Reciprocity relation in scattering by media subjected to an external magnetic field

Krishnan's reciprocity theorem in colloid optics, ρ{variant}u=1+l/ρ{variant}h/1+1/ρ{variant}v is generalised for the case when the scattering medium is subjected to an external orienting field. It is shown theoretically that a general relation of the type IBA=I′AB results in this case, where IBA is the intensity of the component of the scattered light having its electric vector inclined at an angle B to the vertical with the incident light polarised at an angle A to the vertical, the external field direction being parallel to the incident beam. I′AB is the corresponding intensity with the magnetic field parallel of the scattered ray. Experimental verification of the above generalisation is also given.

On some integral properties of hypergeometric functions

In this note certain integrals involving hypergeometric functions have been evaluated in convenient and elegant forms. © 1971 Indian Academy of Sciences.

Fatty acid specificity for the esterification of vitamin A and cholesterol by intestinal and pancreatic enzymes in rats

VITAMIN A and cholesterol esters have been shown to undergo extensive hydrolysis in the lumen of the small intestine during the process of absorption; they are re-esterified to appear in the lymph mostly as esters1,2. However, the vitamin A esters of the lymph, blood and liver of the rat are formed by long-chain fatty acids3 and in the normal rat liver, probably as palmitates4. On the other hand, cholesterol esters are usually made up of poly-unsaturated fatty acids in the lymph and blood of rats5. For the absorption of the two lipid materials, the enzymes of the pancreas have been largely implicated, while not much attention has been paid to the possible role of the mucosal enzymes. From the behaviour of the mucosal enzymes, as presented here, it appears that probably these enzymes play a more important part in the re-esterification of the two lipid materials during their absorption.

The Bertele arc

THE electron emission in the cathode spot of arcs has remained an unexplained phenomenon since K. T. Compton1 first directed attention to it. It appears that the arc discharge discovered by H. von Bertele 2 puts this paradox into an even more acute form.

Distribution of coenzyme Q in rat liver cell fractions

COENZYME Q (CoQ), which is widely distributed in animal, plant and microbial sources, has been implicated in electron transport1 and generally assumed to be associated with mitochondria. However, it has also been found in non-mitochondrial fractions of green leaves, although it appears to be concentrated in mitochondria2. A similar distribution has now been demonstrated in rat liver cell fractions.

Dispersion of the stress-optic coefficient in glasses

The stress-optic coefficient (n3/2)(q11-q12) has been determined for a series of 18 optical glasses of different compositions in the wavelength range 5700-3200 Å. The coefficients are negative for all the glasses except for a high-lead-content glass of density 6·7 and refractive index 1·89. The numerical value of the coefficient decreases as one proceeds to the ultraviolet. This behaviour is just the opposite of what is observed in fused silica. By applying Mueller's theory, the strain polarizability constant and its dispersion have been evaluated.

From Creative Ideas to New Emerging Ventures: Entrepreneurial Processes among Finnish Design Entrepreneurs

This study focuses on self-employed industrial designers and how they emerge new venture ideas. More specifically, this study strives to determine what design entrepreneurs do when they create new venture ideas, how venture ideas are nurtured into being, and how the processes are organized to bring such ideas to the market in the given industrial context. In contemporary times when the concern for the creative class is peaking, the research and business communities need more insight of the kind that this study provides, namely how professionals may contribute to their entrepreneurial processes and other agents’ business processes. On the one hand, the interviews underlying this study suggest that design entrepreneurs may act as reactive service providers who are appointed by producers or marketing parties to generate product-related ideas on their behalf. On the other hand, the interviews suggest that proactive behaviour that aims on generating own venture ideas, may force design entrepreneurs to take considerable responsibility in organizing their entrepreneurial processes. Another option is that they strive to bring venture ideas to the market in collaboration, or by passing these to other agents’ product development processes. Design entrepreneurs’ venture ideas typically emerge from design related starting points and observations. Product developers are mainly engaged with creating their own ideas, whereas service providers refer mainly to the development of other agents’ venture ideas. In contrast with design entrepreneurs, external actors commonly emphasize customer demand as their primary source for new venture ideas, as well as development of these in close interaction with available means of production and marketing. Consequently, design entrepreneurs need to address market demand since without sales their venture ideas may as well be classified as art. In case, they want to experiment with creative ideas, then there should be another source of income to support this typically uncertain and extensive process. Currently, it appears like a lot of good venture ideas and resources are being wasted, when venture ideas do not suite available production or business procedures. Sufficient communication between design entrepreneurs and other agents would assist all parties in developing production efficient and distributable venture ideas. Overall, the findings suggest that design entrepreneurs are often involved simultaneously in several processes that aim at emerging new product related ventures. Consequently, design entrepreneurship is conceptualized in this study as a dual process. This implies that design entrepreneurs can simultaneously be in charge of their entrepreneurial processes, as they operate as resources in other agents’ business processes. The interconnection between activities and agents suggests that these kinds of processes tend to be both complex and multifaceted to their nature.

Solution concepts in two-person multicriteria games

In this paper, we propose new solution concepts for multicriteria games and compare them with existing ones. The general setting is that of two-person finite games in normal form (matrix games) with pure and mixed strategy sets for the players. The notions of efficiency (Pareto optimality), security levels, and response strategies have all been used in defining solutions ranging from equilibrium points to Pareto saddle points. Methods for obtaining strategies that yield Pareto security levels to the players or Pareto saddle points to the game, when they exist, are presented. Finally, we study games with more than two qualitative outcomes such as combat games. Using the notion of guaranteed outcomes, we obtain saddle-point solutions in mixed strategies for a number of cases. Examples illustrating the concepts, methods, and solutions are included.

Do Analysts Leak Information to Preferred Customers?

Inspired by the recent debate in the financial press, we set out to investigate if financial analysts warn their preferred customers of possible earnings forecast revisions. The issue is explored by monitoring investors’ trading behavior during the weeks prior to analyst earnings forecast revisions, using the unique official stock transactions data set from Finland. In summary, we do not find evidence of large investors systematically being warned of earnings forecast revisions. However, the results indicate that the very largest investors show trading behavior partly consistent with being informed of future earnings forecast revisions.

Local structure and magneto-transport in Sr2FeMoO6 oxides

Double perovskite oxides Sr2FeMoO6 have attracted a great interest for their peculiar magneto-transport properties, and, ill particular, for the large values of low-field magneto-resistance (MR) which remains elevated even at room temperature, thanks to their high Curie temperature (T-c > 400 K). These properties are strongly influenced by chemical cation disorder, that is by the relative arrangement of Fe and Mo on their sublattices: the regular alternation of Fe and Mo enhances the M R and saturation magnetization. On the contrary the disorder generally depresses the magnetization and worsen the MR response. In this work the X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) technique has been employed in order to probe the cation order from a local point of view. XAFS spectra were collected at the Fe and Mo K edges on Sr2FeMoO6 samples with different degree of long-range chemical order. The XAFS results prove that a high degree of short-range cation order is preserved, despite the different long-range order: the Fe-Mo correlations are always preferred over the Fe-Fe and Mo-Mo ones in the perfectly ordered as well as in highly disordered samples.

A study of geotechnical properties of Cochin Marine Clays

Most of the Greater Cochin area, which is undergoing rapid industrialisation, consists of extremely soft marine clay calling for expensive deep foundations. This paper presents a study on the physical properties and engeering characteristics of Cochin marine clays. These marine clays are characterised by high Atterberg limits and natural water contents. They are moderately sensitive with liquidity indices ranging over 0.46 to 0.87.The grain size distribution shows almost equal fractions of clay and silt size with sand content varying around 20%. Use of a dispersing agent in carrying out grain size distribution test plays an important role. The fabric of these clays had been identified as flocculant. The pore water has low salinity which results in marginal changes in properties on washing.Consolidation test results showed a preconsolidation pressure of up to about 0.5 kg/cm2 with high compression indices. Compression index vs liquid limit yielded a correlation comparable to that of published data. The undisturbed samples have a much larger coefficient of secondary consolidation as a result of flocculant fabric. These clays have very low undrained shear strength.

Dementiakuolleisuuden sosiaaliset determinantit - rekisteriaineistoon pohjautuva tutkimus dementiakuolleisuuteen vaikuttavista sosiodemografisista tekijöistä

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan dementiakuolleisuutta sekä siihen vaikuttavia sosiaalisia tekijöitä. Dementia on oireyhtymä, jota pääasiassa sairastavat yli 65 -vuotiaat henkilöt. Väestön ikääntyessä sekä elinajanodotteen kasvaessa on odotettavissa, että dementiaa sairastavien määrä tulee kasvamaan merkittävästi lähivuosina. On viitteitä siitä, että dementiaan sairastumisen riskiin vaikuttavat erilaiset sosiaaliset tekijät kuten koulutus, mutta varsinkin dementiakuolleisuudesta tiedetään vähän. Tutkielman aineistona käytettiin Tilastokeskuksen muodostamaa Elinolot ja kuolinsyyt -rekisteriaineistoa, joka koostuu väestölaskentatiedoista sekä työssäkäyntitilaston pitkittäisaineistosta, johon on liitetty kuolinsyytietoja. Peruskuolinsyyn lisäksi aineistossa oli tieto korkeintaan kolmesta myötävaikuttavasta syystä. Dementiakuolleisuuden on esitetty aliarvioituvan peruskuolinsyynä, joten dementiakuolleisuuden määrittelyssä käytettiin myös tietoa myötävaikuttavista syistä. Rajausten jälkeen aineistossa on 317 944 henkilöä, joista 128 562 on miehiä ja 189 382 naisia. Pääanalyysimenetelmänä on käytetty elinaikamalleihin kuuluvaa Coxin regressiota. Dementiakuolleisuudessa oli vaihtelua kaikkien tutkimuksessa käytettyjen muuttujien, eli koulutuksen, sosiaaliluokan, tulojen, siviilisäädyn sekä perhemuodon mukaan. Koulutuksen vaikutus välittyi osin ammattiasemaan perustuvan sosiaaliluokan kautta. Suurimpia ryhmien väliset suhteelliset erot olivat nuoremmissa ikäryhmissä sekä sosiaaliluokan ja siviilisäädyn kohdalla. Eronneilla ja naimattomilla oli selvästi kohonnut riski suhteessa naimisissa oleviin. Myös työntekijöillä havaittiin kohonnut riski suhteessa ylempiin toimihenkilöihin. Siviilisääty vaikutti olevan merkittävä tekijä siinä mielessä, että koulutuksen, sosiaaliluokan ja tulojen tuominen malliin ei juuri vaikuttanut siviilisäätyryhmien välillä havaittuun vaihteluun. Dementiakuolleisuudessa havaitut ryhmien väliset suhteelliset erot olivat hieman pienempiä kuin muissa syissä, mutta kuitenkin hyvin samaa suuruusluokkaa. Tulosten perusteella on identifioitavissa tekijöitä, jotka suojaavat dementialta. Erityisesti avioliitto, korkea koulutus sekä ylemmät toimihenkilöammatit vaikuttavat olevan dementialta suojaavia tekijöitä. Avioliiton suojaavan vaikutuksen voidaan tulkita liittyvän sosiaaliseen kanssakäymiseen sekä puolison tukeen ja läsnäoloon. Korkea koulutus sekä toimihenkilöammatit indikoivat virikkeellisempää työympäristöä, mutta niiden vaikutus voi myös kulkea ylipäänsä aktiivisemman ja kognitiivisesti virikkeellisemmän elämäntavan kautta. Aktiivisen ja kognitiivisesti haastavan elämäntavan on esitetty suojaavan dementiaan sairastumiselta. Tuloksia voidaan tulkita elämänkaarinäkökulman kautta. Jo nuoruudessa vaikuttavilla tekijöillä, kuten koulutuksella, on vaikutusta. Tämän lisäksi elämänkaaren aikana myöhemmin vaikuttavat tekijät ovat merkityksellisiä. Näiden tekijöiden on esitetty vaikuttavan aivojen hermoverkostoon ja -yhteyksiin ja luovan kognitiivista reserviä, minkä on esitetty ehkäisevän tai lykkäävän dementiaan sairastumista.