Efficacy of a cognitive and behavioural psychotherapy applied by primary care psychologists in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder: a research protocol

Background: In contrast with the recommendations of clinical practice guidelines, the most common treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders in primary care is pharmacological. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioural psychological intervention, delivered by primary care psychologists in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder compared to usual care. Methods/Design: This is an open-label, multicentre, randomized, and controlled study with two parallel groups. A random sample of 246 patients will be recruited with mild-to-moderate mixed anxiety-depressive disorder, from the target population on the lists of 41 primary care doctors. Patients will be randomly assigned to the intervention group, who will receive standardised cognitive-behavioural therapy delivered by psychologists together with usual care, or to a control group, who will receive usual care alone. The cognitive-behavioural therapy intervention is composed of eight individual 60-minute face-to face sessions conducted in eight consecutive weeks. A follow-up session will be conducted over the telephone, for reinforcement or referral as appropriate, 6 months after the intervention, as required. The primary outcome variable will be the change in scores on the Short Form-36 General Health Survey. We will also measure the change in the frequency and intensity of anxiety symptoms (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory) at baseline, and 3, 6 and 12 months later. Additionally, we will collect information on the use of drugs and health care services. Discussion: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a primary care-based cognitive-behavioural psychological intervention in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder. The international scientific evidence has demonstrated the need for psychologists in primary care. However, given the differences between health policies and health services, it is important to test the effect of these psychological interventions in our geographical setting.

Is epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) specific fungus of fishes a primary pathogen?: an opinion

Earlier findings on epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) and the present observation of the authors on transmission of EUS to snakehead (Channa sp.) without skin damage provide evidence to suggest that the invasive fungus associated with EUS is a primary pathogen.

A Low-level Geographic Information System for coastal zone management, with applications to Brunei Darussalam: Part I: The concept and its design elements

This contribution is the first part of a four-part series documenting the development of B:RUN, a software program which reads data for common spreadsheets and presents them as low-resolution maps of slates and processes. The program emerged from a need which arose during a project in Brunei Darussalam for a 'low level' approach for researchers to communicate findings as efficiently and expeditiously as possible. Part I provides a overview of the concept and design elements of B:RUN. Part II will highlight results of the economics components of the program evaluating different fishing regimes, sailing distances from ports and fleet operating costs. Environmental aspects will be presented in Part III in the form of overlay maps. Part IV will summarize the implications of B:RUN results to coastal and fishery resources management in Brunei Darussalam and show how this approach can be adapted to other coastlines and used as a teaching and training tool. The following three parts will be published in future editions of Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly. The program is available through ICLARM.

Enfermeiros na Atenção Primária à Saúde no município de Itaboraí-RJ: reflexões sobre a prática

Este estudo é fruto da pesquisa de mestrado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ENF/UERJ). Teve por objetivo identificar e analisar as práticas realizadas pelos enfermeiros na equipe da ESF do município de Itaboraí, correlacionando-as com a Política Nacional de Atenção Básica, (PNAB, 2012). A escolha pelo estudo das práticas de enfermagem na equipe da ESF iniciou-se a partir de reflexões em torno do projeto de pesquisa denominado Saberes e Práticas na Atenção Primária a saúde: diálogos entre usuários e profissionais de saúde no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Estas reflexões levaram ao entendimento de que as práticas de saúde dos enfermeiros influenciam e são influenciadas por constructos socias tais como a cultura, política, economia e pelas relações de poder existentes no interior das equipes de saúde; o que pode potencializar ou minimizar a realização de práticas integrais que atendam as necessidades de saúde dos usuários, a consolidação no novo modelo de assistência à saúde e o fortalecimento da identidade profissional do enfermeiro. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de natureza qualitativa. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no período de 2012 a 2013, sendo utilizada a entrevista semiestruturada e a observação semiestruturada como instrumentos de coleta de dados. Foi utilizado como critério de inclusão as USFs com equipe mínima de saúde completa e cujos enfermeiros possuíssem, pelo menos, dois anos de atuação na estratégia. Os critérios de exclusão foram: USFs que não possuíssem equipe mínima completa e cujos enfermeiros tivessem menos de dois anos de atuação na ESF. Foram entrevistados 10 enfermeiros. A técnica de análise utilizada foi a análise temática proposta por Bardin associada a análise do diário de campo chegando as seguintes categorias: A práticas dos enfermeiros na ESF de Itaboraí frente a PNAB, (2012); elementos orientadores das práticas dos enfermeiros: o normativo e o social e as práticas do enfermeiro na ESF e o trabalho em equipe. Concluiu-se que os enfermeiros realizam práticas assistências, de educação em saúde e de gerência, sendo as mesmas embasadas pelos manuais do MS e pelas necessidades de saúde da população adscrita. No entanto, estas práticas encontram alguns entraves para serem realizadas dentro da equipe causando desânimo para o enfermeiro e reduzindo suas potencialidades. Acredita-se que este estudo aponta para a necessidade de uma reavaliação no âmbito organizacional da assistência da ESF neste município, assim como parece imprescindível o diálogo entre as experiências práticas e os conhecimentos teórico de forma a orientar a construção de saberes e a formulação de uma visão crítica sobre as práticas.

Concentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB’s), Chlorinated Pesticides, and Heavy Metals and Other Elements in Tissues of Belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, from Cook Inlet

Tissues from Cook Inlet beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas, that were collected as part of the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB’s), chlorinated pesticides, and heavy metals and other elements. Concentrations of total PCB’s (ΣPCB’s), total DDT (ΣDDT), chlordane compounds, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dieldrin, mirex, toxaphene, and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) measured in Cook Inlet beluga blubber were compared with those reported for belugas from two Arctic Alaska locations (Point Hope and Point Lay), Greenland, Arctic Canada, and the highly contaminated stock from the St. Lawrence estuary in eastern Canada. The Arctic and Cook Inlet belugas had much lower concentrations (ΣPCB’s and ΣDDT were an order of magnitude lower) than those found in animals from the St. Lawrence estuary. The Cook Inlet belugas had the lowest concentrations of all (ΣPCB’s aver-aged 1.49 ± 0.70 and 0.79 ± 0.56 mg/kg wet mass, and ΣDDT averaged 1.35 ± 0.73 and 0.59 ± 0.45 mg/kg in males and females, respectively). Concentrations in the blubber of the Cook Inlet males were significantly lower than those found in the males of the Arctic Alaska belugas (ΣPCB’s and ΣDDT were about half). The lower levels in the Cook Inlet animals might be due to differences in contaminant sources, food web differences, or different age distributions among the animals sampled. Cook Inlet males had higher mean and median concentrations than did females, a result attributable to the transfer of these compounds from mother to calf during pregnancy and during lactation. Liver concentrations of cadmium and mercury were lower in the Cook Inlet belugas (most cadmium values were <1 mg/kg and mercury values were 0.704–11.42 mg/kg wet mass), but copper levels were significantly higher in the Cook Inlet animals (3.97–123.8 mg/kg wet mass) than in Arctic Alaska animals and similar to those reported for belugas from Hudson Bay. Although total mercury levels were the lowest in the Cook Inlet population, methylmercury concentrations were similar among all three groups of the Alaska animals examined (0.34–2.11 mg/kg wet mass). As has been reported for the Point Hope and Point Lay belugas, hepatic concentrations of silver were re