Le "suffragium" et la corruption administrative dans l'empire romain au IVe siècle

En continuité avec les ouvrages récents (Veyne 1981, MacMullen 1988 et Kelly 2004) qui tentent de relativiser les effets néfastes de la corruption lors du Bas-Empire, ce travail étudie le suffragium, le processus de nomination des fonctionnaires de bureaux, afin d'évaluer comment les acteurs sociaux du IVe siècle considéraient ce phénomène. Ce système, organisé d'une telle façon que les hauts fonctionnaires devaient fournir des lettres de recommandation aux candidats postulant à des postes au sein de la fonction publique, serait devenu complètement corrompu durant le IVe siècle et les lettres de recommandation auraient commencé à être systématiquement vendues. Pourtant, les lois de Constantin, Constance et Julien ne fournissent aucune preuve tangible que le suffragium était dans tous le cas vénal à cette époque. Bien au contraire, les empereurs ajoutaient la plupart de temps des épithètes au terme suffragium pour spécifier qu'il parle du suffragium vénal. Généralement, les empereurs sont présentés comme farouchement opposés au suffragium et à toutes les tractations qui y sont attachées. Loin d'être aussi hostiles envers les « pratiques corrompues », les empereurs de la dynastie constantinienne firent preuve d'un certain pragmatisme en voyant qu'ils ne pouvaient contrôler toutes les nominations de ceux qui voulaient entrer dans la fonction publique et que ce n'était pas nécessairement à leur avantage de le faire. Les empereurs se concentrèrent plutôt sur les restrictions entourant les promotions afin de faire en sorte que les personnes qui avaient de réels pouvoirs soient celles qui avaient démontré leurs qualités tout au long de leurs années de service. Bien qu'ils n'aient pas concrètement légiféré sur les critères d'embauche des candidats, cela ne veut pas dire que n'importe qui pouvait obtenir un poste. À travers l'étude des lettres de Libanios et de Symmaque, ce travail démontre que les hauts fonctionnaires ne fournissaient pas de lettres à quiconque le demandait, puisque leur réputation pouvait être entachée par le fait d'avoir recommandé un mauvais candidat à un de leurs amis. Les hauts fonctionnaires qui recevaient les recommandations pouvaient également soumettre les candidats à des examens afin d'être certains de la qualité de l'individu. Ce système officieux de contrôle des candidats vint pallier, en partie, les déficits de la législation impériale. Conjointement, la loi et les usages permirent à l'administration de fonctionner en lui fournissant des candidats qui répondaient aux critères de l'époque.

Effet du stress prolifératif sur la fonction des cellules souches hématopoïétiques : rôles des gènes Scl, E2A et Heb

Le système hématopoïétique est un tissu en constant renouvellement et les cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSHs) sont indispensables pour soutenir la production des cellules matures du sang. Deux fonctions définissent les CSHs; la propriété d’auto-renouvellement, soit la capacité de préserver l’identité cellulaire suivant une division, et la multipotence, le potentiel de différenciation permettant de générer toutes les lignées hématopoïétiques. Chez l’adulte, la majorité des CSHs sont quiescentes et l’altération de cet état corrèle avec une diminution du potentiel de reconstitution des CSHs, suggérant que la quiescence protège les fonctions des CSHs. La quiescence est un état réversible et dynamique et les réseaux génétiques le contrôlant restent peu connus. Un nombre croissant d’évidences suggère que si à l’état d’homéostasie il y a une certaine redondance entre les gènes impliqués dans ces réseaux de contrôle, leurs rôles spécifiques sont révélés en situation de stress. La famille des bHLHs (basic helix-loop-helix) inclue différentes classes des protéines dont ceux qui sont tissu-spécifiques comme SCL, et les protéines E, comme E12/E47 et HEB. Certains bHLHs sont proposés êtres important pour la fonction des cellules souches, mais cela ne fait pas l’unanimité, car selon le contexte cellulaire, il y a redondance entre ces facteurs. La question reste donc entière, y a-t-il un rôle redondant entre les bHLHs d’une même classe pour la fonction à long-terme des CSHs? Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse visaient dans un premier temps à explorer le lien encore mal compris entre la quiescence et la fonction des CSHs en mesurant leurs facultés suite à un stress prolifératif intense et dans un deuxième temps, investiguer l’importance et la spécificité de trois gènes pour la fonction des CSHs adultes, soit Scl/Tal1, E2a/Tcf3 et Heb/Tcf12. Pour répondre à ces questions, une approche cellulaire (stress prolifératif) a été combinée avec une approche génétique (invalidation génique). Plus précisément, la résistance des CSHs au stress prolifératif a été étudiée en utilisant deux tests fonctionnels quantitatifs optimisés, soit un traitement basé sur le 5-fluorouracil, une drogue de chimiothérapie, et la transplantation sérielle en nombre limite. Dans la mesure où la fonction d’un réseau génique ne peut être révélée que par une perturbation intrinsèque, trois modèles de souris, i.e. Scl+/-, E2a+/- et Heb+/- ont été utilisés. Ceci a permis de révéler que l’adaptation des CSHs au stress prolifératif et le retour à l’équilibre est strictement contrôlé par les niveaux de Scl, lesquels règlent le métabolisme cellulaire des CSHs en maintenant l’expression de gènes ribosomaux à un niveau basal. D’autre part, bien que les composantes du réseau puissent paraître redondants à l’équilibre, mes travaux montrent qu’en situation de stress prolifératif, les niveaux de Heb restreignent la prolifération excessive des CSHs en induisant la sénescence et que cette fonction ne peut pas être compensée par E2a. En conclusion, les résultats présentés dans cette thèse montrent que les CSHs peuvent tolérer un stress prolifératif intense ainsi que des dommages à l’ADN non-réparés, tout en maintenant leur capacité de reconstituer l’hématopoïèse à long-terme. Cela implique cependant que leur métabolisme revienne au niveau de base, soit celui trouvé à l’état d’homéostasie. Par contre, avec l’augmentation du nombre de division cellulaire les CSHs atteignent éventuellement une limite d’expansion et entrent en sénescence.

Non-Destructive Evaluation of Ion-Implanted Semiconductor Thin Films Using Photothermal Deflections Spectroscopy

Materials and equipment which fail to achieve the design requirements or projected life due to undetected defects may require expensive repair or early replacement. Such defects may also be the cause of unsafe conditions or catastrophic unexpected failure, and will lead to loss of revenue due to plant shutdown. Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) / Non Destructive Testing (NDT) is used for the examination of materials and components without changing or destroying their usefulness. NDT can be applied to each stage of a system’s construction, to monitor the integrity of the system or structure throughout its life.

Effect of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of short Kevlar aramid fibre-thermoplastic polyurethane composite

The effect of various processing parameters, such as nip gap, friction ratio and roll temperature, on the tensile properties of short Kevlar aramid fibre-thermoplastic polyurethane composite has been investigated and the tensile and tear fracture surfaces have been characterised using a scanning electron microscope. A nip gap of 0.45 mm, a friction ratio of 1.15 and a roll temperature of 62°C was found to give optimum mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy study revealed a higher extent of fibre orientation in the milling direction in the above condition.

Optical absorption studies in ion implanted and amorphous semiconductors - Investigations in some tetrahedrally co-ordinated and chalcogenide materials

The thesis provides an overall review and introduction to amorphous semiconductors, followed by a brief discussion on the important structural models proposed for chalcogenide glasses and their electrical, optional and thermal properties. It also gives a brief description of the Physics of thin films, ion implantation and Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy. A brief description of the experimental setup of a photothermal deflection spectrometer and the details of the preparation and optical characterization of the thin film samples. It deals with the employment of the subgap optional absorption measurement by PDS to characterize the defects, amorphization and annealing behavior in silicon implanted with B+ ions and the profiles of ion range and vacancy distribution obtained by the TRIM simulation. It reports the results of all absorption measurements by PDS in nitrogen implanted thin film samples of Ge-Se and As-Se systems

Temperature Stable Low Loss Ceramic Dielectrics in (1-x)ZnAI2O4-xTiO2 System for Microwave Substrate Applications

The microwave dielectric properties of ZnAl2O4 spinels were investigated and their properties were tailored by adding different mole fractions of Ti02. The samples were synthesized using the mixed oxide rout.e. The phase purity and crystal structure were identified using X-ray diffraction technique. The sintered specimens were characterized in the microwave frequency range (3-13 GHz). The ZnA12O4 ceramics exhibited interesting dielectric properties (dielectric constant (e,.) = 8.5, unloaded quality factor (Q.) = 4590 at 12.27 GHz and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (Tf) = -79 ppm/°C). Addition of Ti02 into the spinel improved its properties and the Tf approached zero for 0.83ZnAl2O4- 0.17TiO2• This temperature compensated composition has excellent microwave dielectric properties (Cr _ 12.67, Q, = 9950 at 10.075 GHz) which can be exploited for microwave substrate applications

Optical and Thermal Characterization of Dye Intercalated Montmorillonites and Rare Earth Doped Materials

Nondestructive photothermal methods as well as optical absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy are utilized to characterise three different materials, both thermally and optically. The possibility of using montmorillonite clay minerals, after textile waste-water treatment, is investigated for further applications. The laser induced luminescence studies and thermal characterisation of certain rare earth titanates prepared by self propagating high temperature synthesis method are also presented. Moreover, effort is made to characterise rare earth doped sol gel silica glasses with the help of these nondestructive techniques.

Short Nylon Fibre Reinforced PP: Melt Rheology

Short fiber reinforced thermoplastics have generated much interest these days since fibrous materials tend to increase both mechanical and thermal properties, such as tensile strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus, heat deflection temperature, creep resistance, and some times impact strength of thermoplastics. If the matrix and reinforcement are both based on polymers the composite are recyclable. The rheological behavior of recyclable composites based on nylon fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) is reported in this paper. The rheological behavior was evaluated both using a capillary rheometer and a torque rheometer. The study showed that the composite became pseudoplastic with fiber content and hence fiber addition did not affect processing adversely at higher shear rates. The torque rheometer data resembled that obtained from the capillary rheometer. The energy of mixing and activation energy of mixing also did not show much variation from that of PP alone.

Photothermal Investigations on certain Organic Molecules and their Plasma polymerized thin Films

Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Laser Induced Photothermal Investigations on Thermal and Transport Properties of Certain Selected Photonic Materials

Discovery of coherent optical sources four decades ago has revolutionized all fields of scientific development. One of the path breaking applications of lasers is the emergence of various thermo optic techniques to unravel some of the mysteries of light matter interactions.Thermo optic technique is a valuable tool to evaluate optical and thermal properties of materials in solid,liquid and gaseous states .This technique can also be employed effectively in nondestructive quality evaluation. In this doctoral thesis , the use of photothermal techniques based on photoacoustic and photothermal deflection phenomena for the study of certain class of photonics materials such as semiconductors, nano metal dispersed ceramics, composites of conducting polymers and liquid crystals is elaborated.

Photothermal Investigations on Certain Plasma Polymerized Thin Films and Near IR Overtone Studies of Some Organic Molecules

Photothermal effect refers to heating of a sample due to the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. Photothermal (PT) heat generation which is an example of energy conversion has in general three kinds of applications. 1. PT material probing 2. PT material processing and 3. PT material destruction. The temperatures involved increases from 1-. 3. Of the above three, PT material probing is the most important in making significant contribution to the field of science and technology. Photothermal material characterization relies on high sensitivity detection techniques to monitor the effects caused by PT material heating of a sample. Photothermal method is a powerful high sensitivity non-contact tool used for non-destructive thermal characterization of materials. The high sensitivity of the photothermal methods has led to its application for analysis of low absorbance samples. Laser calorimetry, photothermal radiometry, pyroelectric technique, photoacoustic technique, photothermal beam deflection technique, etc. come under the broad class ofphotothermal techniques. However the choice of a suitable technique depends upon the nature of the sample, purpose of measurement, nature of light source used, etc. The present investigations are done on polymer thin films employing photothermal beam deflection technique, for the successful determination of their thermal diffusivity. Here the sample is excited by a He-Ne laser (A = 6328...\ ) which acts as the pump beam. Due to the refractive index gradient established in the sample surface and in the adjacent coupling medium, another optical beam called probe beam (diode laser, A= 6500A ) when passed through this region experiences a deflection and is detected using a position sensitive detector and its output is fed to a lock-in amplifier from which the amplitude and phase of the deflection can be directly obtained. The amplitude and phase of the signal is suitably analysed for determining the thermal diffusivity.The production of polymer thin film samples has gained considerable attention for the past few years. Plasma polymerization is an inexpensive tool for fabricating organic thin films. It refers to formation of polymeric materials under the influence of plasma, which is generated by some kind of electric discharge. Here plasma of the monomer vapour is generated by employing radio frequency (MHz) techniques. Plasma polymerization technique results in homogeneous, highly adhesive, thermally stable, pinhole free, dielectric, highly branched and cross-linked polymer films. The possible linkage in the formation of the polymers is suggested by comparing the FTIR spectra of the monomer and the polymer.Near IR overtone investigations on some organic molecules using local mode model are also done. Higher vibrational overtones often provide spectral simplification and greater resolution of peaks corresponding to nonequivalent X-H bonds where X is typically C, N or O. Vibrational overtone spectroscopy of molecules containing X-H oscillators is now a well established tool for molecular investigations. Conformational and steric differences between bonds and structural inequivalence ofCH bonds (methyl, aryl, acetylenic, etc.) are resolvable in the higher overtone spectra. The local mode model in which the X-H oscillators are considered to be loosely coupled anharmonic oscillators has been widely used for the interpretation of overtone spectra. If we are exciting a single local oscillator from the vibrational ground state to the vibrational state v, then the transition energy of the local mode overtone is given by .:lE a......v = A v + B v2 • A plot of .:lE / v versus v will yield A, the local mode frequency as the intercept and B, the local mode diagonal anharmonicity as the slope. Here A - B gives the mechanical frequency XI of the oscillator and B = X2 is the anharmonicity of the bond. The local mode parameters XI and X2 vary for non-equivalent X-H bonds and are sensitive to the inter and intra molecular environment of the X-H oscillator.

Photothermal and photoacoustic investigations on certain polymers and semi conducting materials

Material synthesizing and characterization has been one of the major areas of scientific research for the past few decades. Various techniques have been suggested for the preparation and characterization of thin films and bulk samples according to the industrial and scientific applications. Material characterization implies the determination of the electrical, magnetic, optical or thermal properties of the material under study. Though it is possible to study all these properties of a material, we concentrate on the thermal and optical properties of certain polymers. The thermal properties are detennined using photothermal beam deflection technique and the optical properties are obtained from various spectroscopic analyses. In addition, thermal properties of a class of semiconducting compounds, copper delafossites, arc determined by photoacoustic technique.Photothermal technique is one of the most powerful tools for non-destructive characterization of materials. This forms a broad class of technique, which includes laser calorimetry, pyroelectric technique, photoacollstics, photothermal radiometric technique, photothermal beam deflection technique etc. However, the choice of a suitable technique depends upon the nature of sample and its environment, purpose of measurement, nature of light source used etc. The polynler samples under the present investigation are thermally thin and optically transparent at the excitation (pump beam) wavelength. Photothermal beam deflection technique is advantageous in that it can be used for the detennination of thermal diffusivity of samples irrespective of them being thermally thick or thennally thin and optically opaque or optically transparent. Hence of all the abovementioned techniques, photothemlal beam deflection technique is employed for the successful determination of thermal diffusivity of these polymer samples. However, the semi conducting samples studied are themlally thick and optically opaque and therefore, a much simpler photoacoustic technique is used for the thermal characterization.The production of polymer thin film samples has gained considerable attention for the past few years. Different techniques like plasma polymerization, electron bombardment, ultra violet irradiation and thermal evaporation can be used for the preparation of polymer thin films from their respective monomers. Among these, plasma polymerization or glow discharge polymerization has been widely lIsed for polymer thin fi Im preparation. At the earlier stages of the discovery, the plasma polymerization technique was not treated as a standard method for preparation of polymers. This method gained importance only when they were used to make special coatings on metals and began to be recognized as a technique for synthesizing polymers. Thc well-recognized concept of conventional polymerization is based on molecular processcs by which thc size of the molecule increases and rearrangemcnt of atoms within a molecule seldom occurs. However, polymer formation in plasma is recognized as an atomic process in contrast to the above molecular process. These films are pinhole free, highly branched and cross linked, heat resistant, exceptionally dielectric etc. The optical properties like the direct and indirect bandgaps, refractive indices etc of certain plasma polymerized thin films prepared are determined from the UV -VIS-NIR absorption and transmission spectra. The possible linkage in the formation of the polymers is suggested by comparing the FTIR spectra of the monomer and the polymer. The thermal diffusivity has been measured using the photothermal beam deflection technique as stated earlier. This technique measures the refractive index gradient established in the sample surface and in the adjacent coupling medium, by passing another optical beam (probe beam) through this region and hence the name probe beam deflection. The deflection is detected using a position sensitive detector and its output is fed to a lock-in-amplifIer from which the amplitude and phase of the deflection can be directly obtained. The amplitude and phase of the deflection signal is suitably analyzed for determining the thermal diffusivity.Another class of compounds under the present investigation is copper delafossites. These samples in the form of pellets are thermally thick and optically opaque. Thermal diffusivity of such semiconductors is investigated using the photoacoustic technique, which measures the pressure change using an elcctret microphone. The output of the microphone is fed to a lock-in-amplificr to obtain the amplitude and phase from which the thermal properties are obtained. The variation in thermal diffusivity with composition is studied.

Use of mirage effect for the detection of phase transitions in liquid crystals

he phenomenon of single beam mirage effect, otherwise known as photothermal deflection (PTD) effect using a He–Ne laser beam has been employed to detect phase transitions in some liquid crystals. It has been observed that anomalous changes in amplitude occur in the PTD signal level near the transition temperature. The experimental details and the results of measurements made in liquid crystals E8, M21 and M24 are given in this paper.

Low-voltage driven ZnS:Mn MIS and MISIM thin film electroluminescent devices with Eu2O3 insulator layer

AC thin film electroluminescent devices of MIS and MISIM have been fabricated with a novel dielectric layer of Eu2O3 as an insulator. The threshold voltage for light emission is found to depend strongly on the frequency of excitation source in these devices. These devices are fabricated with an active layer of ZnS:Mn and a novel dielectric layer of Eu2O3 as an insulator. The observed frequency dependence of brightness-voltage characteristics has been explained on the basis of the loss characteristic of the insulator layer. Changes in the threshold voltage and brightness with variation in emitting or insulating film thickness have been investigated in metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures. It has been found that the decrease in brightness occurring with decreasing ZnS layer thickness can be compensated by an increase in brightness obtained by reducing the insulator thickness. The optimal condition for low threshold voltage and higher stability has been shown to occur when the active layer to insulator thickness ratio lies between one and two.