Maxima, un sistema libre de cálculo simbólico y numérico

Dentro del contexto de las TIC aplicadas a la enseñanza de las matemáticas, se propone la introducción del sistema libre de cálculo simbólico Maxima, inicialmente desarrollado en el MIT. Maxima ofrece a estudiantes, profesores y profesionales un amplio conjunto de herramientas de cálculo, tanto simbólico como numérico, así como capacidades avanzadas de representación gráfica y un lenguaje de programación sencillo de aprender. También se incluyen ejemplos de actividades de aula reales.

Máquinas y maquinaciones

El próximo mes de junio cerraré, al menos por el momento, esta sección y me gustaría despedirme con el relato de una historia muy especial. A lo largo de casi treinta años de profesión he ido guardado en un arcón, como los piratas de antaño, un montón de joyas encontradas en mis travesías matemáticas, logrando acumular un botín bastante suculento. Una de mis piezas favoritas es esta historia, una historia que ojalá me hubiesen contado cuando me enseñaron por primera vez los rudimentos del álgebra lineal. De hecho, si hoy tuviese que impartir clase de álgebra lineal en bachillerato o en un primer curso de cualquier carrera científica o técnica y se me permitiese hacerlo a mi manera, articularía mis clases en torno a esta historia. Sus distintos episodios, todos ellos verídicos, me han ido llegando a través de los años de la mano del matemático Mario Fernández Barberá, del escultor José Luis Alexanco y del poeta Ramón Mayrata.

Experiencias sobre la aproximación intuitiva en geometría. Una aproximación al número Pi en la ESO

En este artículo se presentan algunas experiencias sobre la aproximación intuitiva en geometría y sus implicaciones en el cálculo aproximado del número pi en la ESO. El proceso se gradúa en torno a cuatro actividades. En las dos primeras se aproxima experimentalmente el número Pi y se pretende descubrir el grado de móviles de los alumnos para enfrentarse, desde el punto de vista intuitivo, a los procesos geométricos de aproximación. En las dos últimas se hace una estimación de Pi, en un caso encontrando una secuencia de números irracionales convergente a ese número, y el otro, a partir de una simplificación del método utilizado por Arquímedes, que permite además dar una demostración diferente de la habitual.

Estrategias utilizadas en la traducción del lenguaje natural al lenguaje algebraico

En esta comunicación presentamos parte de los resultados obtenidos en las investigaciones realizadas dentro de Planes Nacionales de Investigación Educativa del C.I.D.E. durante los cursos 1987-88 y 1988-89, que trataban de averiguar las dificultades del aprendizaje del álgebra en secundaria. El objetivo inicial de este trabajo era estudiar las dificultades planteadas en la resolución de problemas de enunciado verbal en los que se utiliza una ecuación de primer grado o un sistema lineal de dos ecuaciones con dos incógnitas, ya que considerabamos, como la mayoría de los profesores lo hace, que la mayor dificultad presentada en álgebra estaba en la resolución de estos problemas.

Una forma distinta para hallar la distancia de un punto a una recta

La siguiente propuesta nace de la iniciativa de compartir con los colegas, una prueba formal de un resultado que nos permite hallar la distancia de un punto a una recta. El resultado se diferencia de la relación típica abordada en los libros de álgebra lineal, y su demostración se basa únicamente en conceptos de matemática básica.

Relations, residuals, regular interiors, and relative regular equivalence

Given a relation α (a binary sociogram) and an a priori equivalence relation π, both on the same set of individuals, it is interesting to look for the largest equivalence πo that is contained in and is regular with respect to α. The equivalence relation πo is called the regular interior of π with respect to α. The computation of πo involves the left and right residuals, a concept that generalized group inverses to the algebra of relations. A polynomial-time procedure is presented (Theorem 11) and illustrated with examples. In particular, the regular interior gives meet in the lattice of regular equivalences: the regular meet of regular equivalences is the regular interior of their intersection. Finally, the concept of relative regular equivalence is defined and compared with regular equivalence.

SK1-like functors for division algebras

We investigate the group valued functor G(D) = D*/F*D' where D is a division algebra with center F and D' the commutator subgroup of D*. We show that G has the most important functorial properties of the reduced Whitehead group SK1. We then establish a fundamental connection between this group, its residue version, and relative value group when D is a Henselian division algebra. The structure of G(D) turns out to carry significant information about the arithmetic of D. Along these lines, we employ G(D) to compute the group SK1(D). As an application, we obtain theorems of reduced K-theory which require heavy machinery, as simple examples of our method.

Reduced K-theory for Azumaya algebras

Abstract In the theory of central simple algebras, often we are dealing with abelian groups which arise from the kernel or co-kernel of functors which respect transfer maps (for example K-functors). Since a central simple algebra splits and the functors above are “trivial” in the split case, one can prove certain calculus on these functors. The common examples are kernel or co-kernel of the maps Ki(F)?Ki(D), where Ki are Quillen K-groups, D is a division algebra and F its center, or the homotopy fiber arising from the long exact sequence of above map, or the reduced Whitehead group SK1. In this note we introduce an abstract functor over the category of Azumaya algebras which covers all the functors mentioned above and prove the usual calculus for it. This, for example, immediately shows that K-theory of an Azumaya algebra over a local ring is “almost” the same as K-theory of the base ring. The main result is to prove that reduced K-theory of an Azumaya algebra over a Henselian ring coincides with reduced K-theory of its residue central simple algebra. The note ends with some calculation trying to determine the homotopy fibers mentioned above.

K1 of Chevalley groups are nilpotent

Abstract Let F be a reduced irreducible root system and R be a commutative ring. Further, let G(F,R) be a Chevalley group of type F over R and E(F,R) be its elementary subgroup. We prove that if the rank of F is at least 2 and the Bass-Serre dimension of R is finite, then the quotient G(F,R)/E(F,R) is nilpotent by abelian. In particular, when G(F,R) is simply connected the quotient K1(F,R)=G(F,R)/E(F,R) is nilpotent. This result was previously established by Bak for the series A1 and by Hazrat for C1 and D1. As in the above papers we use the localisation-completion method of Bak, with some technical simplifications.

On subspace lattices II. Continuity of Lat

We study the continuity of the map Lat sending an ultraweakly closed operator algebra to its invariant subspace lattice. We provide an example showing that Lat is in general discontinuous and give sufficient conditions for the restricted continuity of this map. As consequences we obtain that Lat is continuous on the classes of von Neumann and Arveson algebras and give a general approximative criterion for reflexivity, which extends Arvesonâ??s theorem on the reflexivity of commutative subspace lattices.

On subspace lattices I. Closedness type properties and tensor products

We study properties of subspace lattices related to the continuity of the map Lat and the notion of reflexivity. We characterize various “closedness” properties in different ways and give the hierarchy between them. We investigate several properties related to tensor products of subspace lattices and show that the tensor product of the projection lattices of two von Neumann algebras, one of which is injective, is reflexive.

Spectrally bounded operators from von Neumann algebras

We prove that every unital spectrally bounded operator from a properly infinite von Neumann algebra onto a semisimple Banach algebra is a Jordan homomorphism.

Welfare Effort and Poverty from the Monetary and Capabilities Approach: A Cross-Country Analysis in Latin American and the Caribbean (1990-2010)

There is abundant empirical evidence on the negative relationship between welfare effort and poverty. However, poverty indicators traditionally used have been representative of the monetary approach, excluding its multidimensional reality from the analysis. Using three regression techniques for the period 1990-2010 and controlling for demographic and cyclical factors, this paper examines the relationship between social spending per capita —as the indicator of welfare effort— and poverty in up to 21 countries of the region. The proportion of the population with an income below its national basic basket of goods and services (PM1) and the proportion of population with an income below 50% of the median income per capita (PM2) were the two poverty indicators considered from the monetarist approach to measure poverty. From the capability approach the proportion of the population with food inadequacy (PC1) and the proportion of the population without access to improved water sources or sanitation facilities (PC2) were used. The fi ndings confi rm that social spending is actually useful to explain changes in poverty (PM1, PC1 and PC2), as there is a high negative and signifi cant correlation between the variables before and after controlling for demographic and cyclical factors. In two regression techniques, social spending per capita did not show a negative relationship with the PM2. Countries with greater welfare effort for the period 1990-2010 were not necessarily those with the lowest level of poverty. Ultimately social spending per capita was more useful to explain changes in poverty from the capability approach.