Utilização de Trigo em ou Moído em Dietas Para Frangos de Corte

Foi conduzido um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da utilização de trigo em grão ou moído sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte nos períodos de 21 a 42 e 21 a 49 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 2240 machos, de 21 dias de idade, da linhagem Ross, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 mais uma testemunha sem inclusão de trigo, sendo os fatores a forma física do trigo (grão e moído) e os níveis de inclusão de trigo (15, 30 e 45%), totalizando sete tratamentos, com oito repetições de 40 aves cada. As dietas foram isoenergéticas e isonutricionais. Não ocorreram diferenças estatísticas entre os fatores estudados, assim como não ocorreram interações entre os fatores sobre as características de desempenho e de carcaça estudadas. Pelos resultados obtidos, é possível concluir que a inclusão de até 45% de trigo, em grão ou moído, não altera o desempenho e as características de carcaças dos frangos de corte no período de 21 a 49 dias de idade.

Utilização de subprodutos de origem animal em dietas formuladas com base em proteína bruta e proteína ideal para frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idade

Foi conduzido um experimento para avaliar a utilização de subprodutos de origem animal em dietas para frangos de corte, formuladas com base na proteína bruta ou proteína ideal. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2+1, com duas fontes de proteína de origem animal (farinha de vísceras de aves e farinha de sangue bovino), dois conceitos de formulação (proteína bruta e proteína ideal) e uma dieta testemunha à base de milho e farelo de soja, com quatro repetições. As características avaliadas foram ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. Houve efeito significativo das interações entre fontes de proteína de origem animal e conceitos de formulação para consumo de ração e ganho de peso. Quanto à conversão alimentar, não houve diferença significativa na interação e os melhores valores de conversão alimentar foram encontrados quando se incorporou a farinha de vísceras às dietas. Os melhores ganhos de peso foram obtidos com as dietas com farinha de sangue formuladas com base na proteína bruta e com farinha de vísceras de aves com base na proteína ideal.

Interação genótipo-ambiente em cruzamentos de bovinos de corte

Dados de rebanhos bovinos comerciais foram analisados com o objetivo de estimar as interações dos efeitos genéticos com o ambiente que podem influenciar a avaliação de características de crescimento em rebanhos de animais puros e cruzados. O conjunto de dados analisado foi obtido a partir de animais das raças Hereford, Nelore e seus cruzamentos. As características em estudo foram os pesos à desmama e ao sobreano dos animais. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo método dos quadrados mínimos e o modelo proposto incluiu os efeitos de região, grupo de contemporâneos dentro de região, mês de nascimento e sexo do bezerro, os efeitos lineares e quadráticos para a idade do bezerro e idade da vaca ao parto, ambas analisadas dentro de sexo, e os efeitos de grupo genético e da interação grupo genético × região. de modo geral, o desempenho de todos os grupos genéticos foi influenciado pelo efeito de região. Além disso, observou-se tendência de que o aumento da proporção de genes zebuínos promoveu diminuição na diferença de desempenho entre as regiões. Todos os genótipos foram beneficiados no ambiente menos restritivo, o que indica a existência de interação genótipo-ambiente e comprova a importância de que sistemas de cruzamento sejam realizados de forma a manter a adaptação das matrizes e de seus produtos.

Estudo da adequação do uso do solo, no município de Maringá - PR, utilizando-se de geoprocessamento

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade o estudo da adequação do uso do solo e análise da carta de aptidão agrícola, bem como o mapeamento da ocupação do solo, por meio da criação e estruturação de um banco de dados utilizando-se de Geoprocessamento, visando a atualizações e interações das informações com rapidez e eficiência, permitindo adaptações e/ou confecções de mapas temáticos da área estudada. Por meio da análise conjunta dos mapas de ocupação do solo com a carta de aptidão agrícola, pode-se constatar que: o município de Maringá - PR, apresenta ocupação de suas terras, em sua grande maioria, em acordo com a aptidão agrícola recomendada para a região; a alta porcentagem de mata nativa em terras de boa aptidão para culturas, certamente está vinculada a obediência às leis ambientais em vigor.

Nutrition, dry matter accumulation and partitioning and phosphorus use efficiency of potato grown at different phosphorus levels in nutrient solution

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Simulação da transferência de calor em amostras aquecidas por plasma

The processing of materials through plasma has been growing enough in the last times in several technological applications, more specifically in surfaces treatment. That growth is due, mainly, to the great applicability of plasmas as energy source, where it assumes behavior thermal, chemical and/or physical. On the other hand, the multiplicity of simultaneous physical effects (thermal, chemical and physical interactions) present in plasmas increases the complexity for understanding their interaction with solids. In that sense, as an initial step for the development of that subject, the present work treats of the computational simulation of the heating and cooling processes of steel and copper samples immersed in a plasma atmosphere, by considering two experimental geometric configurations: hollow and plane cathode. In order to reach such goal, three computational models were developed in Fortran 90 language: an one-dimensional transient model (1D, t), a two-dimensional transient model (2D, t) and a two-dimensional transient model (2D, t) which take into account the presence of a sample holder in the experimental assembly. The models were developed based on the finite volume method and, for the two-dimensional configurations, the effect of hollow cathode on the sample was considered as a lateral external heat source. The main results obtained with the three computational models, as temperature distribution and thermal gradients in the samples and in the holder, were compared with those developed by the Laboratory of Plasma, LabPlasma/UFRN, and with experiments available in the literature. The behavior showed indicates the validity of the developed codes and illustrate the need of the use of such computational tool in that process type, due to the great easiness of obtaining thermal information of interest

Estudo da oxidação superficial de ligas odontológicas de Ni-Cr em plasma pulsado para uso em restaurações metalocerâmicas

Metal ceramic restorations matches aesthetic and strength, and in your making occurs an interface oxide layer, wetting resulting and atomic and ionic interactions resulting between metal, oxide and porcelain. However, frequent clinical fails occurs in this restoration type, because lost homogeneous deposition oxide layer and lost interface bond. Thus, in this study, thought depositate homogeneous oxide films above Ni-Cr samples surfaces polite previously, at plasma oxide environment. Six samples was oxided at 300 and 400ºC at one hour, and two samples was oxided in a comum chamber at 900ºC, and then were characterized: optical microscopic, electronic microscopic, micro hardness, and X ray difratometry. Colors stripes were observed at six samples plasma oxided and a grey surface those comum oxided, thus like: hardness increase, and several oxides from basic metals (Ni-Cr)

Characterization of Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) young nests in a fragment of the Neotropical Forest

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Eficiência e seletividade dos herbicidas trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryne e hexazinone + diuron em função da tecnologia de aplicação e do manejo mecânico da palha de cana-de-açúcar na linha de plantio

Com objetivo de otimizar a utilização de trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryne e hexazinone + diuron em função da adoção de diferentes pontas de pulverização e manejo mecânico da palha de cana-de-açúcar na linha de plantio, dois experimentos foram conduzidos na Destilaria Parálcool S/A, localizada em Paraguaçu Paulista/SP. No experimento 1, 12 tratamentos foram estudados em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3, com quatro repetições, contrastando a presença e ausência de palha da cana na linha de plantio; dos herbicidas trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryne (37 + 1.463 g i.a. ha-1 e 0,2% v/v de Aterbane®) e hexazinone + diuron (330 + 1.170 g i.a. ha-1 e 0,2% v/v de Aterbane®) e das pontas de pulverização XR11002-VS (128 L ha-1), AI11002-VS (200 L ha-1) e TF-VP5 (310 L ha-1). No experimento 2, a deposição da calda de pulverização nas plantas de cana-de-açúcar e Digitaria horizontalis, gerada pelas interações entre herbicidas e pontas, foi monitorada utilizando-se solução traçadora constituída por corante FDC-1 + herbicida. Os resultados sugerem que a presença da palhada da cultura proporcionou controle excelente das espécies infestantes mesmo na ausência do tratamento herbicida. O controle químico de D. horizontalis (6 folhas até 1-2 perfilhos) e Brachiaria decumbens (2 a 6 folhas) apresentou-se eficiente (> 91%) nas linhas sem palha a partir dos 14 DAA (dias após aplicação) para os herbicidas e pontas de pulverização estudados. D. horizontalis foi mais rapidamente controlada aos 7 DAA pelo trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryne com a ponta AI11002-VS. Houve toxicidade até os 21 DAA, sendo esta mais intensa para os tratamentos com hexazinone + diuron associado com as pontas AI11002-VS e TF-VP5, em decorrência da maior deposição do herbicida nas folhas da cultura.

Avaliação da secagem do bagaço de cajá usando planejamento fatorial composto central

This work deals with the kinetics assay of Cajá (Spondias mombin L.) bagasse drying by an experimental design using a tray dryer. In order to add-value to this product a kinetic study has been carried out. A central composite experimental design has been carried out to evaluate the influence of the operational variables: input air temperature (55; 65 e 75ºC); the drying air velocity (3.2; 4.6 e 6.0 m/s) and the fixed bed thickness (0.8; 1.2 e 1.6 cm) and as response variable the the moisture content (dry basis). The results showed that the diffusional Fick model fitted quite well the experimental data. The best condition found has been input air temperature of 75ºC, drying air velocity of 6.0 m/s as well as fixed bed thickness of 0.8 cm. The experimental design assay showed that the main effects as well as the second ones were significant at 95% confindance level. The best operational condition according to statistical planning was 75 oC input air temperature, 6.0 m.s-1 drying air velocity and 0.8 cm fixed bed thickness. In this case, the equilibrium moisture content (1.3% dry basis) occured at 220 minutes

Extração do óleo e caracterização dos resíduos da borra de petróleo para fins de reuso

The petroleum industry, in consequence of an intense activity of exploration and production, is responsible by great part of the generation of residues, which are considered toxic and pollutants to the environment. Among these, the oil sludge is found produced during the production, transportation and refine phases. This work had the purpose to develop a process to recovery the oil present in oil sludge, in order to use the recovered oil as fuel or return it to the refining plant. From the preliminary tests, were identified the most important independent variables, like: temperature, contact time, solvents and acid volumes. Initially, a series of parameters to characterize the oil sludge was determined to characterize its. A special extractor was projected to work with oily waste. Two experimental designs were applied: fractional factorial and Doehlert. The tests were carried out in batch process to the conditions of the experimental designs applied. The efficiency obtained in the oil extraction process was 70%, in average. Oil sludge is composed of 36,2% of oil, 16,8% of ash, 40% of water and 7% of volatile constituents. However, the statistical analysis showed that the quadratic model was not well fitted to the process with a relative low determination coefficient (60,6%). This occurred due to the complexity of the oil sludge. To obtain a model able to represent the experiments, the mathematical model was used, the so called artificial neural networks (RNA), which was generated, initially, with 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 neurons in the hidden layer, 64 experimental results and 10000 presentations (interactions). Lesser dispersions were verified between the experimental and calculated values using 4 neurons, regarding the proportion of experimental points and estimated parameters. The analysis of the average deviations of the test divided by the respective training showed up that 2150 presentations resulted in the best value parameters. For the new model, the determination coefficient was 87,5%, which is quite satisfactory for the studied system

Avaliação da molhabilidade de soluções de tensoativos em aço inoxidável

With the increasing industrialization of the planet caused by globalization, it has become increasingly common to search for highly resistant and durable materials for many diverse branches of activities. Thus, production and demand for materials that meet these requirements have constantly increased with time. In view of this, stainless steel is presented as one of the materials which are suitable applications, due to many features that are interesting for several segments of the industry. Concerns of oil companies over heavy oil reservoirs have grown steadily for the last decades. Rheological properties of these oils impair their transport in conventional flow systems. This problem has created the need to develop technologies to improve flow and transport, reducing operation costs so as to enable oil production in the reservoir. Therefore, surfactant-based chemical systems are proposed to optimize transport conditions, effected by reduction of interfacial tensions, thereby enhancing the flow of oil in ducts and reducing load losses by friction. In order to examine such interactions, a study on the wettability of metallic surfaces has been undertaken, represented by measuring of contact angle of surfactant solutions onto flat plates of 304 stainless steel. Aqueous solutions of KCl, surfactants and mixtures of surfactants, with linear and aromatic hydrocarbon chain and ethoxylation degrees ranging between 20 to 100, have been tested. The wettability was assessed by means of a DSA 100 krüss goniometer. The influence of roughness on the wettability was also investigated by machining and polished the stainless steel plates with sandpapers of references ranging between 100 of 1200. The results showed that sanding and polishing plates result in decrease of wettability. As for the solutions, they have provided better wettability of the stainless steel than the KCl solutions tested. It was also been concluded that surfactant mixtures is an option to be considered, since they promote interactions that generate satisfactory contact angles for a good wettability on the stainless steel plate. Another conclusion refers to the influence of the ethoxylation degree of the nonionic surfactant molecules on wettability. It has been observed that contact angles decrease with decreasing ethoxylation degrees. This leads us to conclude that molecules with higher ethoxylation degree, being more hydrophobic, decrease the interaction of water with the ducts, thereby reducing friction and improving the flow

Mineral supplementation and productivity of the Shiitake mushroom on eucalyptus logs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Otimização do processo de flotação de emulsão óleo/água através do planejamento fatorial completo

In recent decades, the generation of solid and liquid waste has increased substantially due to increased industrial activity that is directly linked to economic growth. For that is the most efficient process, it is inevitable generation of such wastes. In the oil industry, a major waste generated in oil exploration is produced water, which due to its complex composition and the large amount generated, has become a challenge, given the restrictions imposed by environmental laws regarding their disposal, making if necessary create alternatives for reuse or treatment in order to reduce the content of contaminants and reduce the harmful effects to the environment. This water can be present in free form or emulsified with the oil, when in the form of an emulsion of oil-water type, it is necessary to use chemicals to promote the separation and flotation is the treatment method which has proved to be more efficient, for it can remove much of the emulsified oil when compared to other methods. In this context, the object of this work was to study the individual effects and interactions of some physicochemical parameters of operations, based on previous work to a flotation cell used in the separation of synthetic emulsion oil / water in order to optimize the efficiency of the separation process through of the 24 full factorial design with center point. The response variables to evaluate the separation efficiency was the percentage of color and turbidity removal. The independent variables were: concentration of de-emulsifying, oil content in water, salinity and pH, these being fixed, minimum and maximum limits. The analysis of variance for the equation of the empirical model, was statistically significant and useful for predictive purposes the separation efficiency of the floater with R2 > 90%. The results showed that the oil content in water and the interaction between the oil content in water and salinity, showed the highest values of the estimated effects among all the factors investigated, having great and positive influence on the separation efficiency. By analyzing the response surface was determined maximum removal efficiency above 90% for both measured for turbidity as a measure of color when in a saline medium (30 g/L), the high oil concentrations (306 ppm) using low concentrations of de-emulsifying (1,1 ppm) and at pH close to neutral

Produção de enzimas por fungos em fermentação semi-sólida utilizando bagaço de coco e pedúnculo de caju como substratos

The production of enzymes by microorganisms using organic residues is important and it can be associated with several applications such as food and chemical industries and so on. The objective of this work is the production of CMCase, Xylanase, Avicelase and FPase enzymes by solid state fermentation (SSF) using as substrates: bagasse of coconut and dried cashew stem. The microorganisms employed are Penicillium chrysogenum and an isolated fungus from the coconut bark (Aspergillus fumigatus). Through the factorial design methodology and response surface analysis it was possible to study the influence of the humidity and pH. For Penicillium chrysogenum and the isolated fungus, the coconut bagasse was used as culture medium. In another fermentation, it was used the mixture of coconut bagasse and cashew stem. Fermentations were conducted using only the coconut bagasse as substrate in cultures with Penicillium chrysogenum fungus and the isolated one. A mixture with 50% of coconut and 50% of cashew stem was employed only for Penicillium chrysogenum fungus, the cultivation conditions were: 120 hours at 30 °C in BOD, changing humidity and pH values. In order to check the influence of the variables: humidity and pH, a 2 2 factorial experimental design was developed, and then two factors with two levels for each factor and three repetitions at the central point. The levels of the independent variables used in ascending order (-1, 0, +1), to humidity, 66%, 70.5% and 75% and pH 3, 5 and 7, respectively. The software STATISTICA TM (version 7.0, StatSoft, Inc.) was used to calculate the main effects of the variables and their interactions. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions of the SSF. A chemical and a physic-chemical characterization of the coconut bagasse have determined the composition of cellulose (%) = 39.09; Hemicellulose (%) = 23.80, Total Lignin (%) = 36.22 and Pectin (%) = 1.64. To the characterization of cashew stem, the values were cellulose (g) = 15.91 Hemicellulose (%) = 16.77, Total Lignin (%) = 30.04 and Pectin (%) = 15.24. The results indicate the potential of the materials as substrate for semisolid fermentation enzyme production. The two microorganisms used are presented as good producers of cellulases. The results showed the potential of the fungus in the production of CMCase enzyme, with a maximum of 0.282 UI/mL and the Avicelase enzyme the maximum value ranged from 0.018 to 0.020 UI/ mL, using only coconut bagasse as substrate. The Penicillium chrysogenum fungus has showed the best results for CMCase = 0.294 UI/mL, FPase = 0.058 UI/mL, Avicelase = 0.010 UI/mL and Xylanase = 0.644 UI/ mL enzyme, using coconut bagasse and cashew stem as substrates. The Penicllium chrysogenum fungus showed enzymatic activities using only the coconut as substrate for CMCase = 0.233 UI/mL, FPase = 0.031 to 0.032 UI/ mL, Avicelase = 0.018 to 0.020 UI/mL and Xylanase = 0.735 UI/ mL. Thus, it can be concluded that the used organisms and substrates have offered potential for enzyme production processes in a semi-solid cultivation