Gestão ambiental na indústria da cortiça

Nas últimas décadas tem-se verificado uma degradação contínua do meio ambiente, intensificada pela produção em massa das indústrias, aliado a um crescente consumismo da sociedade. Atualmente, as organizações e a sociedade civil demonstram uma crescente preocupação com os problemas ambientais, é neste contexto que surgem as questões associadas aos sistemas de gestão ambiental (SGA), como forma de integrar as preocupações das organizações com a proteção do ambiente. O presente projeto, realizado no âmbito do estágio curricular do Mestrado de Engenharia do Ambiente, pretende explorar e servir de apoio na implementação e desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Gestão Ambiental em duas Unidades Industriais da Amorim & Irmãos, S.A. Para o cumprimento dos objetivos do projeto foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica da temática Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental, que possibilitou alargar o conhecimento sobre o tema do estágio. A segunda fase do trabalho consistiu na integração nos processos e infraestruturas da empresa. A terceira fase incluiu a realização dos trabalhos práticos necessários para a implementação e desenvolvimento dos Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental. Tendo em conta a metodologia seguida conclui-se que a realização este projeto foi muito vantajosa para todas as partes envolvidas, tendo contribuído: para um grande avanço na implementação e desenvolvimento dos Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental nas duas Unidades Industriais, permitindo assim melhorar os seus desempenhos ambientais; para a aquisição e consolidação de conhecimentos na área e proporcionou uma experiencia que será benéfica no envolvimento de um projeto desta natureza.

Functional alkali tantalate 2D structures for microelectronics and related applications

Alkali tantalates and niobates, including K(Ta / Nb)O3, Li(Ta / Nb)O3 and Na(Ta / Nb)O3, are a very promising ferroic family of lead-free compounds with perovskite-like structures. Their versatile properties make them potentially interesting for current and future application in microelectronics, photocatalysis, energy and biomedics. Among them potassium tantalate, KTaO3 (KTO), has been raising interest as an alternative for the well-known strontium titanate, SrTiO3 (STO). KTO is a perovskite oxide with a quantum paraelectric behaviour when electrically stimulated and a highly polarizable lattice, giving opportunity to tailor its properties via external or internal stimuli. However problems related with the fabrication of either bulk or 2D nanostructures makes KTO not yet a viable alternative to STO. Within this context and to contribute scientifically to the leverage tantalate based compounds applications, the main goals of this thesis are: i) to produce and characterise thin films of alkali tantalates by chemical solution deposition on rigid Si based substrates, at reduced temperatures to be compatible with Si technology, ii) to fulfil scientific knowledge gaps in these relevant functional materials related to their energetics and ii) to exploit alternative applications for alkali tantalates, as photocatalysis. In what concerns the synthesis attention was given to the understanding of the phase formation in potassium tantalate synthesized via distinct routes, to control the crystallization of desired perovskite structure and to avoid low temperature pyrochlore or K-deficient phases. The phase formation process in alkali tantalates is far from being deeply analysed, as in the case of Pb-containing perovskites, therefore the work was initially focused on the process-phase relationship to identify the driving forces responsible to regulate the synthesis. Comparison of phase formation paths in conventional solid-state reaction and sol-gel method was conducted. The structural analyses revealed that intermediate pyrochlore K2Ta2O6 structure is not formed at any stage of the reaction using conventional solid-state reaction. On the other hand in the solution based processes, as alkoxide-based route, the crystallization of the perovskite occurs through the intermediate pyrochlore phase; at low temperatures pyrochlore is dominant and it is transformed to perovskite at >800 °C. The kinetic analysis carried out by using Johnson-MehlAvrami-Kolmogorow model and quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that in sol-gel derived powders the crystallization occurs in two stages: i) at early stage of the reaction dominated by primary nucleation, the mechanism is phase-boundary controlled, and ii) at the second stage the low value of Avrami exponent, n ~ 0.3, does not follow any reported category, thus not permitting an easy identification of the mechanism. Then, in collaboration with Prof. Alexandra Navrotsky group from the University of California at Davis (USA), thermodynamic studies were conducted, using high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. The enthalpies of formation of three structures: pyrochlore, perovskite and tetragonal tungsten bronze K6Ta10.8O30 (TTB) were calculated. The enthalpies of formation from corresponding oxides, ∆Hfox, for KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 and K6Ta10.8O30 are -203.63 ± 2.84 kJ/mol, - 358.02 ± 3.74 kJ/mol, and -1252.34 ± 10.10 kJ/mol, respectively, whereas from elements, ∆Hfel, for KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 and K6Ta10.8O30 are -1408.96 ± 3.73 kJ/mol, -2790.82 ± 6.06 kJ/mol, and -13393.04 ± 31.15 kJ/mol, respectively. The possible decomposition reactions of K-deficient KTa2.2O6 pyrochlore to KTaO3 perovskite and Ta2O5 (reaction 1) or to TTB K6Ta10.8O30 and Ta2O5 (reaction 2) were proposed, and the enthalpies were calculated to be 308.79 ± 4.41 kJ/mol and 895.79 ± 8.64 kJ/mol for reaction 1 and reaction 2, respectively. The reactions are strongly endothermic, indicating that these decompositions are energetically unfavourable, since it is unlikely that any entropy term could override such a large positive enthalpy. The energetic studies prove that pyrochlore is energetically more stable phase than perovskite at low temperature. Thus, the local order of the amorphous precipitates drives the crystallization into the most favourable structure that is the pyrochlore one with similar local organization; the distance between nearest neighbours in the amorphous or short-range ordered phase is very close to that in pyrochlore. Taking into account the stoichiometric deviation in KTO system, the selection of the most appropriate fabrication / deposition technique in thin films technology is a key issue, especially concerning complex ferroelectric oxides. Chemical solution deposition has been widely reported as a processing method to growth KTO thin films, but classical alkoxide route allows to crystallize perovskite phase at temperatures >800 °C, while the temperature endurance of platinized Si wafers is ~700 °C. Therefore, alternative diol-based routes, with distinct potassium carboxylate precursors, was developed aiming to stabilize the precursor solution, to avoid using toxic solvents and to decrease the crystallization temperature of the perovskite phase. Studies on powders revealed that in the case of KTOac (solution based on potassium acetate), a mixture of perovskite and pyrochlore phases is detected at temperature as low as 450 °C, and gradual transformation into monophasic perovskite structure occurs as temperature increases up to 750 °C, however the desired monophasic KTaO3 perovskite phase is not achieved. In the case of KTOacac (solution with potassium acetylacetonate), a broad peak is detected at temperatures <650 °C, characteristic of amorphous structures, while at higher temperatures diffraction lines from pyrochlore and perovskite phases are visible and a monophasic perovskite KTaO3 is formed at >700 °C. Infrared analysis indicated that the differences are due to a strong deformation of the carbonate-based structures upon heating. A series of thin films of alkali tantalates were spin-coated onto Si-based substrates using diol-based routes. Interestingly, monophasic perovskite KTaO3 films deposited using KTOacac solution were obtained at temperature as low as 650 °C; films were annealed in rapid thermal furnace in oxygen atmosphere for 5 min with heating rate 30 °C/sec. Other compositions of the tantalum based system as LiTaO3 (LTO) and NaTaO3 (NTO), were successfully derived as well, onto Si substrates at 650 °C as well. The ferroelectric character of LTO at room temperature was proved. Some of dielectric properties of KTO could not be measured in parallel capacitor configuration due to either substrate-film or filmelectrode interfaces. Thus, further studies have to be conducted to overcome this issue. Application-oriented studies have also been conducted; two case studies: i) photocatalytic activity of alkali tantalates and niobates for decomposition of pollutant, and ii) bioactivity of alkali tantalate ferroelectric films as functional coatings for bone regeneration. Much attention has been recently paid to develop new type of photocatalytic materials, and tantalum and niobium oxide based compositions have demonstrated to be active photocatalysts for water splitting due to high potential of the conduction bands. Thus, various powders of alkali tantalates and niobates families were tested as catalysts for methylene blue degradation. Results showed promising activities for some of the tested compounds, and KNbO3 is the most active among them, reaching over 50 % degradation of the dye after 7 h under UVA exposure. However further modifications of powders can improve the performance. In the context of bone regeneration, it is important to have platforms that with appropriate stimuli can support the attachment and direct the growth, proliferation and differentiation of the cells. In lieu of this here we exploited an alternative strategy for bone implants or repairs, based on charged mediating signals for bone regeneration. This strategy includes coating metallic 316L-type stainless steel (316L-SST) substrates with charged, functionalized via electrical charging or UV-light irradiation, ferroelectric LiTaO3 layers. It was demonstrated that the formation of surface calcium phosphates and protein adsorption is considerably enhanced for 316L-SST functionalized ferroelectric coatings. Our approach can be viewed as a set of guidelines for the development of platforms electrically functionalized that can stimulate tissue regeneration promoting direct integration of the implant in the host tissue by bone ingrowth and, hence contributing ultimately to reduce implant failure.

Avaliação da interação entre aflatoxina M1 e B1 com a fração proteica do leite

Dissertação composta por 02 artigos.

Obtenção de concentrado proteico do farelo de arroz e avaliação das propriedades químicas e funcionais

Esta dissertação é composta por 5 artigos.

Fatores Associados à Prevalência de Sintomas Osteomusculares em Professores

FERNANDES, Marcos Henrique; ROCHA, Vera Maria da; RONCALLI, Angelo Giuseppe. Fatores Associados à Prevalência de Sintomas Osteomusculares em Professores. Revista de salud pública, v. 11, n. 2, p. 256-267, 2009.

Approximate ab initio calculations and the method of molecular fragments

A two stage approach to performing ab initio calculations on medium and large sized molecules is described. The first step is to perform SCF calculations on small molecules or molecular fragments using the OPIT Program. This employs a small basis set of spherical and p-type Gaussian functions. The Gaussian functions can be identified very closely with atomic cores, bond pairs, lone pairs, etc. The position and exponent of any of the Gaussian functions can be varied by OPIT to produce a small but fully optimised basis set. The second stage is the molecular fragments method. As an example of this, Gaussian exponents and distances are taken from an OPIT calculation on ethylene and used unchanged in a single SCF calculation on benzene. Approximate ab initio calculations of this type give much useful information and are often preferable to semi-empirical approaches, since the nature of the approximations involved is much better defined.

Three dimensional modeling of contaminants transportation (oil spill) in Caspian Sea

Nowadays, Caspian Sea is in focus of more attentions than past because of its individualistic as the biggest lake in the world and the existing of very large oil and gas resources within it. Very large scale of oil pollution caused by development of oil exploration and excavation activities not only make problem for coastal facilities but also make severe damage on environment. In the first stage of this research, the location and quality of oil resources in offshore and onshore have been determined and then affected depletion factors on oil spill such as evaporation, emulsification, dissolution, sedimentation and so on have been studied. In second stage, sea hydrodynamics model is offered and tested by determination of governing hydrodynamic equations on sea currents and on pollution transportation in sea surface and by finding out main parameters in these equations such as Coriolis, bottom friction, wind and etc. this model has been calculated by using cell vertex finite volume method in an unstructured mesh domain. According to checked model; sea currents of Caspian Sea in different seasons of the year have been determined and in final stage different scenarios of oil spill movement in Caspian sea on various conditions have been investigated by modeling of three dimensional oil spill movement on surface (affected by sea currents) and on depth (affected by buoyancy, drag and gravity forces) by applying main above mentioned depletion factors.

Eficiência, gestão e meio ambiente na carcinicultura do Rio Grande do Norte

SILVA, J. L. M. da; SAMPAIO, L. M. . Eficiência, Gestão e Meio Ambiente na Carcinicultura do Rio Grande do Norte. In: Congresso da Sociendade Brasileira de Economia, Administração e Sociologia Rural - SOBER, 40., 2007, Londrina. Conhecimentos para a Agricultura do Futuro, 2007.

Bacterial and pathological study of caudal fin rot in brood stocks of Salmo trutta caspius from the propagation and breeding center of Shahid Bahonar of Kelardasht region

In order to study caudal fin rot with emphasis on Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens in Salmo trutta caspius from the salmonids propagation and breeding center of Shahid Bahonar of kelardasht region, One hundred and eighty brood stocks having fin damage symptoms were chosen. Two bacterial samples from each fish were cultured on Aeromonas and Pseudomonas specific media. Biochemical tests, API2OE identification system and antibiogram test using six antibiotic disks were performed for diagnosing isolates bacteria and finding suitable antibiotic. Thirty samples from caudal fin of damaged fishes were fixed in 10% formalin and 51.tm microscopic sections were prepared using standard scatological methods and then stained by Haematoxylin-Eosin staining method to observe the pathological changes and also Maccallum-Goodpasture staining method to observe the bacterial colonies. In second stage of the study, bacterial samples were taken from thirty brood stocks using similar method at the first stage of sampling. For isolation and biochemical diagnosis of Aeromonas and Pseudormonas genus, the samples were analyzed by molecular research included PCR amplification (using 16S rDNA genes of the genus pseudomonas and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer of the genus Aeromonas) and restriction analysis by four restriction enzymes for each genus. The results of biochemical tests showed that isolated bacteria were belonged to Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas hydrophila (subspecies anaerogenes), Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas alcaligenes while the results of API2OE identification system showed that the isolated bacteria belonged to Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Restriction analysis of Aeromonas samples with Hin6l, Csp6I, Taql, and Tasl revealed three samples were different from others while restriction analysis of Pseudomonas samples with Alul, Hinfl, Rsal, and Trull showed at least five species or biovars. The results of antibiogram test showed all Aeromonas samples were sensitive to Trimethoprim, Chloramphenicol and Nitrofurazone, mostly to Nalidixic acid and Chloramphenicol, while most of samples were resistant to Erythromycin and Oxytetracycline. Pseudomonas samples were only sensitive to Nitrofurazone and mostly resistant to Oxytetracycline, Nalidixic acid, Erythromycin, Trimethoprim and Chloramphenicol. The results of light microscope study showed hyperplasia and spongiosis of the malpigian cells of epidermis, increasing of melanin pigments underlying epidermis; sever necrosis in both epidermis and dermis and also sloughing the epidermis in some cases. Occurrence of clefts through the epithelium, neovascularization, hyperemia and mild inflammatory response in dermis and separation of the fin rays also were observed. No bacterial colonies were found in the sections.

Determination of soybean cultivar resistance to soybean cyst nematode with quantitative polymerase chain reaction

Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode, is the major pathogen of Glycine max (soybean). Effective management of this pathogen is contingent on the use of resistant cultivars, thus screening for resistant cultivars is essential. The purpose of this research was to develop a method to assess infection of soybean roots by H. glycines with real-time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), a prelude to differentiation of resistance levels in soybean cultivars. Two experiments were conducted. In the first one, a consistent inoculation method was developed using to provide active second-stage juveniles (J2). Two-day-old soybean roots were infested with 0 and 1000 J2/mL. Twenty-four hours after infestation, the roots were surface sterilized and DNA was extracted with the DNA FastKit (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA)). For the qPCR assay, primer pair for single copy gene HgSNO, which codes for a protein involved in the production of vitamin B6, was selected for H. glycines DNA amplification within soybean roots. In the second experiment, compatible Lee 74, incompatible Peking and cultivars with different levels of resistance to H. glycines were inoculated with 0 and 1,000 J2/seedlings. Twenty-four hours post inoculation they were transplanted into pasteurized soil. Subsequently they were harvested at 1, 7, 10, 14 and 21 days post inoculation for DNA extraction. With the qPCR assay, the time needed to differentiate highly resistant cultivars from the rest was reduced. Quantification of H. glycines infection by traditional means (numbers of females produced in 30 days) is a time-consuming practice; the qPCR method can replace the traditional one and improve precision in determining infection levels.

Uma metodologia heurística para minimizar o roteiro nos serviços de leitura de hidrômetros

Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor uma metodologia heurística para o Problema de Cobertura de Arcos aplicado aos serviços de saneamento, em específico na leitura de hidrômetros. Dentro deste contexto desenvolveu-se um aplicativo que permite o planejamento de rotas de maneira que os custos em distância percorrida sejam reduzidos e mantenham-se aproximadamente os mesmos em todos os percursos. A metodologia foi dividida em etapas. Na primeira etapa, para compreender melhor o problema, fez-se uma pesquisa de campo organizando os dados disponibilizados por uma empresa de saneamento. A segunda etapa foi caracterizada pela determinação de pontos em cada metade de trechos de quadra e nas interseções de ruas, os quais foram cadastrados, em um mapa georeferenciado. Este mapa contemplou a região escolhida para o estudo e os pontos cadastrados serviram para determinar e consequentemente, designar as medianas relacionadas, o que constitui a terceira etapa. Para isso utilizou-se respectivamente o algoritmo de Teitz Bart Modificado por CADP e o algoritmo de designação de Gillet e Johnson adaptado. Ao final desta etapa formaram-se subsetores dentro de um setor específico. Na última etapa encontrou-se as rotas de cada subsetor através do algoritmo genético. O aplicativo desenvolvido permitiu flexibilidade de ações, dando autonomia para o usuário na escolha das opções de cálculo. Sua interface gráfica possibilitou a elaboração de mapas e a visualização das rotas em cada subsetor. Além disso o aplicativo minimizou os percursos e distribuiu os subsetores com distâncias aproximadas. A eficiência das heurísticas que embasaram o aplicativo desenvolvido, foi comprovada através dos testes realizados, os quais obtiveram resultados de boa qualidade.

L’ajustement des expressions référentielles lors d’une interaction verbale

Différents courants théoriques, principalement les courants collaboratifs et égocentriques, ont été élaborés pour expliquer l’adaptation de la production verbale lors d’une interaction avec une autre personne. Toutefois, ces courants s’opposent concernant la considération des besoins réels de l’interlocuteur dans la planification initiale des productions verbales. Ce mémoire comprend deux expérimentations réalisées sous un même devis expérimental. Une tâche a été développée pour départager différents types d’adaptation et sources d’information possibles. Les résultats suggèrent que généralement, les personnes produisent de l’information qu’elles-mêmes connaissent et rajoutent de l’information dans un deuxième temps, lorsque nécessaire. Toutefois, lorsqu’elles rencontrent une personne aux connaissances atypiquement restreintes, elles peuvent prendre en considération le vrai niveau de connaissance et produire les informations les plus utiles. Les résultats suggèrent donc que les personnes sont collaboratives pour produire leurs expressions référentielles et qu’elles s’ajustent au réel niveau de connaissances tôt dans l’interaction, lorsqu’elles peuvent utiliser une heuristique de connaissances prototypiques. Avec un interlocuteur aux connaissances atypiquement restreintes, elles produisent cependant des références ciblées, mais spécifiquement lorsqu’il est rencontré avant un interlocuteur prototypique.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes a base de isolado protéico de resíduos de corvina (micropogonias furnieri) e óleo de palma

Nas últimas duas décadas, o descarte e o acúmulo de embalagens não biodegradáveis têm agravado os problemas ambientais. Uma das soluções encontradas, particularmente na área de embalagens de alimentos, é o desenvolvimento de filmes a partir de polímeros que possam substituir os materiais sintéticos. Fontes alternativas de proteína, como os resíduos de pescados, tornam-se importante, pois estes representam de 60 a 70% da matéria-prima e são descartados pelas indústrias de filetagem contribuindo com os danos ao meio ambiente. As propriedades funcionais dos filmes biodegradáveis são resultantes das características das macromoléculas utilizadas, das interações entre os constituintes envolvidos na formulação (macromolécula, solvente, plastificante e outros aditivos), dos parâmetros de fabricação (temperatura, tipo de solvente, pH, entre outras), do processo de dispersão da solução filmogênica (pulverização, espalhamento, etc.) e das condições de secagem. Um problema limitante no uso de filmes biodegradáveis a base de proteínas de pescado é a sua susceptibilidade à umidade, devido à hidrofilicidade dos aminoácidos das moléculas de proteína. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar filmes a base de isolado proteico de resídeos de corvina (IPC) e óleo de palma (OP). O desenvolvimento dos filmes foi estudado em duas etapas. Neste estudo utilizou-se resíduos de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) para a obtenção do isolado protéico, glicerol como plastificante e óleo de palma para conferir hidrofobicidade ao filme. Na primeira etapa, o objetivo foi investigar o efeito das concentrações de IPC, de glicerol e do pH sobre as propriedades dos filmes de proteína de resíduos de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri). Os filmes foram avaliados quanto aos parâmetros de cor, opacidade, propriedades mecânicas, espessura, solubilidade em água, permeabilidade de vapor de água (PVA) e propriedades morfológicas. Como resultado foi observado que a opacidade e a luminosidade dos filmes não foram afetados pelas variáveis do processo. Os filmes de IPC ficaram amarelados e opacos. Apresentaramse mais claros quando elaborados com baixas concentrações de IPC e altas concentrações de glicerol nas soluções filmogênicas. A menor solubilidade em água ocorreu nos filmes com pH baixo e menores concentrações de glicerol. Com relação as propriedades mecânicas, os filmes apresentaram alta elongação e sua resistência à tração aumentou quando utilizadas maiores concentrações de IPC, menores concentrações de glicerol e pHs mais baixos.Os filmes apresentaram superficies ásperas e irregulares. Na segunda etapa foram elaborados filmes biodegradáveis de IPC contendo diferentes concentrações de óleo de palma (OP) (10 e 20 g de OP /100g de IPC) e suas propriedades de barreira, mecânicas, físico-químicas, térmicas e morfológicas foram estudadas. A adição de OP aumentou as espessuras dos filmes com 2 e 4% de IPC, no entanto a solubilidade não foi afetada pela adição do OP. Os filmes com 3 e 4% de IPC ficaram menos permeáveis a água quando incorporado 20% de OP nos mesmos. A opacidade dos filmes aumentou com a adição do OP. A incorporação do OP nos filmes resultou em uma diminuição da resistência à tração e no aumento da elongação dos filmes. Nos filmes com 2% de IPC o aumento na elongação foi significativo apenas quando adicionado 20% de OP. O aparecimento de apenas uma temperatura de fusão nos filmes sugeriu uma homogeneidade dos mesmos. A decomposição térmica dos filmes iniciou em torno de 120 -173ºC. Os filmes apresentaram uma superfície descontínua.

Cultivo de microalgas para produção de biossurfactantes

Há uma crescente procura por alimentos mais saudáveis e seguros para atender uma população cada vez maior e mais exigente. Nos últimos anos o interesse por surfactantes de origem microbiana tem aumentado significativamente em decorrência de serem naturalmente biodegradáveis diminuindo assim o impacto ambiental. Uma grande variedade de microorganismos produz biossurfactantes, sendo que o tipo, a quantidade e a qualidade do biossurfactante são influenciados pelos constituintes do meio, tais como, fontes de carbono, nitrogênio e sais inorgânicos, além das condições de cultivo, como pH, temperatura, agitação e disponibilidade de oxigênio. Os biossurfactantes são metabólitos microbianos de superfície ativa que apresentam uma vasta aplicação no setor industrial. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram selecionar microalgas com potencial para produzir biossurfactantes e estudar a produção por microalgas em diferentes fotobiorreatores e condições nutricionais. O trabalho foi dividido em quatro etapas: 1) cultivo autotrófico e mixotrófico de microalgas para produção de biossurfactantes; 2) Seleção de microalgas para produção de biossurfactantes; 3) Produção de biossurfactantes por microalgas em diferentes fotobiorreatores e 4) Cultivo outdoor da microalga marinha Tetraselmis suecica OR para produção de biossurfactantes. Na primeira etapa Spirulina sp. LEB-18, Synechococcus nidulans LEB-25, Chlorella vulgaris LEB-106, Chlorella minutissima LEB-108 e Chlorella homosphaera foram cultivadas com glicose (cultivo mixotrófico). Spirulina sp. LEB-18 apresentou concentrações máximas de biomassa (2,55 g.L-1 ) quando foi utilizada 5 g.L-1 de glicose no meio de cultivo. A tensão superficial dos meios das microalgas foi reduzida de 70 para 43 mN.m-1 para as microalgas estudadas utilizando glicose como fonte de carbono. Resultados da segunda etapa mostraram que a microalga Scenedesmus sp. 3PAV3 apresentou valor de atividade emulsificante óleo em água (AE o/a) superior (339,8 UE.g-1 ) ao encontrado para as demais microalgas. Os menores valores de tensões superficiais variaram de 27,4 a 31,2 mN.m-1 . Na terceira etapa verificou-se que a microalga Chlorella sp. PROD1 apresentou valor de AE o/a semelhante (258,2 UE g -1 ) ao encontrado para o emulsificante comercial lecitina de soja (257,0 UE g -1 ) e ambas as microalgas estudadas alcançaram valores de tensões superficiais abaixo de 30 mN.m -1 . Na última etapa, Tetraselmis suecica OR cultivada em fotobiorreator do tipo Green Wall Panel apresentou menores valores de tensões superficiais para cultura com limitação de nitrogênio. Os resultados demonstraram a potencialidade das microalgas estudadas na produção de biossurfactantes, tanto pela redução da tensão superficial e interfacial, como pelo aumento da atividade emulsificante, confirmando uma possível aplicação como emulsificante, detergente, lubrificante, estabilizante, entre outras.

Evolution of mylonitic microfabrics (EMM), a computer application for educational purposes

`Evolution of mylonitic microfabrics' (EMM) is an interactive Filemaker Pro 3.0 application that documents a series of see-through deformation experiments on polycrystalline norcamphor. The application comprises computer animations, graphics and text explanations designed to give students and researchers insight into the interaction and dynamic nature of small-scale, mylonitic processes like intracrystalline glide, dynamic recrystallization and strain localization (microshearing). EMM shows how mylonitic steady state is achieved at different strain rates and temperatures. First, rotational mechanisms like glide-induced vorticity, subgrain rotation recrystallization and rigid-body rotation bring grains' crystal lattices into orientations that are favorable for intracrystalline glide. In a second stage, selective elimination of grains whose lattices are poorly oriented for glide involves grain boundary migration. This strengthens the texture. Temperature and strain rate affect both the relative activity of different strain accommodation mechanisms and the rate of microfabric change. Steady-state microfabrics are characterized by stable texture, grain size and shape-preferred orientations of grains and domains. This involves the cyclical generation and elimination of dynamically recrystallized grains and microshear zones.