THE APPLICATION OF AN ULTRAMICROELECTRODE IN HOMOGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTION .1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF A HOMOGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTION AT AN ULTRAMICROELECTRODE WITH ARBITRARY GEOMETRY UNDER STEADY-STATE

A general characteristic of the electrochemical process coupling with a homogeneous catalytic reaction at an ultramicroelectrode under steady state is described. It was found that the electrochemical process coupling with homogeneous catalytic reaction has a similar steady state voltammetric wave at an ultramicroelectrode with arbitrary geometry. A method of determination for the kinetic constant of homogeneous catalytic reaction at an ultramicroelectrode with arbitrary geometry is proposed.

THE GENERAL AN INDEX AND ITS APPLICATION .4. THE APPLICATION OF GENERAL AN INDEX TO HYDROCARBONS

The general a(N) index (GAI) was used to characterize the cis, trans isomers of hydrocarbons. The best one-variable equations were obtained with GAI for several physicochemical properties of seven pairs of olefin cis, trans isomers. The linear correlation coefficients are in the range of 0.975 to 0.997. GAI was also compared with the other five topological indices, Randic connectivity index chi, Wiener number W, Hosoya index Z, the average distance sum connectivity J proposed by Balaban and a(N) index introduced by Yang, in correlating with the octane number (MON) of heptanes and octanes.

AN ALGEBRAIC METHOD TO ESTIMATE GENERAL TYPE OF PHASES OF STRUCTURE FACTORS

The algebraic formulas of 1.5 and 2.5 rank are given for four space groups P2(1), Pn, Pna2(1), P2(1)2(1)2(1). It is better that the results of applying them to estimating general type of phases for four correspondent crystal structures. And a method of transforming algebraic formulas from 1.5(2.5) rank is proposed.

ADVANCED ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN CHINA .1. GENERAL ASPECT AND SOME METHODOLOGIES

The Research on Electroanalytical chemistry in China started mainly from the beginning of new China in 1949. It has already good basis and development nowadays. A review with references to the end of seventies has been published in "Reviews in Analytical Chemistry" 1) and in a book titled "Fifty years of Chinese Chemistry" edited by the Chinese Chemical Society in 1985 2). Since then more than thousand papers have been published, and it is impossible and also not necessary to describe all of them. This review only deals with the main progress of electroanalytical chemistry in China in recent years. Some new developed methodologies will be reviewed by S. Dong in the next article.

GENERAL ALPHA-N INDEX AND ITS APPLICATION .2. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE GENERAL ALPHA-N INDEX AND PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES OF NEUTRAL PHOSPHORUS-COMPOUNDS

The relationship between the alpha-N index and physical properties of neutral phosphorus extractants is studied. Using the general alpha-N index which could describe extractants with minute difference in structure, the good correlation between it and various physical properties of the neutral phosphorus extractants (e.g., densities, refractive index, shift ratio of paper chromatography and IR frequencies of bond P = O) is obtained. The result indicates that general alpha-N index is a good topological index of organic compounds.

GENERAL ALPHA-N INDEX AND ITS APPLICATION .1. GENERAL ALPHA-N INDEX AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE EXTRACTION OF Y, CE, U, AND TH BY NEUTRAL PHOSPHORUS EXTRACTANCTS

The general a(N) index is established for molecules containing heteroatoms, rings, and multiple bonds. The general a(N) index is able to describe molecules with minute differences in structure and can also reveal the properties of molecules. This theory is successfully applied to the case of neutral phosphorus extractants. Both the molecular polarity and steric effect are characterized by the general a(N) index. The relationships between these properties and the distribution ratios for extracting Y, Ce, U, and Th are also shown by the general a(N) index.

Dielectric response of graded composites having general power-law-graded cylindrical inclusions

The dielectric response of graded composites having general power-law-graded cylindrical inclusions under a uniform applied electric field is investigated. The dielectric profile of the cylindrical inclusions is modeled by the equation epsilon(i)(r)=c(b+r)(k) (where r is the radius of the cylindrical inclusions and c, b and k are parameters). Analytical solutions for the local electrical potentials are derived in terms of hypergeometric functions and the effective dielectric response of the graded composites is predicted in the dilute limit. Moreover, for a simple power-law dielectric profile epsilon(i)(r) = cr(k) and a linear dielectric profile epsilon(i)(r) = c(b + r), analytical expressions of the electrical potentials and the effective dielectric response are derived exactly from our results by taking the limits b -> 0 and k -> 1, respectively. For a higher concentration of inclusions, the effective dielectric response is estimated by an effective-medium approximation. In addition, we have discussed the effective response of graded cylindrical composites with a more complex dielectric profile of inclusion, epsilon(i)(r)=c(b+r)(k)e(beta r). (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

Effective dielectric responses of graded composites of the particles with a general power-law gradation profile

The effective dielectric response of graded spherical composites having general power-law gradient inclusions is investigated under a uniform applied electric field, where the dielectric gradation profile of the spherical inclusions is modeled by the equation epsilon(i) (r) = c(b+r)(k). Analytical solutions of the local electrical potentials are derived in terms of hyper-geometric function and the effective dielectric response of the graded composites is predicted in the dilute limit. From our result, the local potentials of graded spherical composites having both simple power-law dielectric profile epsilon(i)(r) = cr(k) and linear dielectric profile epsilon(i) (r) = c(b+r) are derived exactly by taking the limits b --> 0 and k --> 1, respectively. In the dilute limit, our exact result is used to test the validity of differential effective dipole approximation (DEDA) for estimating the effective response of graded spherical composites, and it is shown that the DEDA is in excellent agreement with exact result. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Viewing DVM via general behaviors of zooplankton: A way bridging the success of individual and population

In this paper, we viewed the diel vertical migration (DVM) of copepod in the context of the animal's immediate behaviors of everyday concerns and constructed an instantaneous behavioral criterion effective for DVM and non-DVM behaviors. This criterion employed the function of 'venturous revenue' (VR), which is the product of the food intake and probability of the survival, to evaluate the gains and losses of the behaviors that the copepod could trade-off. The optimal behaviors are to find the optimal habitats to maximize VR. Two types of VRs are formulated and tested by the theoretical analysis and simulations. The sensed VR, monitoring the real-time changes of trade-offs and thereby determining the optimum habitat, is validated to be the effective objective function for the optimization of the behavior; whereas, the realized VR, quantifying the actual profit obtained by an optimal copepod in the sensed-VR-determined habitat, defines the life history of a specific age cohort. The achievement of a robust copepod overwintering stock through integrating the dynamics of the constituent age cohorts subjected to the instantaneous behavioral criterion for DVM clearly exemplified a possible way bridging the immediate pursuit of an individual and the end success of the population. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

离群模糊核聚类算法

一般说来,离群点是远离其他数据点的数据,但很可能包含着极其重要的信息.提出了一种新的离群模糊核聚类算法来发现样本集中的离群点.通过Mercer核把原来的数据空间映射到特征空间,并为特征空间的每个向量分配一个动态权值,在经典的FCM模糊聚类算法的基础上得到了一个特征空间内的全新的聚类目标函数,通过对目标函数的优化,最终得到了各个数据的权值,根据权值的大小标识出样本集中的离群点.仿真实验的结果表明了该离群模糊核聚类算法的可行性和有效性.