Studies on microscopic structure of diesel sprays under atmospheric and high gas pressures

In the present work, the spray structure of diesel from a 200-mu m, single-hole solenoid injector is studied using microscopic imaging at injection pressures of 700, 1000 and 1400 bar for various gas pressures. A long-distance microscope with a high resolution camera is used for spray visualization with a direct imaging technique. This study shows that even at very high injection pressures, the spray structure in an ambient environment of atmospheric pressure reveals presence of entangled ligaments and non-spherical droplets during the injection period. With increase in the injection pressure, the ligaments tend to get smaller and spread radially. The spray structure studies are also conducted at high gas pressures in a specially designed high pressure chamber with optical access. The near nozzle spray structure at the end of the injection shows that the liquid jet breakup is improved with increase in gas density. The droplet size measurement is possible only late in the injection duration when the breakup appears to be complete and mostly spherical droplets are observed. Hence, droplet size measurements are performed after 1.3 ms from start of the injection pulse. Spatial and temporal variation in Sauter Mean `Diameter (SMD) is observed and reported for the case corresponding to an injection pressure of 700 bar. Overall, this study has highlighted the importance of verifying the extentof atomization and droplet shape even in dense sprays before using conventional dropsizing methods such as PDPA.

GdAlO3:Eu3+:Bi3+ nanophosphor: Synthesis and enhancement of red emission for WLEDs

GdAlO3, GdAlO3:Eu3+ and GdAlO3:Eu3+:Bi3+ nanophosphors were synthesised by solution combustion technique. Pure orthorhombic phase was obtained from powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed the porous, agglomerated and irregular shaped particles. The particle size obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurement was in good agreement with the values obtained by Debye Scherrer's and W-H plots. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern show single crystalline nature of the sample. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements were carried out for GdAlO3:Eu3+ and GdAlO3:Eu3+:Bi3+ phosphors excited at a wavelength of 274 nm. The characteristic emission peaks of Eu3+ ions were recorded at 590, 614, 655 and 695 nm corresponding to D-5(0) -> F-7(J) (J = 1, 2, 3, 4) transitions respectively. However, with addition of Bi3+ ions in GdAlO3:Eu3+, PL intensity drastically enhanced. Orange red color was tuned to deep red color with the addition of Bi3+ ions in GdAlO3:Eu3+ phosphor. Therefore, the phosphor was highly useful as red component in WLEDs. A single well resoled glow peak at 225 degrees C was recorded in GdAlO3 and GdAlO3:Eu3+. Further, with addition of Bi3+ ions, an additional peak at 300 degrees C was recorded. TL glow curves of different UV-exposed GdAlO3:Eu3+:Bi3+ show two TL peaks at 207 and 300 degrees C respectively. The 207 degrees C peak show simple glow peak structure and its intensity increases linearly up to 25 mm and after that it decrease. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Study the effect of electrical and mechanical shock loading on liberation and milling characteristics of mineral materials

Milling is an energy intensive process and it is considered as one of the most energy inefficient processes. Electrical and mechanical shock loading can be used to develop a pre-treatment methodology to enhance energy efficiency of comminution and liberation of minerals. Coal and Banded Hematite Jasper (BHJ) Iron ores samples were taken for the study to know the effect of shock loading. These samples were exposed to 5 electric shocks of 300 kV using an electric shock loading device. A diaphragmless shock tube was used to produce 3 and 6 compressed air shocks of Mach number 2.12 to treat the coal and Iron ore samples. Microscopic, comminution and liberation studies were carried out to compare the effectiveness of these approaches. It was found that electric shock loading can comminute the coal samples more effectively and increases the yield of carbon by 40% at 1.6 gm/cc density over the untreated coal samples. Mechanical shock loading showed improved milling performance for both the materials and 12.90% and 8.1% reduction in the D-80 of the particles was observed during grinding for treated samples of coal and iron, respectively. Liberation of minerals in BHJ Iron ore was found unaffected due to low intensity of the mechanical shock waves and non conductivity of minerals. Compressed air based shock loading is easier to operate than electrical shock loading and it needs to be explored further to improve the energy efficacy of comminution. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synthesis of mixed glycosyl disulfides/selenenylsulfides using benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate as a sulfur transfer reagent

An easy and mild method has been developed for the synthesis of mixed glycosyl disulfides/selenenylsulfides from glycosyl halides and diaryl/dialkyl dichalcogenides in the presence of benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate (BnEt3N)(2)MoS4]. The salient feature of this method is the sulfur transfer from BnEt3N](2)MoS4 to form glycosyl disulfides which with excess tetrathiomolybdate further undergo exchange reaction with other dichalcogenides in a one-pot operation. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stress states in individual Si particles of a cast Al-Si alloy: Micro-Raman analysis and microstructure based modeling

The stress states in Si particles of cast Al-Si based alloys depend on its morphology and the heat treatment given to the alloy. The Si particles fracture less on modification and fracture more in the heat treated condition. An attempt has been made in this work to study the effect of heat treatment and Si modification on the stress states of the particles. Such understanding will be valuable for predicting the ductility of the alloy. The stress states of Si particles are estimated by Raman technique and compared with the microstructure-based FEM simulations. Combination of Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) and frequency shift, polarized micro-Raman technique is applied to determine the stress states in Si particles with (111) orientations. Stress states are measured in the as-received state and under uniaxial compression. The residual stress, the stress in the elastic-plastic regime and the stress which causes fracture of the particles is estimated by Raman technique. FEM study demonstrates that the stress distribution is uniform in modified Si, whereas the unmodified Si shows higher and more complex stress states. The onset of plastic flow is observed at sharp corners of the particles and is followed by localization of strain between particles. Clustering of particles generates more inhomogeneous plastic strain in the matrix. Particle stress estimated by Raman technique is in agreement with FEM calculations. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluación productiva y reproductiva de la raza holstein friesian canadiense bajo explotación intensiva en el trópico seco de Nicaragua

El presente trabajo se realizó en base a los registros productivos y reproductivos del hato Holstein. Friesian Canadiense existente en el distrito tres de la Empresa Genética "Roberto Alvarado" (Chiltepe); ubicada en el Departamento de Managua, Nicaragua, a una latitud 12º 14' y una longitud de 86º 25' y a una elevación promedio de 49 msnm, con una temperatura promedio anual de 28.43°C, humedad relativa promedio anual 68.38% y una precipitación promedio anual de 87.72 mm. distribuida en dos épocas: Época lluviosa (Mayo - Octubre ) y época seca (Noviembre - Abril). A partir de la información proporcionada se evaluó el efecto de distintos factores ambientales : número de partos (NUMPA), época de parto (EPOCA) y año de parto (AP); sobre las variables productivas y reproductivas: producción de leche total (PLT), duración de la lactancia (DL), producción de leche diaria (PLD), intervalo entre partos (IEP) y producción de leche por día de intervalo entre partos (PLDIEP), las cuales resultaron todas altamente significativas (P < 0.01), considerando para la variable PLT el efecto de la covariable DL con Numpa. También se caracterizó el comportamiento productivo y reproductivo del hato, basado en el cálculo de los promedios de mínimos cuadrados de las características productivas y reproductivas en los diferentes niveles de cada uno de los factores estudiados, resultando promedios generales de: PLT 3,207.53 ± 54.37 Kg., DL 321.98 ± 3.89 días, PLD 10.67 ± 0.17 Kg., IEP 468;63 ± 4.29 días y PLDIEP 7.51 ± 0.14 Kg. Además se estimaron las correlaciones lineales fenotípicas entre las variables y los factores NUMPA y EPAR , resultando entre ellos los valores más altos para: EPAR -NUMPA (r= + 0.96), DL - IEP (r= + 0.80), PLD - PLDIEP (r= + 0.80), PLT - PLDIEP (r= + 0.76) y valores absolutos para r más bajos entre NUMPA - PLDIEP (r= + 0.18), NUMPA - PLT (r= -0.19), NUMPA - PLD (r= + 0.23) y EPAR - PLT (r= - 0.21).

Surface Tension and Its Temperature Coefficient of Molten Tin Determined with the Sessile Drop Method at Different Oxygen Partial Pressures

The surface tension of molten tin has been determined by the sessile drop method at The surface tension of molten tin has been determined by the sessile drop method at temperatures ranging from 523 to 1033 K and in the oxygen partial pressure (P-O2) range from 2.85 x 10(-19) to 8.56 x 10(-6) MPa, and its dependence on temperature and oxygen partial pressure has been analyzed. At P-O2 = 2.85 x 10(-19) and 1.06 x 10(-15) MPa, the surface tension decreases linearly with the increase of temperature and its temperature coefficients are -0.151 and -0.094 mNm(-1) K-1, respectively. However, at high P-O2 (3.17 x 10(-10), 8.56 x 10(-6) MPa), the surface tension increases with the temperature near the melting point (505 K) and decreases above 723 K. The surface tension decrease with increasing P-O2 is much larger near the melting point than at temperatures above 823 K. The contact angle between the molten tin and the alumina substrate is 158-173degrees, and the wettability is poor.

Determinación del efecto de inclusión de canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis) sobre parámetros productivos de cerdos en crecimiento

Se realizó un experimento con 18 cerdos en la etapa de crecimiento, con una duración de 8 semanas (56 días) con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de inclusión de canavalia en la dieta base, sobre consumo, ganancia media diaria (GMD), conversión alimenticia y utilidad económica. Las dietas de los diferentes tratamientos consistieron en: T1: 0% de inclusión de canavalia o sea 100% dieta base; T2: 5% de inclusión de canavalia con 95% dieta base y T3: 10% de inclusión de canavalia y 90% dieta base. Se emplearon cerdos con 45 días de edad de pesos similares, cada tratamiento estuvo conformado por tres repeticiones de 2 cerdos cada una. Se utilizó un Diseño Completamente al Azar (D.C.A). Se obtuvieron ganancias medias diarias de TI: 21.30; T2: 40.30; T3:25.32 gr/día/cerdo no resultando significativo al P< 0.05. El análisis económico evidencia que las mejores utilidades se obtuvieron con el tratamiento T2. Se concluye que se puede suministrar raciones para la alimentación de cerdos incluyendo leguminosa (canavalia) con el fin de disminuir los costos de alimento.

A species conserving genetic algorithm for multimodal function optimization

This paper introduces a new technique called species conservation for evolving parallel subpopulations. The technique is based on the concept of dividing the population into several species according to their similarity. Each of these species is built around a dominating individual called the species seed. Species seeds found in the current generation are saved (conserved) by moving them into the next generation. Our technique has proved to be very effective in finding multiple solutions of multimodal optimization problems. We demonstrate this by applying it to a set of test problems, including some problems known to be deceptive to genetic algorithms.

Make or buy decision in the context of manufacturing strategy

This paper describes an approach to structuring the make or buy decision process, basing it firmly in the context of an overall manufacturing strategy. The work has been carried out jointly by the University of Cambridge Manufacturing Engineering Group and Lucas Industries. A review of the current state of ideas surrounding the linked issues of vertical integration and make or buy decisions is presented. Important features of the approach include identification of core manufacturing capabilities, assessment of the role of technology in manufacturing, the development of a cost model to support make or buy decisions and a review of the strategic implications of varying degrees of vertical integration.

Sapientia, 1997, Vol. LII, nº 201 (número completo)

Contenido: El aristotelismo y el tomismo frente al egoísmo psicológico / María L. Lukac de Stier – El deseo natural de ver a Dios en la Summa contra Gentiles / Guillermo Jorge Cambiasso – La creación como encuentro del ser y de la nada en la teología del maestro Eckhart de Hochheim O.P. (1260-1327) / Brian J. Farrelly – Malebranche y el libertinage érudit / Francisco Leocata – The problem of person and Jean Mouroux / John M. McDermott ; Glenn J. Comandini – Los fundamentos de la Bioética de H. Tristram Engelhardt / Jorge Martínez Barrera – Cuando las contradictorias son verdaderas / Marisa Villalba de Tablón – Examen del escepticismo moral y del relativismo moral / Camilo Tale – Saint Thomas et le mystère de la création : une réponse aux interrogations de l’homme d’aujourd’hui / Marie-Dominique Philippe – La finalidad de la naturaleza humana : alcance y actualidad de la cuestión / Beatriz Eugenia Reyes Oribe – La providencia y el gobierno del mundo / Alberto Caturelli – Saint Thomas et le problème de la possibilité d’un univers créé éternel / Alain-Marie de Lassus – La causalidad material de los elementos en la generación de los cuerpos mixtos / Mario Enrique Sacchi -- Bibliografía

Square wine glass mode resonator with quality factor of 4 million

We report on the experimental characterization of a single crystal silicon square-plate microresonator. The resonator is excited in the square wine glass (SWG) mode at a mechanical resonance frequency of 2.065 MHz. The resonator displays quality factor of 9660 in air and an ultra-high quality factor of Q = 4.05 × 106 in 12 mtorr vacuum. The SWG mode may be described as a square plate that contracts along one axis in the fabrication plane, while simultaneously extending along an orthogonal axis in the same plane. The resonant structure is addressed in a 2-terminal configuration by utilizing equal and opposite drive polarities on surrounding capacitor electrodes, thereby decreasing the motional resistance of the resonator. The resonant micromechanical device has been fabricated in a commercial silicon-on-insulator process through the MEMSCAP foundry utilising a minimum electrostatic gap of 2 μm. © 2008 IEEE.