitativo, basado en la investigación - acción como estrategia de intervención y el asesoramiento colaborativo como modelo de interrelación de las partes implicadas, nos posibilitó conocer que las modificaciones en las concepciones y políticas educativas cubanas están creando un espacio en el que la tutoría se convierte en un instrumento capaz de facilitar el autoaprendizaje desarrollador, la cual desarrollada sobre la base de un asesoramiento psicopedagógico colaborativo propicia un alto grado de participación e implicación de los profesores en sus decisiones y les concede un importante nivel de autonomía en sus prácticas.

A nanotecnologia aplicada à veiculação de fármacos: estudos de desenvolvimento da formulação e caracterização

O ácido azelaico é um fármaco com actividade bacteriostática para muitos microorganismos sendo por isso frequentemente aplicado no tratamento do acne. Porém, às formulações tópicas deste fármaco estão geralmente associados alguns efeitos adversos e fracas adesões à terapêutica. Assim, a nanotecnologia pode ser aqui considerada como uma estratégia inovadora para ultrapassar os obstáculos anteriores. O objectivo deste estudo centrou-se no desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanopartículas de PLGA contendo o ácido azelaico. As nanopartículas foram produzidas através do método modificado de emulsificação/difusão do solvente e posteriormente incluídas num gel de Carbopol 940. Foram caracterizados vários parâmetros da formulação tais como potencial zeta, tamanho da partícula e eficiência de encapsulação. O tamanho médio das partículas foi de 378,63 nm (com I.P. cerca de 0,09) e o potencial zeta foi de -7,82 mV. Aeficiência de encapsulação do ácido azelaico foi de 76 ± 3,81%. Consequentemente, estas nanopartículas poderão ser consideradas ferramentas úteis para a veiculação do ácido azelaico.

Speech perception by the chinchilla: discrimination of /I/ and /A/ in various consonantal contexts

This paper discusses a study done with chinchillas and their ability to organize speech sounds into auditory concepts.

Estructura de los ingresos tributarios en el presupuesto general del Estado

La política fiscal es la parte de las finanzas públicas que se encarga de todo lo relativo al financiamiento de las actividades del Estado para que ésta pueda cumplir sus funciones, es importante cambiar la orientación de la política fiscal y tributaria, definiendo la necesidad de incrementar el gasto -inversió social- en los sectores de la educación y la salud. El tema propuesto "Estructura de los ingresos tributarios en el presupuesto general del Estado", resume: El capítulo I, trata sobre los aspectos fundamentales del sistema tributario su reseña hitórica, la potestad tributaria, clasificación de los tributos, los principios y características del sistema tributario. En el capítulo II versará sobre la gestión del SRI mediante un enfoque institucional, el control tributario, las estrategias y protecciones tributarias. El capítulo III se enfocará sobre la recaudación de impuestos, la evasión y elusión tributaria, el perjuicio al estado, la presión tributaria y los fines del sistema tributario. En el capítulo IV, hace análisis de la existencia del problema sobre la acción distributiva de los ingresos tributarios en el presupuesto nacional, se analiza la normativa del presupuesto, las reglas macro fiscales, la estructura de los ingresos y gastos, el financiamiento, así como la redistributiva de los mismos y el impacto distributivo al considerar la equidad horizontal y vertical. Con las conclusiones y recomendaciones, se finaliza el estudio de la estructura de los ingresos tributarios en el Presupuesto General del Estado.

*Kipus: revista andina de letras. 24 (Tabla de Contenido)

Dossier: Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco, historia y fábula. Homenaje (1908-2008)

Procesos: revista ecuatoriana de historia. 21 (S0LO LIBROS/Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros: JOSÉ ECHEVERRÍA ALMEIDA, LAS SOCIEDADES PREHISPÁNICAS DE LA SIERRA NORTE DEL ECUADOR. UNA APROXIMACIÓN ARQUEOLÓGICA y ANTROPOLÓGICA. OTAVALO, INSTITUTO OTAVALEÑO DE ANTROPOLOGÍA, 2004, 378 PP. -- BERNARDO GARCÍA MARTÍNEZ y MARíA DEL ROSARIO PRIETO, COMP., ESTUDIOS SOBRE HISTORIA Y AMBIENTE EN AMÉRICA, VOL. II, NORTEAMÉRICA, SUDAMÉRICA y EL PACÍFICO, MÉXICO, INSTITUTO PANAMERICANO DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA / EL COLEGIO DE MÉXICO, 2002. -- MERCEDES PRIETO, LIBERALISMO y TEMOR: IMAGINANDO LOS SUJETOS INDÍGENAS EN EL ECUADOR POSTCOLONIAL, 1895-1950, QUITO, FLACSO, 2004. -- ROBERT NORRIS, EL GRAN AUSENTE, BIOGRAFÍA DE VELASCO lBARRA, 2 TOMOS, QUITO, EDICIONES LIBRI MUNDI, 2004, 329 Y 359 PP.

Post-phenomenology/post-phenomenological geographies

Post-phenomenological geographies are an emergent (and as yet relatively fragmentary) body of work. This work does not reflect a turn away from phenomenological theories; rather it reflects a critical engagement which rereads them through the post-structuralist theories of such authors as Deleuze, Derrida, and Levinas. This rereading, combined with a disciplinary context of a turn to practice and the ‘more than human’, has resulted in post-phenomenological geographies which extend the boundaries of the phenomenological focus upon the experiencing subject (in place). Thus, the interest is in the ways in which inhuman, nonhuman, and more-than-human forces contribute to processes of subject formation, place making, and inhabiting the world. These geographies have thus far been played out through critical explorations of the realms of the experiencing subject and landscape. This more-than-human focus has tested conventional human geographical methods, requiring innovative use of technologies such as video to document research, the use of experiential research methods, and also experimentation with the form of narrating these experiential methods.

Flow controls on lowland river macrophytes: A review

We review the current status of knowledge regarding the role that flow parameters play in controlling the macrophyte communities of temperate lowland rivers. We consider both direct and indirect effects and the interaction with other factors known to control macrophyte communities. Knowledge gaps are identified and implications for the management of river systems considered. The main factors and processes controlling the status of macrophytes in lowland rivers are velocity (hence also discharge), light, substrate, competition, nutrient status and river management practices. We suggest that whilst the characteristics of any particular macrophyte community reflect the integral effects of a combination of the factors, fundamental importance can be attributed to the role of discharge and velocity in controlling instream macrophyte colonisation, establishment and persistence. Velocity and discharge also appear to control the relative influence of some of the other controlling factors. Despite the apparent importance of velocity in determining the status of macrophyte communities in lowland rivers, relatively little is understood about the nature of the processes controlling this relationship. Quantitative knowledge is particularly lacking. Consequently, the ability to predict macrophyte abundance and distribution in rivers is still limited. This is further complicated by the likely existence of feedback effects between the growth of macrophytes and velocity. Demand for water resources increases the pressure on lowland aquatic ecosystems. Despite growing recognition of the need to allocate water for the needs of instream biota, the inability to assess the flow requirements of macrophyte communities limits the scope to achieve this. This increases the likelihood of overexploitation of the water resource as other users, whose demands are quantifiable, are prioritised. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of acyl chain length on transfection efficiency and toxicity of polyethylenimine

Polyethylenimine (PEI) is an efficient nonviral gene delivery vector because of its high buffering capacity and DNA condensation ability. In our study, the amino groups on the polymeric backbone were acylated using acetic or propionic anhydride to alter the protonation behaviour and the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the polymer. The concentration of acylated primary amines was determined using trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid assay. Results showed that our modified polymers had lower buffering capacities in solutions compared to PEI. The polymers were complexed with plasmid encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein at three different ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:10 w/w DNA to polymer) to form polyplexes and their toxicities and transfection efficiencies were evaluated in HEK 293 cells. Acylation reduced the number of primary amines on the polymer and the surface charge, improving haemocompatibility and reducing cytotoxicity. The reduction in the concentration of amino groups helped to optimise DNA compaction and facilitated polyplex dissociation in the cell, which increased transfection efficiency of the modified polymers compared to the parent polymer. Polymers with buffering capacities greater than 50% and less than 80% relative to PEI, showed higher transfection efficiencies than PEI. The propionic anhydride modified polymers had appropriate interactions with DNA which provided both DNA compaction and polyplex dissociation. These systems interacted better with the cell membrane because of their slightly higher lipophilicity and formed polyplexes which were less cytotoxic than polyplexes of acetic anhydride modified polymers. Among the vectors tested, 1:0.3 mol/mol PEI:propionic anhydride in a 1:2 w/w DNA:polymer composition provided the best transfection system with improved transfection efficiency and reduced cytotoxicity.

Selective effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota on T cell activation, natural killer cell activity and cytokine production

Modulation of host immunity is an important potential mechanism by which probiotics confer health benefits. This study was designed to investigate the effects of a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS), on immune function, using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro. In addition, the role of monocytes in LcS-induced immunity was also explored. LcS promoted natural killer (NK) cell activity and preferentially induced expression of CD69 and CD25 on CD8+ and CD56+ subsets in the absence of any other stimulus. LcS also induced production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-10 in the absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the presence of LPS, LcS enhanced IL-1β production, but inhibited LPS-induced IL-10 and IL-6 production, and had no further effect on TNF-α and IL-12 production. Monocyte-depletion significantly reduced the impact of LcS on lymphocyte activation, cytokine production and NK cell activity. In conclusion, LcS preferentially activated cytotoxic lymphocytes in both the innate and specific immune system, which suggests that LcS could potentiate the destruction of infected cells in the body. LcS also induced both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production in the absence of LPS, but inhibited LPS-induced cytokine production in some cases. Monocytes play an important role in LcS-induced immunological responses.

Parchment codices in a new text of Galen

An article proposing that the recently discovered Peri Alupias of Galen contains important evidence about the adoption and use of the codex book form.

Intake, live-weight gain and carcass characteristics of beef cattle given diets based on forage maize silage harvested at different stages of maturity

Advancing maturity of forage maize is associated with increases in the proportion of dry matter (DM) and starch, and decreases in the proportions of structural carbohydrates in the ensiled crop. This experiment investigated the effects of three maize silages of 291 (low), 339 (medium) and 393 (high) g DM per kg fresh weight on the performance of 48 Simmental. Holstein-Friesian cattle. Equal numbers of steers (mean start weight = 503 (s.d. 31.3) kg) and heifers (mean start weight = 378 (s.d. 11.2) kg) were offered individually isonitrogenous diets composed of the three silages plus a protein supplement with minerals once daily until slaughter at the target live weight of 575 and 475 kg for steers and heifers, respectively. Intake was reduced on the low diet (P < 0.01) compared with the other two treatments. Dietary starch intake increased by a total of 1 kg/day between low and medium diets but by only 0.2 kg/day between medium and high diets. Unlike starch intake, total neutral-detergent fibre intake showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between diets. There were no differences in live-weight gain between treatments but differences (P < 0.05) in food conversion efficiency indicated relative gains of 115, 100 and 102 g gain per kg DM intake for diets low, medium and high, respectively. There were no differences between diets in carcass weights, fat score and overall conformation.