De la identidad a las intersubjetividades en la comunicación mundo : Elementos para el debate

El documento tiene como pretensión, en un primer momento, establecer líneas de diferenciación entre la ciencia clásica y la ciencia contemporánea, develando las lógicas convencionales de la razón positiva y sus dinámicas instrumentales, que no favorecen los espacios para la comprensión ni el reconocimiento de la misma comprensión (preocupada, ciertamente, por la hiperespecialización y la binarización de la cotidianidad).

Myanmar migrant laborers in Ranong, Thailand

Thailand is the major destination for migrants in mainland Southeast Asia, and Myanmar (Burmese) migrants account for the dominant share. This paper sheds light on the actual working conditions and the life of Myanmar migrants in Thailand, based on our intensive survey in Ranong in southern Thailand in 2009. We found a wide range of serious problems that Myanmar migrants face in everyday life: very harsh working conditions, low income, heavy indebtedness, risk of being human-trafficking victims, harassment by the police and military (especially of sex workers), high risk of illness including malaria and HIV/AIDS and limited access to affordable medical facilities, and a poor educational environment for their children.

Auto component supply chain: a path to global India

Supply chain management works to bring the supplier, the distributor, and the customer into one cohesive process. The Supply Chain Council defined supply chain as ‘Supply Chain: The flow and transformation of raw materials into products from suppliers through production and distribution facilities to the ultimate consumer., and then Sunil Chopra and Meindl, (2001) have define Supply chain management as ‘Supply Chain Management involves the flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total profitability.’ After 1950, supply chain management got a boost with the production and manufacturing sector getting highest attention. The inventory became the responsibility of the marketing, accounting and production areas. Order processing was part of accounting and sales. Supply chain management became one of the most powerful engines of business transformation. It is the one area where operational efficiency can be gained. It reduces organizations costs and enhances customer service. With the liberalization of world trade, globalization, and emergence of the new markets, many organizations have customers and competitions throughout the world, either directly or indirectly. Business communities are aware that global competitiveness is the key to the success of a business. Competitiveness is ability to produce, distribute and provide products and services for the open market in competition with others. The supply chain, a critical link between supplier, producer and customer is emerged now as an essential business process and a strategic lever, potential value contributor a differentiator for the success of any business. Supply chain management is the management of all internal and external processes or functions to satisfy a customer’s order (from raw materials through conversion and manufacture through logistics delivery.). Goods-either in raw form or processed, whole sale or retailed distribution, business or technology services, in everyday life- in the business or household- directly or indirectly supply chain is ubiquitously associated in expanding socio-economic development. Supply chain growth competitive performance and supporting strong growth impulse at micro as well as micro economic levels. Keeping the India vision at the core of the objective, the role of supply chain is to take up social economic challenges, improve competitive advantages, develop strategies, built capabilities, enhance value propositions, adapt right technology, collaborate with stakeholders and deliver environmentally sustainable outcomes with minimum resources.

Urbanismo y reproducción social. Una introducción a su historia.

La historiografía ha presentado tradicionalmente la planificación urbana como una técnica progresista que, nacida en el contexto de los reformismos del siglo XIX, tiene por objeto principal la mejora de la calidad de vida a través del tratamiento del espacio urbano y la ordenación del territorio. Sin embargo un estudio detallado de la articulación histórica entre planificación urbana, economía política de la producción de espacio y dinámicas de evolución y cambio de las formaciones sociales revela un escenario muy distinto. Este trabajo sintetiza los planteamientos de la tesis Urbanismo y reproducción social. La planificación territorial de la multitud. A través de una serie de estudios de caso, esta investigación presentó la planificación urbana y territorial como un dispositivo gubernamental encargado de regular espacialmente la reproducción social de las clases subalternas en beneficio de los bloques hegemónicos. Prestando especial atención al efecto de la planificación sobre la vida cotidiana y a través de una historiografía social reflexiva y crítica, se muestra cómo la multitud fue paulatinamente desposeída de recursos materiales, capitales sociales y representaciones colectivas a medida que sus prácticas cotidianas fueron reescritas, recodificadas, reterritorializadas. Historians have traditionally pictured town planning as a progressive technique. Born in the context of nineteenth-century reformist policies, its aim would have been to improve the quality of life through the regulation of urban development and the urban fabric. However a close study of the relationship between town planning, the politics of space and the dynamics of evolution and change of social formations reveals a very different scenario. This work summarizes the main findings of the PhD thesis Urbanism and social reproduction. The territorial planning of the multitude. Through a series of historical case studies, this research showed how town and regional planning evolved to become a governmental dispositif in charge of the spatial regulation of social reproduction. Paying special attention to the effect of planning over everyday life and subaltern classes, and deploying a critical, reflexive social historiography, the thesis described how the multitude was dispossessed of material resources, social capitals and collective imaginaries as its practices were spatially re-written, re-coded, re-territorialised.

Evaluación del comportamiento mecánico, estructural y frente a la corrosión, de una nueva armadura de acero inoxidable dúplex bajo en níquel

La durabilidad de las estructuras de hormigón armado no es ilimitada, en especial en determinados ambientes. El ingreso de agentes agresivos en el hormigón, fundamentalmente dióxido de carbono e iones cloruros, rebasando el espesor del recubrimiento y alcanzando las armaduras, reducen el alto pH del hormigón hasta alcanzar un umbral crítico, por debajo del cual, el acero queda despasivado. Posteriormente, si existe el suficiente aporte de humedad y oxígeno, el acero se corroe, lo que supone drásticas reducciones de la vida de servicio de estas estructuras y su inevitable reparación. La utilización de armaduras de acero inoxidable es una alternativa que está recibiendo cada vez más consideración. Su resistencia a la corrosión en los ambientes más agresivos, incluso con ataque de cloruros, lo convierte en el material idóneo para prolongar de forma muy considerable la vida útil de la estructura. En este trabajo se ha evaluado el comportamiento mecánico y estructural, y de resistencia a la corrosión, de un nuevo acero inoxidable dúplex de bajo contenido en níquel, el EN 1.4482 (AISI 2001), y se ha comparado con el inoxidable austenítico más utilizado, el EN 1.4301 (AISI 304), con el dúplex EN 1.4362 (AISI 2304) y con el tradicional acero al carbono B-500-SD. El estudio mecánico y estructural se ha realizado en tres niveles diferentes: a nivel de barra, estudiando las propiedades mecánicas y de ductilidad de los cuatro aceros citados; a nivel de sección, estudiando su comportamiento a flexión con diferentes cuantías de armado por medio de los diagramas momento-curvatura; y a nivel de pieza, ensayando una serie de vigas armadas con diferentes aceros y cuantías, y comprobando su comportamiento a desplazamiento y resistencia por medio de los diagramas carga-desplazamiento. El estudio de resistencia a la corrosión se ha realizado embebiendo barras corrugadas, de los tres aceros inoxidables mencionados, en probetas de mortero contaminadas con diferentes cantidades de cloruros, y realizando mediciones electroquímicas durante un periodo de al menos un año. Se han preparado probetas de mortero para dos comparativas diferentes. La primera, manteniendo las probetas en un desecador con el 95 % de humedad relativa durante todo el periodo de mediciones. La segunda, sumergiendo parcialmente las probetas en una solución tampón para carbonatar el mortero. Los resultados de los ensayos mecánicos han demostrado dos aspectos diferentes. Uno, que las armaduras de acero inoxidable tienen un comportamiento muy similar a las de acero al carbono en lo referente a las resistencias alcanzadas, en el límite elástico y en rotura, pero distinto en cuanto al módulo de deformación longitudinal, cuyo valor es claramente inferior al del acero al carbono, por lo que su utilización en las estructuras de hormigón necesita tener en cuenta ese dato en los análisis lineales de cálculo. El segundo aspecto es que las armaduras de acero inoxidable laminadas en caliente presentan una ductilidad muy superior a las de acero al carbono, por lo que ofrecen una mayor seguridad frente a su rotura o al colapso de la estructura, lo que se debe tener en cuenta en el análisis de cálculo plástico. En cambio, las armaduras de acero inoxidable laminadas en frío sólo cumplen con los límites mínimos de ductilidad establecidos en la instrucción EHE-08 para los aceros soldables, y no para los aceros con características especiales de ductilidad. El estudio a nivel de sección refleja la paradoja de obtener secciones menos dúctiles con las armaduras de acero inoxidable laminadas en caliente que con las armaduras de acero al carbono. Para subsanarlo, se definen los conceptos de curvatura última de rotura y ductilidad de la sección en rotura, que tienen en cuenta las altas deformaciones alcanzadas por las armaduras de acero inoxidable. Los resultados a nivel de pieza permiten identificar el comportamiento estructural del hormigón armado con barras corrugadas de acero inoxidable y compararlo con el de las estructuras de hormigón armado convencionales, verificando los resultados experimentales con los teóricos obtenidos con la formulación recogida en la instrucción EHE- 08. Los ensayos de resistencia a la corrosión por cloruros demuestran, durante el primer año y medio de vida de las probetas, un comportamiento muy similar entre el nuevo acero inoxidable dúplex bajo en níquel y el austenítico y el dúplex utilizados para la comparación, incluso para las probetas carbonatadas. Por último, se añade una comparativa económica, realizada sobre dos edificaciones tipo, para cuantificar el sobrecoste que supone la utilización de armaduras de acero inoxidable respecto a las de acero al carbono. El alto coste inicial de las armaduras de acero inoxidable se ve compensado en el coste final de la estructura de muy diferentes formas, principalmente dependiendo del grado de acero elegido y de si se emplean en el total de la estructura o solamente en los elementos más expuestos. The durability of the concrete structures is limited, especially in certain environments. The attack of aggressive agents in the concrete, mainly carbon dioxide and chloride ions, penetrating the thickness of concrete cover and reaching the reinforcements, reduce the high pH of concrete to the point of reaching a critical threshold, under which, the steel despasivates. Therefore, if there is enough humidity and oxygen, the steel corroes, causing drastic reductions in the service life of these structures and its inevitable repair. Despite the high initial cost compared to carbon steel, the usage of stainless steel reinforcements is an alternative with a major consideration nowadays. Its resistance to corrosion in the most aggressive atmospheres, including chlorides attack, makes the stainless steel a suitable material to extend considerably its lifetime. In this study, it’s been evaluated the mechanical and structural behaviour, and the corrosion resistance, of a new low-nickel duplex stainless steel EN 1.4482 (AISI 2001), and it has been compared with the most widely used austenitic type EN 1.4301 (AISI 304), with duplex steel EN 1.4362 (AISI 2304) and with the traditional carbon steel B-500-SD. The mechanical and structural study has been carried out in three different levels: bar level, studying mechanical properties and ductility of the four steels; section level, studying its behaviour when blending with different amounts of reinforcement through the moment-curvature diagrams; and structural element level, testing a series of reinforced beams with different steels and amounts, and checking its sag and resistance through the load-deflection diagrams. The corrosion resistance study was performed by embedding ribbed bars, using the three stainless steel listed, on mortar specimens contaminated with different amounts of chlorides, and taking electrochemical measurements over a period of at least one year. Mortar specimens have been prepared for two different comparisons. The first, keeping the specimens at 95% of relative humidity during the measurement period. The second, immersing the specimens partially in a carbonate buffer solution. The results of those tests have proved two different aspects. Firstly, that stainless steel reinforcements show a very similar behaviour to carbon steel, according to the reached levels of mechanical resistance, yield stress and steel strength, but a different behaviour in Young’s modulus, which value is clearly lower than the carbon steel. Therefore, when using in concrete structures it is need to consider on that point the existing calculus of linear analysis. The second aspect is that stainless steel reinforcement manufactured by hot-rolling process show a very higher ductility than carbon steel, offering a better security on cracks or structure collapse, which it has to be taken into account on plastic calculus analysis. However, the stainless steel reinfor9 cement cold-rolled bars only meet the minimum thresholds of ductility established by EHE-08 for welded steel, and not for steels with special ductility. The results at the section level reflect the paradox of getting less ductile sections with hot rolled stainless steel reinforcement than with carbon steel reinforcements. To overcome that, the concepts of last break curvature and break ductility section have been defined, which take into account the high deformation value achieved by stainless steel reinforcements. The results at the structural element level allow to identify the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete with stainless steel reinforcements and compared with that of conventional steel reinforcement, contrasting the experimental with the theoretical results obtained from the formulation contained in the instruction EHE-08. Tests on resistance of chloride corrosion show during the first year and a half of specimens life, a similar behaviour between the new low nickel duplex stainless steel and austenitic and duplex used for comparison, even for carbonated specimens. Finally, it has been included an economic comparison on two differents building types, to quantify the additional cost involved on the use of stainless steel reinforcement compared to that of carbon steel. The high initial cost of stainless steel reinforcements is offset in the final cost of the structure in many different ways, mainly depending on the chosen steel grade and whether the reinforcement is used in the total structure or only in risky structural elements.

An Internet of Things approach for managing smart services provided by wearable devices.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing at a fast pace with new devices getting connected all the time. A new emerging group of these devices are the wearable devices, and Wireless Sensor Networks are a good way to integrate them in the IoT concept and bring new experiences to the daily life activities. In this paper we present an everyday life application involving a WSN as the base of a novel context-awareness sports scenario where physiological parameters are measured and sent to the WSN by wearable devices. Applications with several hardware components introduce the problem of heterogeneity in the network. In order to integrate different hardware platforms and to introduce a service-oriented semantic middleware solution into a single application, we propose the use of an Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) as a bridge for guaranteeing interoperability and integration of the different environments, thus introducing a semantic added value needed in the world of IoT-based systems. This approach places all the data acquired (e.g., via Internet data access) at application developers disposal, opening the system to new user applications. The user can then access the data through a wide variety of devices (smartphones, tablets, computers) and Operating Systems (Android, iOS, Windows, Linux, etc.).

Tras la producción del error: cómo el error en la epistemología se vincula a la arquitectura.

En la vida cotidiana, los errores no solo se reconocen, sino que también nos plantean nuevas situaciones. En la “filosofía de la ciencia” se han tratado como un factor determinante para la definición y la crítica de la propia ciencia. Se pretende que a través de la solución del “problema filosófico del error” de Víctor Brochard, y de algunos episodios claves de la epistemología, reconozcamos “el error” dentro de los procesos arquitectónicos como un factor crítico y productivo en sí mismo. ABSTRACT: In everyday life, errors are not only acknowledged, but they also expose us to new situations. In the field of philosophy of science, errors have been viewed as an important factor for determining and reviewing the definition of science itself. This article proposes that: through Victor Brochard´s solution of “the philosophical problem of error” and through some key aspects in epistemology, we will be able to determine that architectural “errors” can provide us with reflective and productive insights in architecture.

Providing a consensus definition for the term "Smart Product"

The term "Smart Product" has become commonly used in recent years. This is because there has been an increasing interest in these kinds of products as part of the consumer goods industry, impacting everyday life and industry. Nevertheless, the term "Smart Product" is used with different meanings in different contexts and application domains. The use of the term "Smart Product" with different meanings and underlying semantics can create important misunderstandings and dissent. The aim of this paper is to analyze the different definitions of Smart Product available in the literature, and to explore and analyze their commonalities and differences, in order to provide a consensus definition that satisfies, and can therefore be used by, all parties. To embrace the identified definitions, the concept of "Smart Thing" is introduced. The methodology used was a systematic literature review. The definition is expressed as an ontology.

NFC based remote control of services for interactive spaces

Ubiquitous computing (one person, many computers) is the third era in the history of computing. It follows the mainframe era (many people, one computer) and the PC era (one person, one computer). Ubiquitous computing empowers people to communicate with services by interacting with their surroundings. Most of these so called smart environments contain sensors sensing users’ actions and try to predict the users’ intentions and necessities based on sensor data. The main drawback of this approach is that the system might perform unexpected or unwanted actions, making the user feel out of control. In this master thesis we propose a different procedure based on Interactive Spaces: instead of predicting users’ intentions based on sensor data, the system reacts to users’ explicit predefined actions. To that end, we present REACHeS, a server platform which enables communication among services, resources and users located in the same environment. With REACHeS, a user controls services and resources by interacting with everyday life objects and using a mobile phone as a mediator between himself/herself, the system and the environment. REACHeS’ interfaces with a user are built upon NFC (Near Field Communication) technology. NFC tags are attached to objects in the environment. A tag stores commands that are sent to services when a user touches the tag with his/her NFC enabled device. The prototypes and usability tests presented in this thesis show the great potential of NFC to build such user interfaces.

Hegemonía, gubernamentalidad, territorio. Apuntes metodológicos para una historia social de la planificación

La historia social de la planificación espacial es un elemento clave en el proyecto de replanteamiento crítico de las políticas urbanas y territoriales. Un urbanismo comprometido con la recuperación de lo común bajo coordenadas radicalmente democráticas requiere una lectura del pasado capaz de desvelar cómo llegaron a producirse las estructuras socioespaciales contemporáneas y el papel que la planificación jugó en dicho proceso. La historia social de la planificación permite comprender la génesis sociopolítica de los discursos, técnicas y prácticas urbanísticas que empleamos en la actualidad y cuál ha sido su efecto sobre la vida cotidiana de los planificados. Este artículo analiza varios momentos conceptuales y metodológicos de ese proyecto historiográ!co. Se exploran en primer lugar el concepto gramsciano de «hegemonía» y el foucaultiano de «gubernamentalidad » como herramientas que permiten comprender la articulación entre política y vida cotidiana en el marco de una historia social general. Esta matriz de trabajo se traslada a la dimensión espacial a través de los conceptos de «territorio» y «territorialidad». Por último se estudia el modo en que la planificación ha sido movilizada históricamente como técnica de regulación espacial de los procesos de reproducción social por determinados proyectos hegemónicos/gubernamentales en un contexto de lucha de territorialidades. ........................................... The social history of spatial planning is a key element in the critical reevaluation of urban and territorial policies. In order to engage planning in the recovery of the commons and the formation of more democratic environments we need to understand its role in the historical production of our present sociospatial structures. This historiographical approach provides an alternative account of the sociopolitical genesis of contemporary planning discourses, techniques and practices, describing their effects and impact on the everyday lives of planned populations. This article analyzes several conceptual and methodological moments of this research project. Firstly I suggest that we use Gramsci’s conceptualization of «hegemony» and Foucault’s «governmentality» in order to understand the articulation between politics and everyday life in the context of a general social history. This theoretical framework is then translated into spatial terms through the concepts of «territory» and «territoriality». Finally, I study how planning has been mobilized throughout history by particular hegemonic/governmental projects in order to spatially regulate the processes of social reproduction, in a context shaped by struggles of territoriality.

Stoichiometry in Context: Inquiry-Guided Problems of Chemistry for Encouraging Critical Thinking in Engineering Students

This paper focuses on examples of educational tools concerning the learning of chemistry for engineering students through different daily life cases. These tools were developed during the past few years for enhancing the active role of students. They refer to cases about mineral water, medicaments, dentifrices and informative panels about solar power, where an adequate quantitative treatment through stoichiometry calculations allows the interpretation of data and values announced by manufacturers. These cases were developed in the context of an inquiry-guided instruction model. By bringing tangible chemistry examples into the classroom we provide an opportunity for engineering students to apply this science to familiar products in hopes that they will appreciate chemistry more, will be motivated to study concepts in greater detail, and will connect the relevance of chemistry to everyday life.

Evaluating new interaction paradigms in SEN teaching: defining the experiment

New devices have made their way into everyday life in recent years, opening the doors to new ways of interacting with computers, providing different, and potentially better, solutions to some problems. But this raises the question of if there is any way of measuring whether or not these new devices are suitable. This paper presents a strategy for evaluating the suitability of new interaction devices in the context of teaching children with special educational needs

La espacialidad del encuentro. Análisis de las comunidades de los conjuntos habitacionales modernos en el caso chileno del Gran Valparaíso

La producción habitacional moderna chilena del siglo xx proporcionó modelos valiosos en los que abundaban espacios proclives al encuentro de la comunidad que, además, han logrado perdurar en el tiempo. Sin embargo, el estado de degradación en que se encuentran algunos de estos conjuntos ha puesto en entredicho sus cualidades efectivas para resolver el problema de la vivienda, tanto por su racionalidad excesiva como por su escasa capacidad para acoger los modos de vida propios de sus habitantes. A día de hoy, ante la masificación indiscriminada del mercado inmobiliario, cabe plantearse una mirada retrospectiva hacia algunos de estos conjuntos que mediaron entre la renovación y la realidad local preexistente, como ocurrió en algunos contextos geográficos complejos como el ‘Gran Valparaíso’. Las ciudades de Valparaíso y Viña del Mar destacan por su peculiar morfología urbana entre planicie y cerros, conformada tanto por construcciones espontáneas como planificadas, generalmente adaptadas a la geografía. La aparición de nuevos modelos en altura en los cerros tuvo consecuencias significativas para la escala del barrio y la ciudad, como la apropiación del patrimonio común de los ciudadanos —la vista hacia el paisaje de la bahía— y un cierto descontrol en las relaciones entre lo construido y su entorno inmediato. Dicha situación se tradujo en la deshumanización de los espacios colectivos y la pérdida del ‘sentido de lo comunitario’, dos situaciones propias del habitar local. Sin embargo, algunos conjuntos modernos dieron importancia a este tipo de espacios, que utilizaron como complemento a los reducidos recintos comunes de la unidad habitacional. Así, mediante la integración de circulaciones, espacios comunitarios y dotaciones, se estimuló la ‘comunidad’ y se favoreció la relación socio-espacial entre la vecindad y el barrio. El hecho de que en su implantación recogiesen cualidades locales —o no— requiere de un estudio más exhaustivo, especialmente en lo que toca a los modos de vida asociados. Esta tesis presenta la trayectoria y el proceso de desarrollo comunitario de siete conjuntos habitacionales modernos construidos en Valparaíso y Viña del Mar. Una evolución que estuvo impulsada por las cualidades formales y funcionales de los espacios comunes, profundamente arraigados al lugar. A través de un análisis retrospectivo de los ámbitos de encuentro y la trayectoria de la vida cotidiana, y construido desde la documentación junto con los recuerdos de los habitantes originarios, este trabajo revisa el estado actual de dichos conjuntos, sus singularidades y los cambios que han experimentado en el tiempo. ABSTRACT The twentieth century’s Chilean modern housing production has provided valuable models in which abounded spaces likely to community encounter, that also have managed to survive over time. However, some modern housing complexes exhibit an evident state of deterioration, that contradicts their characteristics for solving housing problems, both for its excessive rationality as their limited capacity to accommodate the ways of life of its inhabitants. However while the housing market has established a model based on standardization and individuality, an evaluation of the real characteristics of the main modern constructions is required, that mediate between the renewal and the existing local reality especially in cities emplaced in geographic complexes such as the ‘Gran Valparaíso’. The cities of Valparaiso and Viña del Mar are notable for its unique urban morphology between flat land and hills, formed both by spontaneous as planned constructions, generally adapted to the geography. The emergence of these new height models, particularly in the hills, had significant consequences at neighborhood and city. On the one hand has implied ownership of the common heritage of the people —the view of the landscape of the bay— and on the other hand have devalued the relationship between the built and the immediate environment. That situation even involved the dehumanization of collective spaces and loss of ‘sense of community’, both part of the local ways of live. However some modern collective housing gave importance to such spaces as a way to address the lack of common spaces in the dwelling unit. Through the integration of circulations, community spaces and endowments, ‘community’ was stimulated and socio-spatial relationship between vicinity and the neighborhood was favored. The fact that in its implementation to collect local qualities —or not— requires further study, especially in terms of associated lifestyles. This thesis presents the trajectory and community development process of seven modern housing complexes built in Valparaíso and Viña del Mar. As will be seen, without a doubt the formal and functional qualities of common spaces prompted the neighborhood’s evolution, deeply rooted in place.. Through a built from the documentation with the memories of the original inhabitants retrospective analysis of the areas of encounter and experience of everyday life, this research reviews the current status of these sets, their singularities and the changes that have experienced over time.

Madrid 1919, un nuevo escenario urbano subterráneo: el Metro. Aparición en España del concepto de viaje sin referencias espaciales.

Esta comunicación recibió la condición especial de ser destacada por el Comité Científico. A comienzos del siglo XX se empieza a implantar un novedoso medio de transporte en las grandes ciudades españolas: el metro. Aunque ya se había probado con éxito en otras ciudades europeas (Londres, Viena, París?), la expectación surgida en la capital era desmedida. En aquellos años Madrid se encontraba inmersa en un importante proceso de transformación que la convertiría décadas más tarde en una gran metrópoli. No obstante, en estos años de definición de su propia trama urbana la ciudad estaba colapsada por los tranvías y el creciente tráfico de automóviles. La Compañía Metropolitano Alfonso XIII, fundada por los ingenieros Miguel Otamendi, Antonio G. Echarte y Carlos Mendoza, consiguió materializar en un eficaz proyecto la idea de un nuevo tipo de transporte que discurría por debajo del nivel de calle. Este tipo de ferrocarril subterráneo planteó la aparición de unos nuevos parámetros espaciales que modificaron la percepción que los viajeros urbanos tenían de la metrópoli. Las bocas de metro se convirtieron enseguida en hitos en torno a los cuales se podían tomar referencias y orientarse en la trama urbana. La descontextualización del viaje respecto al entorno físico en el cual se produce ese desplazamiento direccional convirtió la experiencia de viajar a través del subsuelo en algo futurista para la época. Y con ello cambió la concepción de la ciudad, dejamos de percibirla en su totalidad para experimentarla de manera fragmentada por esos lapsos de tiempo que transcurren entre la entrada y la salida del metro. A través de los dibujos que Antonio Palacios Ramilo (Porriño 1874 ? Madrid 1945), arquitecto oficial de la Compañía, realizó para el diseño de las estaciones, vestíbulos y bocas de acceso podemos sentir la búsqueda constante de calidez y luminosidad como contraste frente a la imagen estereotipada fría y oscura de una caverna excavada bajo tierra. La introducción de la luz cenital en los vestíbulos, el recubrimiento de todas las superficies de tránsito con azulejos blancos que reflejan y multiplican la luz y el exquisito diseño de todos los detalles demuestran el interés del arquitecto por dignificar en todo momento estos nuevos espacios subterráneos, caracterizando con una identidad propia esta nueva tipología arquitectónica, y convirtiendo el viaje en metro en una experiencia sensorial innovadora. Abstract: n the early twentieth century Madrid was undergoing a major transformation that would make decades later in a large metropolis. However, in these years of defining its own urban grid the city was jammed with trams and the increasing car traffic. In 1919, the Com- pany Metropolitan Alfonso XIII, got into an effective project materialize the idea of a new type of transport that ran below the calle. Analizaremos experience as a paradigm shift in the trip meter without spatial reference. We will study the elements of this under- ground network and the relationships between them are generated: nodes , flows, transit spaces, waiting areas and up... And finally , will point to what extent the construction of this transport has influenced and modified the urban scene on the slope where the meter has become an element of our everyday life.

Hybridization Processes: The case of the urban game: Hybrid Hunt: Petrified

The proposal highlights certain design strategies and a case study that can link the material urban space to digital emerging realms. The composite nature of urban spaces ?material/ digital- is understood as an opportunity to reconfigure public urban spaces without high-cost, difficult to apply interventions and, furthermore, to reactivate them by inserting dynamic, interactive and playful conditions that engage people and re-establish their relations to the cities. The structuring of coexisting and interconnected material and digital aspects in public urban spaces is proposed through the implementation of hybridization processes. Hybrid spaces can fascinate and provoke the public and especially younger people to get involved and interact with physical aspects of urban public spaces as well as digital representations or interpretations of those. Digital game?s design in urban public spaces can be comprehended as a tool that allows architects to understand and to configure hybrids of material and digital conceptions and project all in one, as an inseparable totality. Digital technologies have for a long time now intervened in our perception of traditional dipoles such as subject - environment. Architects, especially in the past, have been responsible for material mediations and tangible interfaces that permit subjects to relate to their physical environments in a controlled and regulated manner; but, nowadays, architects are compelled to embody in design, the transition that is happening in all aspects of everyday life, that is, from material to digital realities. In addition, the disjunctive relation of material and digital realms is ceding and architects are now faced with the challenge that supposes the merging of both in a single, all-inclusive reality. The case study is a design project for a game implemented simultaneously in a specific urban space and on the internet. This project developed as the spring semester course New Media in Architecture at the Department of Architecture, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece is situated at the city of Xanthi. Composite cities can use design strategies and technological tools to configure augmented and appealing urban spaces that articulate and connect different realms in a single engaging reality.