Composição química e aspectos morfológicos de mudas de Tabebuia chrysotricha (Standl.) produzidas em diferentes substratos e soluções de fertirrigação

The work aimed to study the formation of Tabebuia chrysotricha Standi, seedlings in function of four substrates, varying the covering fertilization solutions. To compose the substrate it was used fibrous and granulated coconut fiber obtaining the following treatments: 100% fibrous (100% F), 60% fibrous + 40% granulated (60% F+40% G), 40% fibrous + 60% granulated (40% F+60% G) and 100% granulated (100% G). The basis fertilization was the same for all treatments and the solutions of covering fertilization varied in order to obtain complete solutions with electric conductivities of 1.06 dS m-1, 2.12 dS m-1, 3.2 dS m-1 and 4.25 dS m-1. The propagative material was sowed directly in plastic containers (120mL) with the respective substrates. The fertilization was received through sub-irrigation once a week, respecting the treatments of fertilizations. Seedlings produced in 100%G had been taller and higher than the others. The chemical analyses of aerial part were obtained when the seedlings were ready for expedition (height of 20 cm). The seedlings production in substrate 100% F and 60% F+40% G allowed them to have higher N, S, B, Mn and Zn concentrations in the aerial part. The production of T. chrysotricha seedlings is recommended in granulated coconut fiber substrate and fertilizer solutions with EC of 1.06 dS m-1.

Influência da queima e aditivos químicos e bacterianos na composição química de silagens de cana-de-açúcar

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of the chemical (urea, sodium benzoate, and sodium hydroxide) and microbiological (Propionibacterium acidipropionici + Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus buchneri) additives on the sugarcane nutritive value, ensiled crude or after burned, using a factorial scheme 2 (burned or crude sugar cane) x 6 (five additives urea, sodium benzoate, sodium hydroxide, Propionibacterium acidipropionici + Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus buchneri plus control). It was evaluated the sugar cane chemical composition, before and after ensilage. The sugar cane NDF contents increased (51.3%, before ensilage) to 67.8% after fermentation period. The highest true digestible dry matter recovery values, 83.6 and 79.8% were observed on the burned sugar cane silage treated with NaOH or L. buchneri, respectively. The NaOH, and L. buchneri showed more efficiency in reducing nutritive looses during the fermentation phase of the crude or burned sugar cane silage.

Qualidade química da água residual da criação de peixes para cultivo de alface em hidroponia

Aiming to evaluate the association of hydroponic lettuce cultivation with residues from a fish intensive breeding system, a project was carried out in the Aquaculture Center in the FCAV-UNESP at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. A closed system was designed in order to allow the water to circulate through the fish tanks, a clarifier tank for removal of residues, a reservoir for biological conversion of ammonia into nitrate, and the hydroponic system. After this process, water returned back to the fish tanks. Three varieties of lettuce, constituting the treatments with four repetitions were evaluated. The results of the chemical analysis of the residual water from the fish tanks indicated the presence of the majority of the mineral nutrients necessary for vegetable development. Their concentration was close to that found in nutrient solutions, used for lettuce hydroponic cultivation, except for potassium and magnesium. The low concentration of magnesium in the water did not prevent lettuce development, although the plants presented visual symptoms of deficiency of this nutrient. Differences were not found between the varieties produced, regarding productivity and the mean weight of fresh plants.

Rendimento e composição química do filé de prochilodus lineatus do rio mogi guaçu, Brasil

The curimbata constitutes species of fish of wide distribution in the Neotropical area and high economic value. This work focused to evaluate processing yield and the chemical composition of the fillet in the male and female migratories and residents stocks of Prochilodus lineatus. The using the plotting was completely randomized by 4x2 factorial scheme, having as factors four stocks (one resident and three migratories) and two genders (male and female) with thirty replicates, considering each fish as an experimental unit. Each individual was submitted to the manual filleted and determination of the corporal composition (texts of moisture, crude protein, lipids, ashes and energy). They following parameters of yield had been evaluated (%): visceral entire fish (RPIE %); yield of boneless fillet (RFILE %) and processing yield of fillet with bone (RFILEC %). There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the stocks and the studied samples. The biggest yield of boneless fillet were observed for the fish of the migrator stock I (45.77%). Males and females of the migrator stock I presented biggest fillet yield (46.79% and 43.93%, respectively), while the migrator III presented smaller yield (37.29% for males and 38.44% for females). The migratories stocks I, II and III presented values significantly smaller (p<0.05) of lipids level (0.98%; 2.01% and 1.97%, respectively) and an increase in the content of corporal protein in relation to the resident stock. It concluded that the male weighing 591g on average, belonging of the stock migrator I (captured in December), presented better thread yield and the stocks migratories are fish that has low fat tenor and high protein tenor.

Contaminación atmosférica y conciencia ciudadana

En el conjunto de textos reunidos en este libro se exponen los propósitos y resultados del proyecto "Fortalecimiento de la conciencia ciudadana para la formulación de políticas de control de la contaminación atmosférica en tres metrópolis de América Latina", ejecutado por la División de Desarrollo Sostenible y Asentamientos Humanos de la CEPAL, con el auspicio del Gobierno de Japón, en el período 2000-2002. El proyecto se centró en un aspecto crucial para el éxito de los planes de descontaminación atmosférica: la conciencia ciudadana con respecto a la problemática ambiental; en este caso específico, la contaminación del aire. En este contexto, cabe preguntarnos: ¿qué valor le asignamos a la conciencia ciudadana con relación a este problema? ¿Se trata acaso de una simple convicción que nos lleva a adoptar estilos de vida acordes con la protección del medio ambiente o estamos ante un fenómeno más complejo, como la comprensión de las causas y efectos del problema, para promover la participación del ciudadano en la toma de decisiones sobre las acciones a desarrollar para el logro de una calidad atmosférica socialmente aceptable? La conciencia ciudadana resulta imprescindible para promover dicha participación y asegurar así el éxito de las políticas de protección del medio ambiente. El libro se divide en dos partes: la primera, a su vez, agrupa dos estudios, uno de ellos referido a la conciencia ciudadana necesaria para promover la descontaminación atmosférica y la acción proactiva de los ciudadanos, y otro sobre los nexos entre participación, ciudadanía y contaminación. En la segunda parte del libro se presentan los resultados y las conclusiones del proyecto realizado en las ciudades de México, D.F., Santiago de Chile y São Paulo. El primer capítulo contiene un análisis sobre las teorías referidas a la revolución de los problemas ambientales desde la perspectiva de las ciencias sociales y la importancia de una mayor participación ciudadana como complemento de la formulación tradicional de políticas de protección del medio ambiente. El segundo capítulo ahonda en la reflexión sobre la participación en torno a la aplicación de políticas relativas a la contaminación del aire en América Latina, cuyos temas articuladores son la participación popular en la gestión pública y las transformaciones cualitativas en la relación Estado/sociedad civil, que aparecen como puntos de inflexión en el fortalecimiento de las políticas públicas. En la segunda parte se presentan los tres casos de estudio realizados en México, D.F., Santiago de Chile y São Paulo, sus resultados y conclusiones y las direcciones futuras. Estas tres ciudades seleccionadas figuran entre las más particularmente afectadas de la región en cuanto a la calidad de su atmósfera. En la ejecución del proyecto ha resultado claro que en ninguna de estas ciudades existe un grado de conciencia ciudadana que supere los niveles básicos de sensibilización y que se está muy lejos de lograr un comportamiento proactivo en materia de protección del medio ambiente. Parece incuestionable la necesidad de involucrar a la ciudadanía en cciones destinadas a limitar la circulación de vehículos, pero, por otra parte, es necesaria su participación en procesos de toma de decisiones que lleven a las autoridades a desempeñar efectivamente las funciones que les competen y que no asumen, por falta de presión ciudadana. En esta última conclusión está implícita la necesidad de perfeccionar la democracia a través de un mayor protagonismo de la ciudadanía, para superar los límites del modelo representativo que en muchos casos ha hecho crisis en la región.

Caracterização química de cromitas nos maciços de cromínia e mairipotaba, goiás, Brasil

Metaultramafic bodies tectonically emplaced within the metasedimentary sequence of the Araxá Group are associated with an ophiolitic melange in southeast Goiás. In the region of Crominia - Mairipotaba, they occur as lenticular bodies aligned E-W. Cumulate textures and geochemical data indicate that the parent rocks had harzburgitic to dunitic compositions. Relicts of primary crystals of olivine and orthopyroxene are suggestive of amphibolite facies metamorphic re-equilibration fabrics, even though the paragenesis and mineral associations of these metaultramafic rocks are typical of greenschist facies (T < 550°C and P = 5.5 kbar). The chromitites exhibit massive to breccioid structure and pull-apart texture, with chromite crystals around 0.5 mm in size. Chromite concentrations in the chromitite levels reach 70 to 85% by volume of the rock. The crystals are dispersed in the matrix, which is composed essentially of serpentine, and subordinately of chlorite and talc. The textures and geochemical data (Cr 2O 3 x TiO 2 and Mg x Cr ratios present in the chromitite) are similar to those observed in ophiolitic complexes. Hence, they correspond to allochthonous bodies (Alpine type) associated with an ophiolitic mélange.

Evaluación de la deformación de dos siliconas para prótesis faciales, influencia de la pigmentación y desinfección química

The purpose of present study was to analyze the effect of pigmentation and chemical disinfection on the initial and the permanent deformation of two silicones (Silved Selant and Brascoved) for facial prosthesis. Initial and permanent deformation tests samples (20 mm × 12.5 mm) were made following the manufacturer's instructions. For each silicone (n= 40), ten samples were used for pigmentation with make up power, ten with iron oxide, ten with ceramics power and tem were tested without pigmentation. Five samples of each group were submitted to chemical disinfection using a 2 % Chlorhexidine spray. All samples were immersed in physiological saline and stored in an oven at 35 ° ± 1 °C. After 90 days, the samples were submitted to initial and permanent deformation tests using a dial indicator. For both properties, data were analyzed by Tukey's test (a= 0.05). The results showed that all the materials had initial and permanent deformation regardless of pigmentation and chemical disinfection. The groups were used for pigmentation with iron oxide showed less initial and permanent deformation when were submitted to the chemical disinfection regardless the silicone used.

Avaliação microbiológica e físico-química de leites uht produzidos no Estado do Paraná - Brasil

The present work analyzed 150 UHT whole milk samples from three different brands, commercialized in city of Palotina (Paraná, Brazil), between October of 2004 and February of 2005. Mesophilic aerobic bacteria counting results were compared to the Agriculture Ministry of Brazil official standards (RTIQ) for UHT milk. 36 (24%) of the sample presented higher mesophilic bacteria counting according to the standards. Also, were proceeded physic-chemical analyses of those samples. 7.3% of the acidity results, 29% of crude fat and 50.7% of dry matter without fat were disagreeing to RTIQ. All samples accorded to the standards for cryoscopy and alcohol stability tests.

Propriedade físico-química da própolis em função da sazonalidade e método de produção

The aim of this work was to investigate monthly, for one year the seasonality effect on the physicochemical properties (dry weight, flavonoids contents, pH and antioxidant activity) of ethanolic extract (EAP) of propolis produced by three different techniques (intelligent propolis collector, plastic screen or scraping) fifteen colonies of africanized bees. No differences (p>0.05) in the physicochemical properties due to the technique of propolis production and seasonality were observed.

Consciência dos cidadãos e poluição atmosférica na região metropolitana de São Paulo, RMSP

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Contaminación atmosférica y conciencia ciudadana: el caso de la ciudad de Santiago

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Química mineral e estimativas de pressão e temperatura em rochas metassedimentares do grupo araxá na região de morrinhos, sul do estado de goiás

In the Morrinhos region, Goiás state, Brazil, the rocks of the Araxá Group have mineral assemblages related to the metamorphic peak which occurred in this region and is typical of the amphibolite facies (kyanite zone). These rocks are associated with the initial stage of the main ductile deformation that occurred in this area. Thermobarometric calculations, including the associations, garnet + plagioclase + biotite + muscovite; garnet + plagioclase +biotite + muscovite + kyanite; garnet + plagioclase + biotite + muscovite + amphibole, with quartz in excess, indicate that the metamorphic peak occurred at temperatures of approximately 610°C and pressures in the order of 10 kbar. The P-T path is probably clockwise and is in agreement with the tectonic conditions observed in collisional settings.

Composição Química e Características Fermentativas de Silagens de Cana-de-Açúcar Contendo Farelo de Babaçu

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of babassu meal addition on chemical composition and fermentative characteristics of sugar cane silages. The addition of three concentrations of babassu meal (0; 15 and 30% in fresh matter) was evaluated in a completely randomized design with four replicates. As experimental silos 12 plastic buckets were used, provided with filter closing to allow the exit of fermentation gases. After 45 days, the silos were opened and samples were taken for the determination of dry matter (MS), crude protein (PB), neutral and acid detergent fibers (FDN, FDA) and hemicelluloses (Hem) content, pH values, total acidity quantification (ATT), losses by gases (PG) and effluents (PE). The addition of babassu meal increased the MS contents (38.4% e 40.6%), PB (7.8 e 8.9%), FDN (68.8% e 70.9%) and FDA (43.0% and 45.1%), respectively, with the addition of 15 and 30% of the by-product. The pH values, averaged 4.4, were not affected by the addition of babassu meal. The percentage of ATT increased 89.2%. PG and PE were reduced in 44.8 and 58.8%, respectively. The addition of babassu meal have contributed to the improvement of fermentative parameters and the concentration of CP in the sugar cane silages. However, its use as additive becomes limited due to the increase in fiber content that provides to the silages, depreciating its nutritive value.

Composição química e digestibilidade in vitro da massa seca de cana-de-açúcar acrescida de ureia em diferentes tempos de estocagem

The objective of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition and in vitro dry mass (DM) digestibility of sugar cane with urea, maintained in the shade and sun, at different storage times. The utilized design was the completely randomized in a factorial scheme 6x2, that is, six storage times after the mixing (0; 2; 4; 6; 12 and 24 hours) and two storage location (shade and sun), with three replicates. The sugarcane utilized presented 12 months of development and was disintegrated for application of mixture (nine parts of urea for one of ammonium sulfate) to 1.0kg/100.0kg of fresh sugarcane. The samples taken with 12 hours of storage indicated that was an increase in the content of DM and crude protein (CP) of sugar cane compared to the moment of the mixture (307.6 vs. 294.2g/kg of DM and 115.2 vs. 99.3 g/kg of DM, respectively), and the smaller content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was observed around of 12 hours of storage (465.0g/kg of DM). The coefficients of in vitro dry mass digestibility (IVDMD) ranged of 0.558 to 0.612 in the times 0 and 12 hours, respectively. The length of storage changes the chemical composition of sugar cane plus urea. The storage location changes the dry mass content and pH values.

Herbivoria em soja: Efeito na composição química das folhas e na biologia da lagarta da soja e do percevejo verde pequeno

The objective of this research was to study the effect of previous herbivory in the chemical composition of soybean leaves, and its influence on Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hüeb.) and Piezodorus guildinii (West.) development. Two soybean genotypes, 'Embrapa 4' and 'BR 37', were chemically analyzed. The caterpillars were fed on these genotypes leaves and the bugs on string beans, both injured and non- injured (control), totalizing 4 treatments with 50 replications for each treatment. Herbivory was performed by releasing 3rd instar velvetbean caterpillar. The caterpillars were taken out when 30%-40% of foliar area were consumed. After that, leaves and string beans were used in the experiment. The results obtained during this research indicate that leaves chemical composition was altered and that, in general, A. gemmatalis larvae and P. guildinii nymph have presented better development when fed on non-injured soybean plants, being 'Embrapa 4' genotype the most efficient one concerning insects development.