Generating artificial homologous proteins according to the representative family character in molecular mechanics properties - an attempt in validating an underlying rule of protein evolution

The molecular mechanics property is the foundation of many characters of proteins. Based on intramolecular hydrophobic force network, the representative family character underlying a protein’s mechanics property is described by a simple two-letter scheme. The tendency of a sequence to become a member of a protein family is scored according to this mathematical representation. Remote homologs of the WW-domain family could be easily designed using such a mechanistic signature of protein homology. Experimental validation showed that nearly all artificial homologs have the representative folding and bioactivity of their assigned family. Since the molecular mechanics property is the only consideration in this study, the results indicate its possible role in the generation of new members of a protein family during evolution.

Los impagos asociados a las crisis de pareja : estudio jurídico-penal y reflexión político-criminal

566 p.

Length-weight relationship and the diets of Clarias lazera (Cuvier and Valenciennes), family Clariidae (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes) in Zaria, Nigeria

The length-weight relationship and the diets of Clarias lazera were investigated between July 1981 and June 1982. About 450 specimens were examined. The standard lengths of the fish ranged from 8.5 cm to 42.2 cm. Significant differences were found between the standard lengths of the males and females with the latter slightly shorter. Somatic weights varied between 10 g to 502 g. Length-weight regression analysis gave a "b" value of 3.02 for both males and females combined; thus indicating an isometric growth. Analysis of the food in the stomachs showed that the fish is an omnivore although, it fed more on insects and fish than other food items

Información de crisis y periodismo medioambiental : el caso Prestige en la prensa vasca

422 p.

Evolución del estado de salud y las conductas relacionadas con la salud en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca: El efecto de la crisis económica.

Durante los últimos años en cualquier medio de comunicación, entorno laboral, académico o familiar estamos en contacto con noticias sobre el impacto que la crisis económica está teniendo en nuestra vida cotidiana y en el empeoramiento de nuestras condiciones de vida y salud. De ahí que el objetivo de este estudio fue describir el efecto de la crisis económica sobre el estado de salud y los hábitos relacionados con la salud, a partir de la descripción de la situación actual y los cambios producidos en el periodo de 2002 a 2013 en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco (CAPV). Para ello, se diseñó un estudio descriptivo transversal referido a la población vasca a partir, entre otros, de las Encuestas de Salud de la población vasca de las ediciones, 2002, 2007 y 2013. Se destacan como principales resultados el envejecimiento de la población, las bajas tasas de natalidad y mortalidad, y el aumento de la tasa de paro. Además, en lo que respecta al estado de salud, se observan pocos cambios en la salud percibida, un importante aumento de los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión y de los padecimientos crónicos. También ciertos hábitos relacionados con la salud como el consumo de alcohol y la alimentación no saludable se han visto afectados desde el comienzo de la crisis. Los resultados indican la necesidad de adecuar los programas de salud actuales, mejorar los sistemas de protección social y dirigir una especial atención hacia la promoción de la salud. Idioma Español.

Triploidy induction in Heterobranchus longifilis (Family: Clariidae) by cold shock

Triploid was induced in African Catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) by cold shocking activated eggs at 5 degree C for forty minutes starting 3-4 minutes after fertilization. Triploidy was confirmed from mitotic chromosomes prepared from embryo which showed 100% triploidy in the cold shocking treatment and 100% diploidy in the control treatment

Effects of some environmental factors on the fecundity of Tilapia species (Family Cichlidae) in Kigera Reservoir, New Bussa

The effects of some environmental factors on the fecundity of Tilapia species (Family Cichilidae) was carried out at the Kigera dam. Four Tilapia species caught were Tilapia zilli, Hemichromis fasciatus, Sarotherodon galilaeus and Oreochromis niloticus while the environmental factors considered were water temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, pH value, level of rainfall and rate of sunshine and range of time. 43 fish comprising of 25 male with (58.1%) and 18 females having (41.9%) were studied with 74.42% been sexually matured. Both high levels of rainfall and dissolved oxygen favoured fecundity. The spawning peak occurred in (July), environmental factors monitored indicated that dissolved oxygen ranges from 3.7 to 4.45mg/lit rainfall ranges from (34.90mm to 237.80mm) sunshine ranges from (5hrs-8hrs) and pH ranges from (7.35-7.45). The spawning of these species in their natural or hatchery condition is therefore best achieved during the peak of raining season

Expression of eph-family receptor tyrosine kinases and ephrins in the tadpole of the frog Xenopus laevis, and possible roles in the development of retinotectal topography

Assembling a nervous system requires exquisite specificity in the construction of neuronal connectivity. One method by which such specificity is implemented is the presence of chemical cues within the tissues, differentiating one region from another, and the presence of receptors for those cues on the surface of neurons and their axons that are navigating within this cellular environment.

Connections from one part of the nervous system to another often take the form of a topographic mapping. One widely studied model system that involves such a mapping is the vertebrate retinotectal projection-the set of connections between the eye and the optic tectum of the midbrain, which is the primary visual center in non-mammals and is homologous to the superior colliculus in mammals. In this projection the two-dimensional surface of the retina is mapped smoothly onto the two-dimensional surface of the tectum, such that light from neighboring points in visual space excites neighboring cells in the brain. This mapping is implemented at least in part via differential chemical cues in different regions of the tectum.

The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their cell-surface ligands, the ephrins, have been implicated in a wide variety of processes, generally involving cellular movement in response to extracellular cues. In particular, they possess expression patterns-i.e., complementary gradients of receptor in retina and ligand in tectum- and in vitro and in vivo activities and phenotypes-i.e., repulsive guidance of axons and defective mapping in mutants, respectively-consistent with the long-sought retinotectal chemical mapping cues.

The tadpole of Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed frog, is advantageous for in vivo retinotectal studies because of its transparency and manipulability. However, neither the expression patterns nor the retinotectal roles of these proteins have been well characterized in this system. We report here comprehensive descriptions in swimming stage tadpoles of the messenger RNA expression patterns of eleven known Xenopus Eph and ephrin genes, including xephrin-A3, which is novel, and xEphB2, whose expression pattern has not previously been published in detail. We also report the results of in vivo protein injection perturbation studies on Xenopus retinotectal topography, which were negative, and of in vitro axonal guidance assays, which suggest a previously unrecognized attractive activity of ephrins at low concentrations on retinal ganglion cell axons. This raises the possibility that these axons find their correct targets in part by seeking out a preferred concentration of ligands appropriate to their individual receptor expression levels, rather than by being repelled to greater or lesser degrees by the ephrins but attracted by some as-yet-unknown cue(s).

Balance de la política fiscal desarrollada en España en época de crisis. ¿Por qué elegir el camino contractivo?

The use of a contractive fiscal policy in times of crisis and austerity can lead to so many different opinion streams which can be, at the same time, very opposite with each other. The high budget deficit in some economies has forced the eurozone to implement austerity policies, meaning that the debate is now more alive than ever. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of the implementation of a contractive policy during a crisis considering the case of Spain. The positive effects in financial markets were noticed due to the decrease of the risk premium and the payment of interests, and also thanks to the increase of trust towards Spain. This way, the reduction of the Spanish deficit was remarkable but in any case there is still a long path until reaching the limit of 3% of the GDP. Also, in the short run it is possible to see that the consolidation had contractive effects in the economic activity but, in the long run, the debate is among the defenders of the fact that austerity is followed by a growing period and the ones opposing to it due to the drowning effect produced by it.

Structure of the limbs and its significance for the ecology and systematics of the family Chydoridae. [Translation of: Voprosy Gidrobiologii, p385, 1965]

For an explanation of the dynamics of numbers of chydorids, appearing a massive group in the littoral of fresh water bodies, the structure of the limbs of 29 species was studied.

La crisis económica y el presupuesto público vasco

La crisis económica provocada principalmente por las hipotecas subprime trajo consigo un aumento del desempleo en España. Teniendo como referencia el año 2007, comienzo de la crisis, la tasa de desempleo se situaba en torno al 8,6%, llegando a alcanzar el 26% en el año 2013. Sin embargo, hay una importante diferencia en cuanto a la evolución del desempleo en las diferentes CCAA. Esta crisis ha hecho que los presupuestos tuvieran que modificarse para satisfacer las necesidades principales. El área social ha sido el área que más se ha protegido, dando prioridad tanto a la Sanidad como a la Educación. El País Vasco es una de las comunidades que dedica mayor gasto social por habitante.

Evolución del mercado de trabajo regional en tiempos de crisis: Madrid

Análisis de la situación laboral de la comunidad de Madrid, realizando una descripción de la evolución del panorama laboral en dicha región y comparando ésta con otros ámbitos geográficos, así como con otros contextos económicos. Utilizando datos de la EPA. Idioma: Español

Evolución del presupuesto público de la CAPV durante la crisis.

Tomando como referencia el horizonte temporal 2007-2012 se ha analizado la evolución de los presupuestos de la Administración General y Órganos Autónomos Consolidados del País Vasco. Para ello se ha procedido a realizar un estudio de la evolución de los gastos desde el punto de vista de su clasificación económica y funcional, así como de los ingresos desde su clasificación económica. Los datos revelan que la etapa 2007-2009 ha estado marcada por la expansión del gasto público y la reducción de los ingresos, mientras que el periodo 2009-2012 ha estado caracterizado por la contención del gasto público y el incremento de los ingresos, lo que ha derivado en una reducción del déficit público.

La evolución del turismo en Euskadi durante la crisis económica

El turismo es un sector que resiste mejor que otros sectores a la actual crisis económica. Además, con el paso de los años la movilidad de las personas va aumentando y es cada vez más diversa, por lo tanto se trata de un sector con alto potencial y su tendencia a largo plazo es de fuerte crecimiento cuantitativo. Tanto en la CAPV como en España, el turismo se ha visto afectado por la crisis pero no tanto como otros sectores. La entrada de turistas ha ido aumentando a lo largo de los años con una tendencia positiva excepto en 2009 y 2012, años en los que ha sufrido un descenso, aunque el efecto negativo no ha sido tan fuerte gracias a la entrada de turistas extranjeros. A pesar de este descenso en periodo de crisis, hay que destacar que la CAPV ha vivido una notable transformación y aumento del turismo en la última década. Dentro del turismo, el cultural y de negocios son dos tipos de turismo que juegan un papel más importante en la CAPV. El turismo de negocios atrae a un gran número de turistas cuyo gasto es considerablemente mayor que el de los turistas vacacionales y además realizan otras actividades distintas al motivo de su viaje. El turismo cultural por otro lado, se ha visto impulsado principalmente por la apertura del museo Guggenheim en Bilbao, que ha supuesto un impacto económico y cultural fuerte.