冲击压缩下玻璃等脆性材料中失效波的实验和理论研究

本文首先回顾了失效波的研究进展和存在的问题，然后在现有实验手段改进的基础上对目前失效波研究中尚存的问题进行了较系统的实验研究，并建立了理论模型，进行了失效波传播的数值模拟。本文实验工作给出了K9玻璃中失效波速度和冲击载荷之间的定量关系和产生失效波的最小载荷阈值；通过：（1）玻璃样品和飞片表面状况对萌生失效波的载荷阈值的影响；（2）高速摄影观测冲击压缩下玻璃样品表面和内置界面处失效波的萌生和冲击波后压缩区内损伤演化情况；（3）回收样品的显微分析和Ｘ光衍射分析等实验，证实失效波的萌生基本与冲击相变无关，主要与玻璃样品表面状况有关，失效波的本质是玻璃样品表面固有微裂纹和冲击瞬间在此处萌生的微裂纹系统向玻璃样品中扩展的宏观统计表现。高速摄影观测到冲击波后有破碎界面在移动，其速度明显高于同等加载条件下VISAR测试的失效波速度，据此推测失效波是由大量裂纹扩展的宏观表现一破碎界面和其后方声阻抗明显降低的移动界面组成。实验同时研究了微晶玻璃、高纯度石英玻璃以及碱石灰玻璃在冲击压缩下的动力学响应特性。本文关于失效波方面的研究工作结果大部分未见相关文献报道。实验工作对于深入了解玻璃中失效波的萌生机制和失效波的力学性质等是非常重要的，并有助于建立与失效波萌生、传播有关的理论模型。改进有关实验技术，是完成本文实验研究的必要条件，也是本文工作的重要组成部分。本文设计了一种高接收效率、景深可调的新型VISAR探头，其技术指标接近国外同类产品，成本不到国外同类产品的二十分之一，且结构是国内外同类产品中最简单的。本文设计高速摄影的阴影和纹影光路，用于观察冲击压缩下玻璃样品中冲击损伤和失效波的演化及发展规律，其技术优于国外同类实验。本文设计了两种冲击压力低于玻璃样品HEL值的爆轰加载装置，用于配合高速摄影诊断实验。爆轰驱动厚飞片装置的设计，在飞片的炸药透镜之间增加了一个空腔，既降低了飞片的速度，又有效避免了以往同类装置驱动厚飞片时经常遇到的层裂问题，并且成功地进行了与爆轰驱动有关的数值模拟及设计工作。本文在理想微裂系统演化理论的基础上，建立了描述失效波的理论模型，分别讨论了表面损伤、微裂纹扩展和微裂纹形核、长大对失效波萌生、传播的影响，给出了描述失效波扩展的损伤演化方程，结合冲击压缩下材料的Resende压缩损伤本构方程，进行了各种加载条件下玻璃样品后自由表面速度和玻璃体内应力分存的数值模拟，计算结果与实验结果相符，表明本文建立的理论模型是可靠的，能够反映冲击压缩下失效波的传播特性的基本力学特性。用飞片碰玻璃样品时，实验测量的表面速度时程曲线出现“过冲现象”。本文通过高速摄影和VISAR等测试手段从实验上对其进行了较系统的研究，发现这种现象与玻璃样品后自由表面的破碎有关，并且其萌生所需的载荷阈值与萌生失效波的载荷阈值接近。本文建立了描述这一破坏现象的损伤演化方程，对其进行了数值模拟。计算结果和实验结果吻合，表明本文对这一现象的解释是合理的。

Effect Of Water On Brittle Fracture Of Sio2 By Molecular Dynamics Study

The influence of water on the brittle behavior of beta-cristobalite is studied by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation With the TTAM potential. Crack extension of mode 1 type is observed as the crack opening is filled LIP With water. The critical stress intensity factor K-lc(MD) is used to characterize the crack extension of MD simulation. The surface energy of SiO2 covered with layers of water is calculated at temperature of 300 K. Based oil the Griffith fracture criterion, the critical stress intensity factor K-lc(Griffith) is calculated, and it is in good agreement with that of MD simulation. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mechanisms of thermal shock failure for ultra-high temperature ceramic

The materials considered in our analysis were ZrB2 ceramic matrix composites. Effect of two different additives (graphite and AlN) on thermal shock stability for the materials was measured by water quench test. It showed that it may provide more stable thermal shock properties with additives of graphite. It was explained by different thermal properties and crack resistance of the two materials in detail. Surface oxidation was one of main reasons for strength degradation of ceramic with additives of graphite after quenched in water, and surface crack was one of main reasons for strength degradation of ceramic with additives of AlN after quenched in water. It was presented that it was a potential method for improving thermal shock stability of ZrB2 ceramic matrix composites by introducing proper quantities of graphite.

Algorithm for simulating fracture processes in concrete by lattice modeling

To simulate fracture behaviors in concrete more realistically, a theoretical analysis on the potential question in the quasi-static method is presented, then a novel algorithm is proposed which takes into account the inertia effect due to unstable crack propagation and meanwhile requests much lower computational efforts than purely dynamic method. The inertia effect due to load increasing becomes less important and can be ignored with the loading rate decreasing, but the inertia effect due to unstable crack propagation remains considerable no matter how low the loading rate is. Therefore, results may become questionable if a fracture process including unstable cracking is simulated by the quasi-static procedure excluding completely inertia effects. However, it requires much higher computational effort to simulate experiments with not very high loading rates by the dynamic method. In this investigation which can be taken as a natural continuation, the potential question of quasi-static method is analyzed based on the dynamic equations of motion. One solution to this question is the new algorithm mentioned above. Numerical examples are provided by the generalized beam (GB) lattice model to show both fracture processes under different loading rates and capability of the new algorithm.

A simple method to simulate shrinkage-induced cracking in cement-based composites by lattice-type modeling

A new numerical procedure is proposed to investigate cracking behaviors induced by mismatch between the matrix phase and aggregates due to matrix shrinkage in cement-based composites. This kind of failure processes is simplified in this investigation as a purely spontaneous mechanical problem, therefore, one main difficulty during simulating the phenomenon lies that no explicit external load serves as the drive to propel development of this physical process. As a result, it is different from classical mechanical problems and seems hard to be solved by using directly the classical finite element method (FEM), a typical kind of "load -> medium -> response" procedures. As a solution, the actual mismatch deformation field is decomposed into two virtual fields, both of which can be obtained by the classical FEM. Then the actual response is obtained by adding together the two virtual displacement fields based on the principle of superposition. Then, critical elements are detected successively by the event-by-event technique. The micro-structure of composites is implemented by employing the generalized beam (GB) lattice model. Numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the method, and detailed discussions are conducted on influences of material properties.

Numerical investigation of crack growth in concrete subjected to compression by the generalized beam lattice model

The beam lattice-type models, such as the Euler-Bernoulli (or Timoshenko) beam lattice and the generalized beam (GB) lattice, have been proved very effective in simulating failure processes in concrete and rock due to its simplicity and easy implementation. However, these existing lattice models only take into account tensile failures, so it may be not applicable to simulation of failure behaviors under compressive states. The main aim in this paper is to incorporate Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, which is widely used in many kinds of materials, into the GB lattice procedure. The improved GB lattice procedure has the capability of modeling both element failures and contact/separation of cracked elements. The numerical examples show its effectiveness in simulating compressive failures. Furthermore, the influences of lateral confinement, friction angle, stiffness of loading platen, inclusion of aggregates on failure processes are respectively analyzed in detail.

Failure detectors and communication efficiency in the crash and general omisión failure models

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The omega failure in the crash-recovery model

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Effects of rainfall infiltration on deep slope failure

With the finite element method and the limit equilibrium method, a numerical model has been estab-lished for examining the effects of rainfall infiltration on the stability of slopes. This model is able to reflect the variations in pore water pressure field in slopes, dead weight of the soil, and soil softening caused by rainfall infiltration. As a case study, an actual landslide located at the Nongji Jixiao in Chongqing was studied to analyze the effects of rainfall infiltration on the seepage field and slope sta-bility. The simulated results showed that a deep slope failure is prone to occur when rainfall infiltration leads to a remarkable variation in the seepage field, especially when the pore water pressure in slopes increases in a large range.