Skimmers: Their Development and Use in Coastal Louisiana

The origin, development, and utilization of the skimmer net is reviewed along with other historical shrimp gears used in coastal Louisiana. The skimmer was developed to catch white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus, observed jumping over the cork line (headrope) of trawls being worked in shallow waters. A description of the gear is presented including basic components and various frame designs used by fishermen during its development. The advantages of skimmers over bottom trawls include: multiple use as both trawl and butterfly net (wing net), ease of deployment, increased maneuverability, reduction and greater survivability of bycatch, and ability to cover more area due to increased speed and continuous fishing capability. Disadvantages may include compromising vessel stability when stored upright on the deck, possible damage to water bottoms when improperly rigged, and limitation to a 12-foot (3.6 m) maximum depth due to size restrictions. The growing popularity of the skimmer net is evident by its introduction into North Carolina and inquiries from other southeastern Atlantic and Gulf coast states.

Lethal Parasites in Oysters from Coastal Georgia with Discussion of Disease and Management Implications

Extensive mortalities of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, occurred from 1985 through 1987 in coastal waters of Georgia. Fluid thioglycolate cultures of oysters collected from 16 of 17 locations revealed infections by the apicomplexan parasite Perkinsus marinus. An ascetosporan parasite, Haplosporidium nelsoni, was also observed in histopathological examination of oysters from 4 of the locations. While the range of H. nelsoni currently is recognized as the east coast of the United States from Maine to Florida, this is the first report of the parasite in Georgia waters. This paper documents the occurrence of these two lethal parasites in oysters from coastal waters of Georgia, along with potential disease and management implications. Results of an earlier independent and previously unpublished survey are also discussed which document the presence of P. marinus in Georgia as early as 1966.

Coastal States and Distant-water Fishing Nation Relations: An Economist's Perspective

The widespread implementation of Extended Fisheries Jurisdiction (EFJ) has confronted coastal states with several resource management problems. One of these consists of the economic relations, if any, that the coastal state should establish with distant-water fishing nations (DWFN's) seeking access to the coastal state's 200-mile zone. Several of the other papers presented here deal with specific aspects of the issue. This paper, on the other hand, will concern itself with the question of the analytical framework to be used by economists in studying this issue. It will offer some suggestions with respect to possible components of the framework. In doing so, the paper will restrict itself to the coastal state's perspective of EFJ and the management issues arising therefrom. It goes without saying, of course, that an enlightened coastal state will attempt to acquaint itself with the DWFN view of the world.

Ghana coastal fisheries governance dialogue: Presentations, discussions and outcomes from a stakeholder forum on issues for reforming governance of Ghana’s coastal fisheries

This meeting, the second national Fisheries Governance Dialogue, aimed to help stakeholders in the fisheries sector generate a shared understanding of critical lessons and pathways for fisheries co-management success in Ghana. This was a direct response to the call from both fisheries communities and the government of Ghana for a radical change from the way fisheries resources are currently being managed. The meeting was attended by 60 men and women from stakeholder organizations and communities, and commenced with presentations on co-management experiences from local, regional and international participants. This was followed by panel discussions to extract lessons that specifically related to successfully implementing co-management in Ghana’s fisheries. Finally, breakout groups addressed in greater detail some issues of importance to fisheries governance reform in Ghana. While fisheries co-management is not a new concept in Ghana, participants heard that previous attempts to initiate these systems proved unsustainable. A number of lessons were drawn from these past experiences.

Resilient livelihoods and food security in coastal aquatic agricultural systems: Investing in transformational change

Aquatic agricultural systems (AAS) are diverse production and livelihood systems where families cultivate a range of crops, raise livestock, farm or catch fish, gather fruits and other tree crops, and harness natural resources such as timber, reeds, and wildlife. Aquatic agricultural systems occur along freshwater floodplains, coastal deltas, and inshore marine waters, and are characterized by dependence on seasonal changes in productivity, driven by seasonal variation in rainfall, river flow, and/or coastal and marine processes. Despite this natural productivity, the farming, fishing, and herding communities who live in these systems are among the poorest and most vulnerable in their countries and regions. This report provides an overview of the scale and scope of development challenges in coastal aquatic agricultural systems, their significance for poor and vulnerable communities, and the opportunities for partnership and investment that support efforts of these communities to secure resilient livelihoods in the face of multiple risks.

As comunidades de anfíbios e lagartos dos remanescentes de restingas do estado do Espírito Santo: uma análise da ocorrência e distribuição das espécies

Ecologicamente, comunidades são conjuntos de populações convivendo no mesmo espaço e tempo. A forma como as espécies que compõem estas comunidades, como elas se distribuem e como estão estruturadas, depende de inúmeros fatores, entre eles históricos, biogeográficos e evolutivos. Neste estudo, buscamos compreender como as comunidades de anfíbios anuros e de lagartos estão estruturadas e quais fatores ambientais e de degradação são determinantes nesta estruturação. Amostramos cinco remanescentes de restinga no estado do Espírito Santo, utilizando método de procura ativa em transecções lineares nas diferentes fisionomias vegetais destes ecossistemas. Realizamos amostragens nas estações seca e de chuvas em todas as restingas, e somamos um total de 60 horas de esforço amostral para os anfíbios e 75 horas para os lagartos. Registramos um total de 32 espécies de anfíbios anuros conjuntamente nos cinco remanescentes de restinga, sendo duas destas espécies endêmicas deste ecossistema: Scinax agilis e Melanophryniscus setiba. A restinga do Parque Paulo Cesar Vinha foi o remanescente com a maior riqueza de espécies de anuros, enquanto a restinga da Reserva Biológica de Comboios foi, comparativamente, o remanescente com menor riqueza de espécies. Em termos de composição de espécies, as restingas de Praia das Neves e Paulo Cesar Vinha foram as mais similares, enquanto a restinga de Comboios foi a mais distante na análise de agrupamento. Registramos no conjunto de restingas seis modos reprodutivos para as espécies de anuros, sendo 75% deles relacionados aos ambientes aquáticos. A disponibilidade de locais de desova esteve positivamente relacionada à riqueza de espécies. Todos os mesohábitats das restingas, com exceção das fitofisionomias de halófila-psamófila, foram utilizados pelos indivíduos registrados, entretanto, uma porcentagem considerável dos indivíduos foi encontrada nos alagados. Em relação às comunidades de lagartos, adotamos além dos nossos dados, aqueles disponíveis em Dias e Rocha (2014) e aqueles disponíveis em Winck (2012). Registramos um total de 23 espécies de lagartos nos remanescentes de restinga amostrados nos estados do Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo e Bahia. Observamos que as comunidades presentes nos remanescentes estudados possuem considerável diferenciação entre elas. A diversidade beta (β) foi elevada enquanto o grau de aninhamento foi intermediário. Registramos ainda a presença do lagarto exótico invasor Hemidactylus mabouia em ambiente natural nos remanescentes de restinga estudados neste Tese. Encontramos 45 indivíduos, distribuídos em três dos cinco remanescentes amostrados. Registramos ainda ovos de H. mabouia (2 deles eclodidos) em dois dos cinco locais estudados, indicando que o recrutamento de indivíduos está ocorrendo com sucesso nas populações invasoras. A presença de H. mabouia esteve relacionada à restingas com maior frequência de degradação ambiental. Consideramos que os dados obtidos nesta tese, fornecem informações de considerável importância para o entendimento da estrutura das comunidades de anfíbios e lagartos nos ecossistemas de restinga ao longo da costa brasileira

Fishery-dependent livelihoods, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity: the case of marine and coastal protected areas in India

The lacunae in fishing-community engagement in the management and governance of marine and coastal protected areas (MCPAs) were discussed in the 2009 Chennai Workshop organized by the International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF). To continue the discussion, a second, two-day workshop to review existing legal and institutional mechanisms for implemention and monitoring of MCPAs, titled ‘Fishery-dependent Livelihoods, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: The Case of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas in India’, was held in New Delhi during 1-2 March 2012. The objective was to understand the impact of MCPAs on fishing communities, from an environmental-justice and human-rights perspective, and make specific proposals for better conservation while securing the livelihoods of small-scale fishers. The workshop also served to underscore these issues in light of the upcoming Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), to be held at Hyderabad in October 2012. This publication contains the prospectus of the workshop and a report of the proceedings. It will be useful for fishworkers, non-governmental organizations, policymakers, trade unions, researchers and others interested in natural resource management and coastal and fishing communities.

Economic analysis of climate change adaptation strategies in selected coastal areas in Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam

This report is an account of a cross-country study that covered Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines. Covering four sites (one each in Indonesia and Vietnam) and two sites in the Philippines, the study documented the impacts of three climate hazards affecting coastal communities, namely typhoon/flooding, coastal erosion and saltwater intrusion. It also analyzed planned adaptation options, which communities and local governments can implement, as well as autonomous responses of households to protect and insure themselves from these hazards. It employed a variety of techniques, ranging from participatory based approaches such as community hazard mapping and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) to regression techniques, to analyze the impact of climate change and the behavior of affected communities and households.