Efeito de fungicidas na germinação in vitro de conídios de Claviceps africana

A cultura do sorgo não enfrentava problemas sérios de doenças nas condições de cultivo no Brasil, até o ano de 1995, quando se registrou a ocorrência da doença-açucarada, causada por Claviceps africana, que afeta as panículas e reduz a quantidade e a qualidade dos grãos; os conídios constituem a principal fonte de inóculo fúngico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito dos fungicidas tebuconazole, propiconazole, triadimenol, triadimefon, flutriafol e mancozeb na inibição in vitro da germinação dos conídios. Os fungicidas mancozeb, triadimenol e propiconazole foram os mais eficientes na inibição da germinação dos conídios.

A new self-expanding aortic stent valve with annular fixation: in vitro haemodynamic assessment.

OBJECTIVE: Balloon-expandable stent valves require flow reduction during implantation (rapid pacing). The present study was designed to compare a self-expanding stent valve with annular fixation versus a balloon-expandable stent valve. METHODS: Implantation of a new self-expanding stent valve with annular fixation (Symetis, Lausanne, Switzerland) was assessed versus balloon-expandable stent valve, in a modified Dynatek Dalta pulse duplicator (sealed port access to the ventricle for transapical route simulation), interfaced with a computer for digital readout, carrying a 25 mm porcine aortic valve. The cardiovascular simulator was programmed to mimic an elderly woman with aortic stenosis: 120/85 mmHg aortic pressure, 60 strokes/min (66.5 ml), 35% systole (2.8 l/min). RESULTS: A total of 450 cardiac cycles was analysed. Stepwise expansion of the self-expanding stent valve with annular fixation (balloon-expandable stent valve) resulted in systolic ventricular increase from 120 to 121 mmHg (126 to 830+/-76 mmHg)*, and left ventricular outflow obstruction with mean transvalvular gradient of 11+/-1.5 mmHg (366+/-202 mmHg)*, systolic aortic pressure dropped distal to the valve from 121 to 64.5+/-2 mmHg (123 to 55+/-30 mmHg) N.S., and output collapsed to 1.9+/-0.06 l/min (0.71+/-0.37 l/min* (before complete obstruction)). No valve migration occurred in either group. (*=p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Implantation of this new self-expanding stent valve with annular fixation has little impact on haemodynamics and has the potential for working heart implantation in vivo. Flow reduction (rapid pacing) is not necessary.

Antirotavirus immunoglobulin A neutralizes virus in vitro after transcytosis through epithelial cells and protects infant mice from diarrhea.

Rotaviruses are the major cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. Due to their restricted site of replication, i.e., mature enterocytes, local intestinal antibodies have been proposed to play a major role in protective immunity. Whether secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies alone can provide protection against rotavirus diarrhea has not been fully established. To address this question, a library of IgA monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) previously developed against different proteins of rhesus rotavirus was used. A murine hybridoma "backpack tumor" model was established to examine if a single MAb secreted onto mucosal surfaces via the normal epithelial transport pathway was capable of protecting mice against diarrhea upon oral challenge with rotavirus. Of several IgA and IgG MAbs directed against VP8 and VP6 of rotavirus, only IgA VP8 MAbs (four of four) were found to protect newborn mice from diarrhea. An IgG MAb recognizing the same epitope as one of the IgA MAbs tested failed to protect mice from diarrhea. We also investigated if antibodies could be transcytosed in a biologically active form from the basolateral domain to the apical domain through filter-grown Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells expressing the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. Only IgA antibodies with VP8 specificity (four of four) neutralized apically administered virus. The results support the hypothesis that secretory IgA antibodies play a major role in preventing rotavirus diarrhea. Furthermore, the results show that the in vivo and in vitro methods described are useful tools for exploring the mechanisms of viral mucosal immunity.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of sunitinib eluting beads

Background: Chemoembolization is used to treat liver malignancies. However recurrence occurs frequently, possibly because of neoangiogenesis triggered by ischemia caused by the embolic agent. In this context, the combination of an embolic agent with an anti-angiogenic drug seems appealing. This study characterizes the in vitro loading and release profile of sunitinib eluting beads of different sizes and their pharmacokinetic profile in a rabbit model. Methods: 70-150 μm and 100-300 μm drug eluting beads (DC Bead, Biocompatibles UK) were loaded by incubation in a sunitinib hydrochloride solution. Drug was quantified by spectrophotometry at 430 nm. Drug release was measured over one-week periods and normalized using an internal standard in 30% ethanol in NaCl 0.9%. New-Zealand white rabbits were used. Eight animals received 0.2 ml of 100-300 μm DC Bead loaded with 6 mg of sunitinib in the hepatic artery (group 1) and 4 animals received 6 mg of sunitinib p.o. (group 2). Half of the animals were sacrificed after 6 hours and half after24 hours. Liver enzymes were measured at 0, 6 and 24 hours in both groups. Plasmatic sunitinib concentration was determined by tandem mass spectroscopy (LC MS/MS) at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 24 hours. At sacrifice, the livers were harvested and sunitinib concentration in liver tissue was assessed by LC MS/MS. Results: High drug loading was obtained for both microsphere bead sizes. Particle shrinking was observed with adsorption of sunitinib. Almost complete release of sunitinib was detected under physiological conditions, with very similar release for 70-150 μm and 100-300 μm (t50%=1.2 h) DC Bead. Conclusions: Sunitinib eluting beads are well tolerated by rabbits when administered in the hepatic artery. No unexpected toxicity was observed. Very high drug concentration can be obtained at the site of embolization with minimal systemic passage.

Propagação in vitro e avaliação de parâmetros morfofisiológicos de porta-enxertos de videira

A micropropagação de genótipos selecionados pode contribuir para atender a demanda de plantas matrizes e mudas de qualidade genética e sanitária comprovadas de videira (Vitis spp.) no Estado de Santa Catarina. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer e multiplicar in vitro porta-enxertos de videira e avaliar parâmetros morfofisiológicos fundamentais à micropropagação e aclimatização. Os porta-enxertos VR043-43, VR039-16, Paulsen 1103, R110, SO4 e Kober 5BB foram estabelecidos e multiplicados in vitro pelo método de gemas axilares em meio de cultura DSD1. Quarenta e dois por cento dos explantes foram estabelecidos in vitro. Houve variabilidade de crescimento, área foliar e matéria seca entre os genótipos. O porta-enxerto Paulsen 1103 foi numericamente superior aos demais no desenvolvimento in vitro em comprimento de caule (6,2 cm), produção de biomassa (34,8 mg) e área foliar (18,1 cm²) in vitro. O teor de clorofila total variou entre os porta-enxertos e o ambiente de cultura, com 0,7 e 2,8 mg/g de matéria fresca do R110 (in vitro) e VR043-43 (ex vitro), respectivamente. A maior (216,4/mm²) e a menor (119,2/mm²) densidade estomática foram apresentadas pelo VR039-16 in vitro e pelo SO4 ex vitro, respectivamente. A taxa de sobrevivência de plantas na aclimatização foi em média 90,3±1,1% por genótipo. Os porta-enxertos de videira avaliados apresentaram características morfofisiológicas apropriadas para a propagação in vitro e a transferência ex vitro.

Brain Spectrins 240/235 and 240/235E: Differential Expression During Development of Chicken Dorsal Root Ganglia in vivo and in vitro.

Brain spectrin, a membrane-related cytoskeletal protein, exists as two isoforms. Brain spectrin 240/235 is localized preferentially in the perikaryon and axon of neuronal cells and brain spectrin 240/235E is found essentially in the neuronal soma and dendrites and in glia (Riederer et al., 1986, J. Cell Biol., 102, 2088 - 2097). The sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia, devoid of any dendrites, make a good tool to investigate such differential expression of spectrin isoforms. In this study expression and localization of both brain spectrin isoforms were analysed during early chicken dorsal root ganglia development in vivo and in culture. Both isoforms appeared at embryonic day 6. Brain spectrin 240/235 exhibited a transient increase during embryonic development and was first expressed in ventrolateral neurons. In ganglion cells in situ and in culture this spectrin type showed a somato - axonal distribution pattern. In contrast, brain spectrin 240/235E slightly increased between E6 and E15 and remained practically unchanged. It was localized mainly in smaller neurons of the mediodorsal area as punctate staining in the cytoplasm, was restricted exclusively to the ganglion cell perikarya and was absent from axons both in situ and in culture. This study suggests that brain spectrin 240/235 may contribute towards outgrowth, elongation and maintenance of axonal processes and that brain spectrin 240/235E seems to be exclusively involved in the stabilization of the cytoarchitecture of cell bodies in a selected population of ganglion cells.

Toxicidade de antibióticos no cultivo in vitro da batata em meios semi-sólido e líquido

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos fitotóxicos de antibióticos no crescimento e na taxa de multiplicação in vitro da batata. Brotações da cultivar Baronesa foram cultivadas em meio de multiplicação de consistência semi-sólida e líquida. O meio de multiplicação foi formado pelos sais e vitaminas de MS ao qual adicionou-se um dos seguintes antibióticos: ampicilina, cloranfenicol, estreptomicina e tetraciclina, previamente selecionados em razão da ação bactericida sobre contaminantes da cultura, nas concentrações de 0, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 e 1.024 mg L-1. Por 21 dias os materiais foram mantidos em sala de crescimento a 25±2°C, 16 horas de luz e fluxo de radiação de 35 µmol m-2 s-1. Nos tratamentos em que se utilizou meio de cultura líquido, os frascos foram mantidos sob constante agitação em mesa agitadora do tipo orbital. A ampicilina foi o único antibiótico que não afetou a sobrevivência e o desenvolvimento dos explantes de batata em meio de multiplicação, podendo ser indicada para trabalhos de descontaminação in vitro dessa espécie. O aumento das concentrações de cloranfenicol, estreptomicina e tetraciclina no meio de cultura apresentou efeitos fitotóxicos severos sobre o crescimento e taxa de multiplicação do material vegetal.

Metabolismo de plantas de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas in vitro sob diferentes concentrações de nitrogênio

Variedades de cana-de-açúcar (RB 732577, RB 83102, RB 75126, CB 45-3, Caiana e Co 997) foram cultivadas in vitro em meio nutritivo básico MS com diferentes concentrações de N (9,83 mM, 7,37 mM, 4,92 mM, 2,46 mM, 0,49 mM e 0,0 mM), com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência no processo de assimilação desse elemento. Após 45 dias de cultivo, foram determinados os ganhos de biomassa e os teores de amônio, aminoácidos e açúcares solúveis. A variedade Co 997 apresentou maior ganho de biomassa e maior quantidade de N incorporado em aminoácidos livres em relação às demais variedades, sugerindo maior eficiência no processo de assimilação. Os teores mais elevados de amônio foram observados nas variedades RB 83102 e RB 75126, quando cultivadas em meio desprovido de N, mostrando-se menos eficientes no processo de assimilação uma vez que apresentaram os menores valores de aminoácidos livres nas mesmas condições de cultivo.

Seleção de matrizes e clones de mangabeira para o cultivo in vitro

Altas taxas de mortalidade em viveiro de mudas de mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa) impedem seu uso na reversão do processo de degradação das terras e na manutenção da produtividade e integridade ambiental do Cerrado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar matrizes e clones, provenientes de propagação sexuada e assexuada, com potencial de propagação in vitro, para produção de mudas de mangabeira. Foram coletados frutos de 11 matrizes e de cada matriz selecionaram-se 24 sementes em bom estado fitossanitário. Após a desinfecção, as sementes foram inoculadas em meio MS, sem reguladores de crescimento, obtendo-se uma média de germinação de 92,4%, e as matrizes não apresentaram diferença significativa entre si. Na fase de multiplicação, em meio MS, com os reguladores de crescimento BAP (6-benzilaminopurina) e AIB (ácido indol-3-butírico), ambos na concentração de 1,28 mg L-1, a melhor matriz foi a C1 e o melhor clone foi o C1 15. Em todas as fases foi observada alta variabilidade, em menor porcentagem na matriz e maior porcentagem no clone dentro da matriz. A seleção deve ser realizada principalmente nos clones dentro da matriz.

A nuclear factor I-like activity and a liver-specific repressor govern estrogen-regulated in vitro transcription from the Xenopus laevis vitellogenin B1 promoter.

A hormone-controlled in vitro transcription system derived from Xenopus liver nuclear extracts was exploited to identify novel cis-acting elements within the vitellogenin gene B1 promoter region. In addition to the already well-documented estrogen-responsive element (ERE), two elements were found within the 140 base pairs upstream of the transcription initiation site. One of them, a negative regulatory element, is responsible for the lack of promoter activity in the absence of the hormone and, as demonstrated by DNA-binding assays, interacts with a liver-specific transcription factor. The second is required in association with the estrogen-responsive element to mediate hormonal induction and is recognized by the Xenopus liver homolog of nuclear factor I.

Conservação in vitro de germoplasma de abacaxi tratado com paclobutrazol

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do paclobutrazol (PBZ) no crescimento in vitro de plantas de abacaxi visando à conservação do germoplasma. Utilizou-se o meio MS suplementado com 30 g L-1 de sacarose e 8 g L-1 de ágar. Cada tratamento consistiu de duas doses de PBZ: a primeira aplicada no início do experimento e a segunda, noventa dias após, em combinações que envolviam a ausência, 0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos na ausência do PBZ, ou com 0,5 mg L-1 aplicada apenas no início do experimento. Foi possível reduzir o número de subcultivos durante o período de conservação.

A highly sensitive in vitro infection assay to explore early stages of mouse mammary tumor virus infection.

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) infection of adult mice induces a strong response to superantigen (Sag) in their draining lymph nodes, which results from the presentation of Sag by MMTV-infected B cells to Sag-reactive T cells. To date, infection with physiologically relevant doses of MMTV can be detected in vivo only after several days of Sag-mediated T-cell-dependent amplification of infected B cells. Furthermore, no efficient in vitro system of detecting MMTV infection is available. Such a model would allow the dissection of the early phase of infection, the assessment of the contributions of different cell types, and the screening of large panels of molecules for their potential roles in infection and Sag response. For these reasons, we have established an in vitro model for detecting infection which is as sensitive and reproducible as the in vivo model. We found that the viral envelope (Env) protein is crucial for target cell infection but not for presentation of Sag. Furthermore, we show that infection of purified B cells with MMTV induces entry of Sag-responsive T cells into the cell cycle, while other professional antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, are much less efficient in inducing a response.

Atividade enzimática em variedades de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas in vitro sob diferentes níveis de nitrogênio

O nitrogênio é considerado o elemento mineral mais abundante nas plantas, sendo componente essencial de biomoléculas e inúmeras enzimas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência no processo de assimilação do nitrogênio e encontrar parâmetros indicativos do potencial de fixação biológica em variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum) cultivadas in vitro. Foram utilizadas as variedades de cana-de-açúcar RB 842021, RB 83102, RB 75126, RB 882980 e Co 997, além da Brachiaria arrecta (testemunha), cultivadas in vitro em diferentes níveis de nitrogênio [M1 (9,83 mM), M2 (2,46 mM), M3 (0,49 mM), M4 (0,0 mM)]. Todas as variedades e a cultura testemunha (Brachiaria arrecta) apresentaram atividade da nitrato redutase (NR) constitutiva e também da glutamina sintetase (GS), mesmo na ausência de amônio e nitrato no meio de cultura. A variedade RB 842021 apresentou a maior atividade da nitrato redutase e o maior conteúdo de clorofilas a e b, e a variedade RB 882980 a maior atividade da glutamina sintetase nas mesmas condições de cultivo, o que pode representar maior potencial de assimilação do nitrogênio.

Gene expression profiling in human pathogenic dermatophytes in vitro and in vivo

Objectives: Dermatophytes are highly specialized fungi which are the most common agents of superficial mycoses in humans and animals. The particular ability of these microorganisms to invade and multiply within keratinized host structures is presumably linked to their secreted keratinolytic activity, which is therefore a major putative virulence attribute of these fungi. The overall adaptation and transcriptional response of dermatophytes during protein degradation and/or infection is largely unknown. Methods: A Trichophyton rubrum cDNA microarray was developed and used for the transcriptional analysis of T. rubrum and Arthroderma benhamiae cells during growth on protein substrates. Moreover, the gene expression profile in A. benhamiae cells was monitored during infection of guinea pigs. Results: T. rubrum and A. benhamiae cells activate a large set of genes encoding secreted endo- and exoproteases during growth on soy and keratin. In addition, other specifically induced factors with potential implication in protein utilization were identified, e.g. multiple transporters, metabolic enzymes, transcription factors and hypothetical proteins with unknown function. Notably however, the protease gene expression profile in the fungal cells during infection was significantly different from the pattern elicited during in vitro growth on keratin. Conclusions: Our results suggest specific functions of individual proteases during infection, which may not be restricted to the degradation of keratin. This first, broad in vivo transcriptional profiling approach in dermatophytes gives new molecular insights into pathogenicity associated adaptation mechanisms that make these microorganisms the most successful causitive agents of superficial mycoses.