Drosophilids (Diptera) from an Atlantic Forest Area in Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil

The present work aims at knowing the faunal composition of drosophilids in forest areas of southern Brazil. Besides, estimation of species richness for this fauna is briefly discussed. The sampling were carried out in three well-preserved areas of the Atlantic Rain Forest in the State of Santa Catarina. In this study, 136,931 specimens were captured and 96.6% of them were identified in the specific level. The observed species richness (153 species) is the largest that has been registered in faunal inventories conducted in Brazil. Sixty-three of the captured species did not fit to the available descriptions, and we believe that most of them are non-described species. The incidence-based estimators tended to give rise to the largest richness estimates while the abundance based give rise to the smallest ones. Such estimators suggest the presence from 172.28 to 220.65 species in the studied area. Based on these values, from 69.35 to 88.81% of the expected species richness were sampled. We suggest that the large richness recorded in this study is a consequence of the large sampling effort, the capture method, recent advances in the taxonomy of drosophilids, the high preservation level and the large extension of the sampled fragment and the high complexity of the Atlantic Rain forest. Finally, our data set suggest that the employment of estimators of richness for drosophilid assemblages is useful but it requires caution.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: finding the orphan a home.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) is a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily and is activated by a variety of fibrate hypolipidaemic drugs and non-genotoxic rodent hepatocarcinogens that are collectively termed peroxisome proliferators. A key marker of peroxisome proliferator action is the peroxisomal enzyme acyl CoA oxidase, which is elevated about ten fold in the livers of treated rodents. Additional peroxisome proliferator responsive genes include other peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes and members of the cytochrome P450 IVA family. A peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE), consisting of an almost perfect direct repeat of the sequence TGACCT spaced by a single base pair, has been identified in the upstream regulatory sequences of each of these genes. The retinoid X receptor (RXR) forms a heterodimer with PPAR and binds to the PPRE. Furthermore, the RXR ligand, 9-cis retinoic acid, enhances PPAR action. Retinoids may therefore modulate the action of peroxisome proliferators and PPAR may interfere with retinoid action, perhaps providing one mechanism to explain the toxicity of peroxisome proliferators. Interestingly, a variety of fatty acids can activate PPAR supporting the suggestion that fatty acids, or their acyl CoA derivatives, may be the natural ligands of PPAR and that the physiological role of PPAR is to regulate fatty acid homeostasis. Taken together, the discovery of PPAR has opened up new opportunities in understanding how lipid homeostasis is regulated, how the fibrate hypolipidaemic drugs may act and should lead to improvements in the assessment of human risk from peroxisome proliferators based upon a better understanding of their mechanism of action.

Capturas de cachalote frente a Paita, Perú. Julio 1957 a diciembre 1961 y enero 1968 a junio 1981

Da a conocer las fluctuaciones de la caza del recurso cachalote en el Perú durante 18 años, hasta la veda absoluta producida en julio de 1981.

Problémas de Recursos Hídricos em Ilhas - Exemplo da Ilha de Santiago - Caso da Bacia Hidrográfica da Ribeira Grande da Cidade Velha e Bacia Hidrográfica da Ribeira Seca

As ilhas de Cabo Verde elevam-se de um soco submarino, em forma de ferradura, situado a uma profundidade da ordem de 3.000 metros. Deste soco emergem três pedestais bem distintos1. A Norte, compreendendo as ilhas de St° Antão, S. Vicente, St.ª Luzia e S. Nicolau e os ilhéus Boi, Pássaros, Branco e Raso. A Leste e a Sul, com as ilhas do Sal, Boa Vista, Maio e Santiago e os ilhéus Rabo de Junco, Curral de Dadó, Fragata, Chano, Baluarte e de Santa Maria. A Oeste, compreendendo as ilhas do Fogo e da Brava e os ilhéus Grande, Luís Carneiro e de Cima (Fig. 1 - Mapa de Cabo Verde e distribuição das ilhas nos três pedestais). A formação das ilhas teria sido iniciada por uma actividade vulcânica submarina central, mais tarde completada por uma rede físsural manifestada nos afloramentos. A maior parte das ilhas é dominada por emissões de escoadas lávicas e de materiais piroclásticos (escórias, bagacinas ou "lapilli" e cinzas) subaéreos, predominantemente basálticas. O Arquipélago de Cabo Verde fica localizado na margem Oriental do Atlântico Norte, a cerca de 450 Km da Costa Ocidental da África e a cerca de 1.400 Km a SSW das Canárias, limitado pelos paralelos 17° 13' (Ponta Cais dos Fortes, Ilha de St° Antão) e 14º 48' (Ponta de Nho Martinho, Ilha Brava), de latitude Norte e pelos meridianos de 22° 42' (ilhéu Baluarte, Ilha da Boa Vista) e 25° 22' (Ponta Chã de Mangrado, Ilha de St° Antão) de longitude Oeste de Greenwich. O Arquipélago de Cabo Verde fica situado a cerca de 2.000 Km a Leste do actual "rift" da "Crista Média Atlântica" e a Oeste da zona de quietude magnética ("quite zone"), entre as isócronas dos 120 e 140 M.A., segundo Vacquier (1972), e a dos 107 e 153 M.A., segundo Haynes & Rabinowitz (1975), argumentos invocados para se considerar que as ilhas teriam sido geradas em ambiente oceânico. O Arquipélago de Cabo Verde fica situado numa região elevada do actual fundo oceânico, que faz parte da "Crista de Cabo Verde" (" Cape Verde Rise"), e que na vizinhança das ilhas corresponde a um domo com cerca de 400 Km de largura (Lancelot et al., 1977). Presume-se que um domo daquelas dimensões representa um fenómeno importante, possivelmente relacionado com descompressão e fusão parcial (Le Bas, 1980) que forneceria a fonte dos magmas que originaram as ilhas (Stillman et al., 1982). As ilhas se teriam implantado por um mecanismo do tipo "hot-spot", de acordo com alguns autores.

Is the observed persistence spurious? A test for fractional integration versus short memory and structural breaks

Although it is commonly accepted that most macroeconomic variables are nonstationary, it is often difficult to identify the source of the non-stationarity. In particular, it is well-known that integrated and short memory models containing trending components that may display sudden changes in their parameters share some statistical properties that make their identification a hard task. The goal of this paper is to extend the classical testing framework for I(1) versus I(0)+ breaks by considering a a more general class of models under the null hypothesis: non-stationary fractionally integrated (FI) processes. A similar identification problem holds in this broader setting which is shown to be a relevant issue from both a statistical and an economic perspective. The proposed test is developed in the time domain and is very simple to compute. The asymptotic properties of the new technique are derived and it is shown by simulation that it is very well-behaved in finite samples. To illustrate the usefulness of the proposed technique, an application using inflation data is also provided.

Riksdagsman Väinö Leskinen 13.10.1967

Kirje

Cambios en densidad, número y biomasa de la población de de la Concha de Abanico (Argopecten purpuratus) en la Bahía Independencia (Pisco, Perú) durante 1984-87

Se presentan los cambios de densidad y biomasa de la población de de la Concha de Abanico (Argopecten purpuratus) en Bahía Independencia. Los análisis indican que tanto la temperatura como el oxigeno han influenciado en los cambios de los niveles poblacionales.

Fil. dr Johannes Salminen 14.2.1967 Härstädes

Kirje

Helsinki 23.10.1931

Kirje

Procedimiento estandarizado de operación: Método de determinación del consumo de oxígeno en invertebrados acuáticos (PEO-IMP-CO-001)

Expone el procedimiento estándar de operación (PEO) para el método de determinación del consumo de oxígeno de invertebrados acuáticos, aplicable por los analistas de la Línea de Investigación en Ecotoxicología Acuática (LIEA). Describe el equipamiento, materiales necesarios, procedimientos de campo y laboratorio, y análisis e interpretación de los datos.