Catches of Humpback Whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, by the Soviet Union and Other Nations in the Southern Ocean, 1947–1973

From 1947 to 1973, the U.S.S.R. conducted a huge campaign of illegal whaling worldwide. We review Soviet catches of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, in the Southern Ocean during this period, with an emphasis on the International Whaling Commission’s Antarctic Management Areas IV, V, and VI (the principal regions of illegal Soviet whaling on this species, south of Australia and western Oceania). Where possible, we summarize legal and illegal Soviet catches by year, Management Area, and factory fleet, and also include information on takes by other nations. Soviet humpback catches between 1947 and 1973 totaled 48,702 and break down as follows: 649 (Area I), 1,412 (Area II), 921 (Area III), 8,779 (Area IV), 22,569 (Area V), and 7,195 (Area VI), with 7,177 catches not currently assignable to area. In all, at least 72,542 humpback whales were killed by all operations (Soviet plus other nations) after World War II in Areas IV (27,201), V (38,146), and VI (7,195). More than one-third of these (25,474 whales, of which 25,192 came from Areas V and VI) were taken in just two seasons, 1959–60 and 1960–61. The impact of these takes, and of those from Area IV in the late 1950’s, is evident in the sometimes dramatic declines in catches at shore stations in Australia, New Zealand, and at Norfolk Island. When compared to recent estimates of abundance and initial population size, the large removals from Areas IV and V indicate that the populations in these regions remain well below pre-exploitation levels despite reported strong growth rates off eastern and western Australia. Populations in many areas of Oceania continue to be small, indicating that the catches from Area VI and eastern Area V had long-term impacts on recovery.

O prazo decadencial das contribuições especiais, a edição da Súmula Vinculante n 08/2008 e a polêmica na modulação de seus efeitos

No presente trabalho foram analisadas a natureza jurídica das contribuições especiais, suas hipóteses de validação constitucional como seu critério de distinção perante as demais espécies tributárias, bem como a correta determinação do prazo decadencial a elas estabelecido pelo art 146 do Código Tributário Nacional (CTN), especialmente em face da inconstitucionalidade do art 45 da Lei n 8.212/91 declarada através da Súmula Vinculante n 08/2008. Também foram abordadas as correntes doutrinárias favoráveis e contrárias à possibilidade da restrição dos efeitos das decisões de inconstitucionalidade das normas tributárias, bem como realizada a crítica à modulação dos efeitos da SV n 08/2008, que culminou por limitar a repetição do indébito das contribuições irregularmente constituídas apenas àqueles contribuintes que haviam se insurgido contra seu pagamento, administrativa ou judicialmente, até a data de 11/06/2008.

Toward a Rational Seafood Trade Policy

With a record trade deficit of almost $146 billion in 1986, and continued high deficits in 1987, there is growing concern about how continued deficits will affect the U. S. economy. Because fishery products had a record $6.3 billion deficit in 1986, the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has made the reduction of the fisheries trade deficit one of its top priorities. A recent NMFS trade objective was to "increase exports and domestic consumption of U.S. fishery products" which would lead to a reduction in the trade deficit. In this paper we explore this policy in terms of practicality and desirability.