Career barriers influencing career success: A focus on academics’ perceptions and experiences

Purpose – Few research has addressed the factors that undermine people’s subjective perceptions of career success. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to further illuminate the issue of career barriers in perceptions of career success for a specific group of professionals: academics. Design/methodology/approach – This study adopts an interpretative-social constructionist methodology. Complementarily, it was employed a phenomenological method in data gathering and analysis – with the use of in-depth interviews and a theme analysis. The research was undertaken with a group of 87 Portuguese academics of both sexes and in different stages of their academic careers. Findings – The findings pinpoint the existence of multi-level barriers encountered by the academics when trying to succeed in their careers. The interviewees mentioned particularly the organizational-professional career barriers pertaining to three general themes: poor collegiality and workplace relationships; the lack of organizational support and employment precariousness; and the career progression standards and expectations. At the individual life cycle level the interviewees referred to the theme of finding balance; at the same time, the gender structure was also a theme mentioned as an important career barrier in career success, particularly by the women interviewed. Research limitations/implications – One of the limitations of this research is related to the impossibility of generalizability of its findings for the general population. Nevertheless, the researcher provides enough detail that grants the reader with the ability to judge of its similarity to other research contexts. Practical implications – This research highlights the role played by distinct career barriers for a specific professional group: academics. This has implications for higher education policy-makers and for human resources managers in higher education institutions. Originality/value – The current study extends the literature on career success by offering detailed anecdotal evidence on how negative work experiences might hinder career success. This research shows that to understand career barriers to success it is useful to consider multi-level factors: organizational-level factors (e.g. poor collegiality and workplace relationships); individual-level factors (e.g. life-cycle factors such as age/career stage); and structural-level factors (e.g. gender).

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Aspectos bioquímicos y celulares de la reproducción de los vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas: regulación e importancia fisiológica. Biochemical and cellular aspects of the reproduction of Chagas’ disease vectors: regulation and physiologycal impact

En la hipótesis de trabajo del presente proyecto se considera la importancia del metabolismo de lípidos y proteínas en los insectos hematófagos, en particular en los vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas, para afrontar exitosamente la demanda energética de la reproducción. Las hembras de estas especies pueden ingerir una comida de sangre abundante en lípidos y proteínas, los que son modificados en el intestino para su utilización y posterior almacenamiento en estructuras organizadas en el tejido ovárico, sustentando así el rápido crecimiento de los ovocitos. Estos aspectos resultan críticos para el ciclo de vida del insecto y para el mantenimiento de la cadena epidemiológica de la enfermedad. En estas especies, recientemente hemos caracterizado a nivel bioquímico y celular la interacción entre lipoproteínas y tejidos [Fruttero y col., Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 39: 322-331 (2009); Fruttero y col. Biocel 33 (3): 260 (2009)] y las fases del ciclo reproductivo [Aguirre y col., J. Insect Physiol. 54: 393-402 (2008)]. No obstante, los factores que participan en su regulación son aún escasamente conocidos. En este contexto, el estudio propone emplear dos especies de triatominos con el objeto de: (1) caracterizar los factores involucrados en la formación y regulación de reservas nutricionales en los ovocitos; (2) analizar los eventos que participan en la regresión del tejido ovárico: atresia folicular y mecanismos de muerte celular. (3) evaluar el impacto de productos naturales (ureasas vegetales y péptidos derivados) en el desarrollo del tejido ovárico. Para la ejecución de los objetivos se llevarán a cabo ensayos in vivo e in vitro con trazadores fluorescentes, fraccionamiento subcelular, estudios de expresión de proteínas (mRNA y proteína), estudios histo-morfológicos, ultraestructurales e inmunocitoquímicos, microscopía láser confocalizada, ensayos de actividad enzimática, ELISA, western-blot, electroforesis bidimensional, espectrometria de masas en tándem, etc. También se evaluarán los mecanismos de muerte celular (apoptosis/autofagia) mediante microscopía electrónica, detección de apoptosis in situ (TUNEL), inmunofluorescencia, etc. Los resultados obtenidos permitirán un mejor conocimiento sobre la fisiología y bioquímica de estos vectores, los que resultan indispensables en el diseño de nuevas estrategias para su control. Debido a la carencia de un tratamiento específico para la enfermedad y a la falta de métodos preventivos (vacuna), el control del vector es una de las vías más importantes para reducir la incidencia de la enfermedad. Actualmente, la situación socio-económica que sufren amplios núcleos de nuestra población propicia condiciones de vida que facilitan la reproducción de los vectores y la transmisión vectorial del parásito. El estudio permitirá además explorar aspectos bioquímicos y celulares básicos, generando conocimientos que podrían ser extensivos a otros insectos de importancia económica en la ganadería y/o agricultura. The aim of this project is to analyze the biochemical and cellular events involved in the lipid and protein metabolism in Chagas' disease vectors, and to evaluate their impact on the physiology of reproduction, particularly in the formation of nutritional resources in developing oocytes. At present, little is known about these critical aspects for the life cycle of the insect and for the epidemiology of the disease. The experimental approaches, which will be carried out using two species of triatomines, were designed: (1) to characterize factors involved in the formation and regulation of nutritional resources in developing oocytes; (2) to analyze the biochemical and cellular events that play a role during the regression of ovarian tissue, including the processes of oocyte resorption and programmed cell death. (3) to evaluate the impact of natural products (ureases from jackbean and related peptides) in the development of ovarian tissue. Methods and techniques involved in the project are: in vivo and in vitro assays with fluorescent tracers, ELISA, chemical assays, enzyme activities, western-blot; protein expression (mRNA), histological techniques, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Cell death will be analyzed by detection of apoptosis in situ (TUNEL), immunofluorescence (for autophagy), among others. The results obtained from the study will offer the opportunity to explore important aspects in the biology and physiology of Chagas' disease vectors that could be of potential utility in designing alternative strategies for the control of the insect.