A New Prediction Model for Slope Stability Analysis

The instability of river bank can result in considerable human and land losses. The Po river is the most important in Italy, characterized by main banks of significant and constantly increasing height. This study presents multilayer perceptron of artificial neural network (ANN) to construct prediction models for the stability analysis of river banks along the Po River, under various river and groundwater boundary conditions. For this aim, a number of networks of threshold logic unit are tested using different combinations of the input parameters. Factor of safety (FS), as an index of slope stability, is formulated in terms of several influencing geometrical and geotechnical parameters. In order to obtain a comprehensive geotechnical database, several cone penetration tests from the study site have been interpreted. The proposed models are developed upon stability analyses using finite element code over different representative sections of river embankments. For the validity verification, the ANN models are employed to predict the FS values of a part of the database beyond the calibration data domain. The results indicate that the proposed ANN models are effective tools for evaluating the slope stability. The ANN models notably outperform the derived multiple linear regression models.

Observability of high density tracing molecular lines in lensed galaxies with the Atacama large millimeter array

Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è indagare le capacità di ALMA di osservare il continuo e le righe molecolari di emissione di HCN, HCO+ e HNC, in galassie lensate ad alto z, nelle prime fasi della loro formazione. Per farlo vengono utilizzate osservazioni ALMA di righe di emissione molecolare, relative a dati pubblici di Ciclo 0. Queste osservazioni vengono utilizzate per simulare in modo realistico l’emissione da parte di galassie ad alto z e la risposta osservativa del telescopio, assumendo diverse possibili geometrie di lensing. Inoltre le recenti osservazioni ALMA sono state utilizzate per aggiornare le relazioni già esistenti tra la luminosità FIR e la luminosità delle righe molecolari. Queste recenti osservazioni con maggiore sensibilità e risoluzione angolare, sembrano essere in buon accordo con le precedenti osservazioni. Per realizzare questo progetto di tesi, sono stati scaricati dall’archivio ALMA i dati non calibrati relativi a due sorgenti ben studiate: NGC1614, rappresentativa delle galassie di tipo starburst ed IRAS 20551-4250, un AGN oscurato. Il processo di calibrazione è stato ripetuto per esaminare le proprietà dei cubi di dati utilizzando il pacchetto Common Astronomy Software Applications (CASA). Le righe spettrali osservate e l’emissione del continuo sono state successivamente estrapolate ad alto z riscalando adeguatamente le distanze, le dimensioni delle sorgenti e le frequenze di emissione. In seguito è stato applicato un modello di lensing gravitazionale basato su quello di Lapi et al. (2012). Sono state considerate diverse configurazioni tra lente e sorgente per ottenere diverse geometrie delle immagini e diversi fattori di amplificazione. Infine stato utilizzato il software CASA per simulare le osservazioni ALMA in modo da verificare le capacità osservative del telescopio al variare della geometria del sistema. Per ogni riga molecolare e per l’emissione del continuo sono state determinate la sensibilit e la risoluzione che possono essere raggiunte con le osservazioni ALMA e sono state analizzate alcune strategie osservative per effettuare survey di righe spettrali in oggetti lensati. Inoltre stata analizzata la possibilit di caratterizzare oggetti starburst ed AGN dai rapporti tra le righe di emissione delle molecole traccianti di alta densit. Le prestazioni di ALMA consentiranno di distinguere e stimare i contributi relativi di SB ed AGN in galassie lensate a z > 2.5, quindi vicine alla loro presunta epoca di formazione (Lapi et al. 2010), in meno di 5 minuti di osservazione per qualsiasi fattore di magnificazione. Nel presente lavoro sono state inoltre discusse alcune strategie osservative per condurre survey o followup per osservare le righe di HCN(4-3), HCO+(4-3) e HNC(4-3) in galassie lensate a redshift 2.5 < z < 3, dimostrando che sono possibili per campioni statisticamente significativi in tempi relativamente brevi.

Roman aqueducts and calcareous sinter deposits as a proxy for environmental changes

Die im Süden der Türkei gelegen, antiken Städte Aspendos und Patara, waren in der Römerzeit zwei bedeutende Handelszentren mit hoher Bevölkerungsdichte. Aquädukte versorgten beide Städte mit carbonathaltigem Wasser, wobei sich Kalksinter (Calciumcarbonat) in der Kanalrinne ablagerte. Dabei lagern sich im Wechsel eine hellere und dunklere Kalksinterlage ab, die als Sinterpaar bezeichnet wird. Um die Entstehung dieser Sinterpaare besser zu verstehen, und die beteiligten Prozesse mit saisonalen Veränderungen der Umwelt zu korrelieren, werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit laminierten Sinterablagerungen mit geochemischen und petrographischen Methoden untersucht.rnEntlang der Kanalrinne beider Aquädukte wurden an mehreren Stellen Proben entnommen. Es wurde untersucht in wieweit sich die Sinterstruktur aufgrund von Änderungen in der Neigung des Wasserkanals oder des Kanaltyps ändert. Um die Kristallform und die kristallografische Orientierung der Kristalle innerhalb der verschiedenen Sinterpaare zu untersuchen, wurden die entnommenen laminierten Kalksinterablagerungen mit Hilfe optischer Mikroskopie und EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction) analysiert. Der Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer (EPMA) wurde verwendet, um saisonale Schwankungen der Hauptelementverteilung und den Anteil der stabilen Isotope im Wasser zu bestimmen. Die LA-ICP-MS (Laser Ablation-induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma-Massenspektrometrie) Spurenelementanalyse wurde durchgeführt, um kleinste Schwankungen der Spurenelemente zu finden. Basierend auf diesen Analysen wurde festgestellt, dass laminierten Kalksinterablagerungen laterale Änderungen in der Aquäduktstruktur und -neigung, jahreszeitliche Änderungen der Wasserchemie, der Temperatur sowie der Entgasungsrate während eines Jahres widerspiegeln. Die Kalksinterablagerungen zeigen eine deutliche Laminierung in Form von feinkörnig-porösen und grobkörnig-dichten Schichten, die trockene und nasse Jahreszeiten anzeigen. Feinkörnige Schichten zeigen eine hohe Epifluoreszenz aufgrund reichhaltiger organischer Inhalte, die vermutlich eine Folge der bakteriellen Aktivität während der warmen und trockenen Jahreszeit sind. Stabile Sauerstoff und Kohlenstoff-Isotop-Kurven entsprechen auch den jahreszeitlichen Schwankungen der verschiedenen Schichtenpaare. Vor allem δ 18O spiegelt jährliche Veränderungen in der Temperatur und jahreszeitliche Veränderungen des Abflusses wieder. Das wichtigste Ergebnis ist, dass die Periodizität von δ 18O durch Erwärmen des Wassers im Wasserkanal und nicht durch die Verdunstung oder der Brunnenwasser-Charakteristik verursacht wird. Die Periodizität von δ 13C ist komplexer Natur, vor allem zeigen δ 18O und δ 13C eine Antikorrelation entlang der Lamellenpaare. Dies wird wohl vor allem durch Entgasungsprozesse im Aquädukt verursacht. Die Ergebnisse der Spurenelemente sind meist inkonsistent und zeigen keine signifikanten Veränderungen in den verschiedenen Lamellenpaaren. Die Isotope Mg, Sr und Ba zeigen hingegen bei einigen Proben eine positive Korrelation und erreichen Höchstwerte innerhalb feinkörnig-poröser Schichten. Auch sind die Hauptelementwerte von Fe, K, Si und anderer detritischer Elemente innerhalb der feinkörnige-porösen Schichten maximal. Eine genaue Datierung der Kalksinterablagerungen ist wünschenswert, da der Zeitraum, in dem die Aquädukte aktiv waren, bereits archäologisch auf 200-300 Jahre festgelegt wurde. Paläomagnetische und 14C-Datierung geben keine brauchbare Ergebnisse. Die U/Th Isotopie wird durch eine hohe Anfangskonzentration von Th in den Proben behindert. Trotz dieser Schwierigkeiten war eine U/Th Datierung an einem Testbeispiel des Béziers Aquädukt erfolgreich. Mit Hilfe von analogen Untersuchungen an aktiven Wasserkanälen der heutigen Zeit, werden die Ablagerungsmechanismen und die geochemische Entwicklung der laminierten Sinterschichten besser verstanden. Ein weiteres laufendes Projekt dieser Doktorarbeit ist die Überwachung von Sinterabscheidungen und der saisonale Zusammensetzung des Wassers an einigen heute noch aktiven Aquädukten. Das Ziel ist die Untersuchung der jetzigen Calciumcarbonatabscheidungen in Aquäduktkanälen unter den heutigen Umgebungsbedingungen. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen, dass kleine regelmäßige jahreszeitliche Veränderungen in der Isotopenzusammensetzung des Wassers vorliegen, und dass die beobachtete Periodizität der stabilen Isotope aufgrund von Änderungen im eigentlichen Kanal entstanden ist. Die Untersuchung von Kalksinterablagerungen in römischen Aquädukten liefern vielversprechende Ergebnisse, für die Untersuchung des Paläöklimas, der Archaeoseismologie und anderer Umweltbedingungen in der Römerzeit. Diese Studie beschränkt sich auf zwei Aquädukte. Die Untersuchungen weiterer Aquädukte und einer Überwachung, der noch in Betrieb stehenden Aquädukte werden genauere Ergebnisse liefern.

Lateral spreading and associated slope processes in fractured rock slabs

Landslides of the lateral spreading type, involving brittle geological units overlying ductile terrains, are a common occurrence in the sandstone and limestone plateaux of the northern Apennines of Italy. These instability phenomena can become particularly risky, when historical towns and cultural heritage sites built on the top of them are endangered. Neverthless, the mechanisms controlling the developing of related instabilities, i.e. toppling and rock falls, at the edges of rock plateaux are not fully understood yet. In addition, the groundwater flow path developing at the contact between the more permeable units, i.e. the jointed rock slab, and the relatively impermeable clay-rich units have not been already studied in details, even if they may play a role in this kind of instability processes, acting as eventual predisposing and/or triggering factors. Field survey, Terrestrial Laser Scanner and Close Range Photogrammetry techniques, laboratory tests on the involved materials, hydrogeological monitoring and modelling, displacements evaluation and stability analysis through continuum and discontinuum numerical codes have been performed on the San Leo case study, with the aim to bring further insights for the understanding and the assessment of the slope processes taking place in this geological context. The current research permitted to relate the aquifer behaviour of the rocky slab to slope instability processes. The aquifer hosted in the fractured slab leads to the development of perennial and ephemeral springs at the contact between the two units. The related piping erosion phenomena, together with slope processes in the clay-shales led to the progressive undermining of the slab. The cliff becomes progressively unstable due to undermining and undergoes large-scale landslides due to fall or topple.

Improving prehospital trauma management for skiers and snowboarders - need for on-slope triage?

Background Injuries from skiing and snowboarding became a major challenge for emergency care providers in Switzerland. In the alpine setting, early assessment of injury and health status is essential for the initiation of adequate means of care and transport. Nevertheless, validated standardized protocols for on-slope triage are missing. This article can assist in understanding the characteristics of injured winter sportsmen and exigencies for future on-slope triage protocols. Methods Six-year review of trauma cases in a tertiary trauma centre. Consecutive inclusion of all injured skiers and snowboarders aged >15 (total sample) years with predefined, severe injury to the head, spine, chest, pelvis or abdomen (study sample) presenting at or being transferred to the study hospital. Descriptive analysis of age, gender and injury pattern. Results Amongst 729 subjects (total sample) injured from skiing or snowboarding, 401 (55%, 54% of skiers and 58% of snowboarders) suffered from isolated limb injury. Amongst the remaining 328 subjects (study sample), the majority (78%) presented with monotrauma. In the study sample, injury to the head (52%) and spine (43%) was more frequent than injury to the chest (21%), pelvis (8%), and abdomen (5%). The three most frequent injury combinations were head/spine (10% of study sample), head/thorax (9%), and spine/thorax (6%). Fisher's exact test demonstrated an association for injury combinations of head/thorax (p < 0.001), head/abdomen (p = 0.019), and thorax/abdomen (p < 0.001). Conclusion The data presented and the findings from previous investigations indicate the need for development of dedicated on-slope triage protocols. Future research must address the validity and practicality of diagnostic on-slope tests for rapid decision making by both professional and lay first responders. Thus, large-scale and detailed injury surveillance is the future research priority.

Modulation of NF-kappaB activation in Theileria annulata-infected cloned cell lines is associated with detection of parasite-dependent IKK signalosomes and disruption of the actin cytoskeleton

Summary Apicomplexan parasites within the genus Theileria have the ability to induce continuous proliferation and prevent apoptosis of the infected bovine leukocyte. Protection against apoptosis involves constitutive activation of the bovine transcription factor NF-kappaB in a parasite-dependent manner. Activation of NF-kappaB is thought to involve recruitment of IKK signalosomes at the surface of the macroschizont stage of the parasite, and it has been postulated that additional host proteins with adaptor or scaffolding function may be involved in signalosome formation. In this study two clonal cell lines were identified that show marked differences in the level of activated NF-kappaB. Further characterization of these lines demonstrated that elevated levels of activated NF-kappaB correlated with increased resistance to cell death and detection of parasite-associated IKK signalosomes, supporting results of our previous studies. Evidence was also provided for the existence of host- and parasite-dependent NF-kappaB activation pathways that are influenced by the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton. Despite this influence, it appears that the primary event required for formation of the parasite-dependent IKK signalosome is likely to be an interaction between a signalosome component and a parasite-encoded surface ligand.

Effects of daunorubicin, mitomycin C, azathioprine and cyclosporin A on human retinal pigmented epithelial, corneal endothelial and conjunctival cell lines

BACKGROUND: We wished to investigate the toxicity of four immunosuppressant and antimetabolic drugs, which are known to influence postoperative wound healing, on three different human ocular cell lines. METHODS: Acute toxicity to cyclosporin A, azathioprine, mitomicyn C and daunorubicin was assessed in Chang cells by monitoring their uptake of propidium iodide during a 3-h period. Chronic toxicity was assessed by monitoring the proliferation and viability of subconfluent cultures of Chang cells, human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) and retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells after continuous exposure to the drugs for 7 days. RESULTS: Acute toxicity testing revealed no obvious effects. However, the chronic toxicity tests disclosed a narrow concentration range over which cell proliferation decreased dramatically but calcein metabolism was sustained. Although the three lines reacted similarly to each agent, HCECs were the most vulnerable to daunorubicin and mitomycin. At a daunorubicin concentration of 0.05 microg/ml, a 75% decrease in calcein metabolism (P < 0.001) and a > or = 95% cell loss (P < 0.001) were observed. At a mitomycin concentration of 0.01 mug/ml, cell density decreased by 61% (P < 0.001) without a change in calcein metabolism, but at 0.1 microg/ml, the latter parameter decreased to 12% (P = 0.00014). At this concentration the proliferation of Chang and RPE cells decreased by more than 50%, whilst calcein metabolism was largely sustained. Cyclosporin inhibited cell proliferation moderately at lower concentrations (< 5 microg/ml; P=0.05) and substantially at higher ones, with a corresponding decline in calcein metabolism. Azathioprine induced a profound decrease in both parameters at concentrations above 5 microg/ml. CONCLUSION: Daunorubicin, cyclosporin and azathioprine could be used to inhibit excessive intraocular scarring after glaucoma and vitreoretinal surgery without overly reducing cell viability. The attributes of immunosuppressants lie in their combined antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects.

Gene expression profiling reveals consistent differences between clinical samples of human leukaemias and their model cell lines

Microarray gene expression profiles of fresh clinical samples of chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase, acute promyelocytic leukaemia and acute monocytic leukaemia were compared with profiles from cell lines representing the corresponding types of leukaemia (K562, NB4, HL60). In a hierarchical clustering analysis, all clinical samples clustered separately from the cell lines, regardless of leukaemic subtype. Gene ontology analysis showed that cell lines chiefly overexpressed genes related to macromolecular metabolism, whereas in clinical samples genes related to the immune response were abundantly expressed. These findings must be taken into consideration when conclusions from cell line-based studies are extrapolated to patients.