Technical Notes on Trade Facilitation Measures

Towards the end of 2004, the members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) formally launched negotiations on trade facilitation on the basis of the modalities set out in Annex D of the July Package adopted in 2004. This mandate instructed members to clarify and improve three articles of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), namely, article V on freedom of transit, article VIII on fees and formalities connected with importation and exportation, and article X on the publication and administration of trade regulations. To support these negotiations, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) created a trust fund, with contributions from the Governments of Sweden and Spain . This fund has been used to develop a series of seminars and meetings and to produce a total of 20 technical notes on specific trade facilitation measures. These notes cover in particular facilitation measures that are topics of specific proposals that were made during WTO negotiations. This edition of the FAL Bulletin summarizes several of these technical notes, focusing mainly on customs-related issues.

Types of discrepancy in Millennium Development Goal indicator values and measures for statistical reconciliation: Overall framework and implementation in selected thematic areas and indicators

Includes bibliography.

Análise de incidência do SAEB sobre a atuação profissional do professor nos anos iniciais sobre o ensino fundamental

Pós-graduação em Psicologia do Desenvolvimento e Aprendizagem - FC

As normas multilaterais para o combate ao terrorismo: uma análise das políticas dos EUA no pós 11 de setembro e sua recepção nos espaços decisórios da ONU

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Ciência em comunicação: estudo exploratório sobre os processos comunicacionais no Clube do Pesquisador Mirim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi

A divulgação científica é comumente associada aos conteúdos e formatos midiáticos que contemplam a temática da ciência. Além da centralidade midiática, as concepções e práticas de divulgação científica geralmente estão baseadas em um modelo linear e difusionista que separa, como que em polos opostos, os indivíduos que “têm conhecimento” (cientistas) e a sociedade em geral. Nesta dissertação, porém, questionamos o que há de comunicacional nas relações entre ciência e sociedade, que percebemos estar além da presença de um aparato tecnológico, assim como envolve relações mais complexas do que uma simples transferência de conhecimentos. Investimonos, então, a compreender as dimensões comunicacionais de uma experiência amazônica desenvolvida pelo Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi: o Clube do Pesquisador Mirim. O Clube tem a proposta de oferecer a estudantes da educação básica vivências de compartilhamento e produção de conhecimento científico, de maneira interativa e colaborativa. Desafiamo-nos a realizar uma pesquisa de cunho exploratório, a partir de uma perspectiva transmetodológica, congregando procedimentos qualitativos e quantitativos na construção de um objeto de estudo na área da Comunicação. Nesse percurso, a análise dos processos comunicacionais desenvolvidos no e desencadeados pelo Clube se deu a partir da relação constante de nossos referenciais com o que o empírico nos possibilitava observar e interpretar. Trabalhamos com uma metodologia dialógica e colaborativa, por meio de procedimentos de recepção, que nos permitiram analisar os processos comunicacionais no Clube também a partir da própria percepção dos sujeitos participantes, além de poder experienciar as dimensões comunicacionais em nosso próprio processo de pesquisa. A partir de uma discussão mais ampla sobre ciência e comunicação, também realizamos a crítica da divulgação científica e de outras denominações afins, que nos levaram a trabalhar com o conceito de comunicação da ciência como processo que coloca em circulação práticas e concepções diversas, agregando o funcional e o normativo, o positivista e o pós-moderno, o funcionalista e o dialógico, o simples e o complexo, o sujeito e o objeto, em medidas e proporções variadas, em tempos imediatos e infinitos. Encontramos, na experiência do Clube, algumas dimensões comunicacionais (compartilhamento, sedução, afeto, convicção e convencimento, negociação e convivência, apropriação, papel atuante do sujeito e incomunicação) que se constituem como elementos que promovem o início e a continuidade dos fluxos comunicacionais da ciência. Compreendemos, assim, que a contribuição de nossa área para a discussão da temática da divulgação científica é refletir, evidenciar e problematizar que a comunicação não está apenas na difusão dos resultados de uma pesquisa, mas é inerente ao processo de construção de conhecimento científico, sobretudo, na contemporaneidade.

Approach to prophylactic measures for central venous catheter-related infections in hemodialysis: A critical review

Vascular access is the major risk factor for bacteremia, hospitalization, and mortality among hemodialysis (HD) patients. The type of vascular access most associated with bloodstream infection is central venous catheter (CVC). The incidence of catheter-related bacteremia ranges between 0.6 and 6.5 episodes per 1000 catheter days and increases linearly with the duration of catheter use. Given the high prevalence of CVC use and its direct association with catheter-related bacteremia, which adversely impacts morbidity and mortality rates and costs among HD patients, several prevention measures aimed at reducing the rates of CVC-related infections have been proposed and implemented. As a result, a large number of clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses have been conducted in order to assess the effectiveness, clinical applicability, and long-term adverse effects of such measures. In the following article, prophylactic measures against CVC-related infections in HD patients and their possible advantages and limitations will be discussed, and the more recent literature on clinical experience with prophylactic antimicrobial lock therapy in HD CVCs will be reviewed.

Efficacy of sulfadoxine plus trimethoprim compared to management measures for the control of Eimeria parasitism in naturally infected and clinically asymptomatic sheep that were maintained in a feedlot

The efficacy of sulfadoxine + trimethoprim in comparison to management measures for the control of Eimeria parasitism was studied in naturally infected sheep that were raised in a feedlot and were clinically asymptomatic for eimeriosis. Weight gain was also evaluated in these animals. The following groups were formed with 15 animals/group: TO!, control animals that received saline solution and maintenance of the same management measures that were performed before the study; T02, animals that received two intramuscular doses of sulfadoxine (20 mg/kg) + trimethoprim (4 mg/kg) with a 14-day interval; T03, sheep that received two intramuscular doses of sulfadoxine (20 mg/kg) + trimethoprim (4 mg/kg) with a 14-day interval plus management measures (wood shaving bedding was changed every Monday, and 30g of ammonium sulfate were applied to the bedding and other facilities were performed every Thursday, 10 mL/20 L of water); and T04, animals that received only the management measures described for the previous group. The highest efficacy rates (arithmetic mean) for the T02 group (sulfadoxine + trimethoprim at days 0 and 14) were 21.04% and 21.98% on the 14th and 28th days after the first treatment (DAFT), respectively. However, the treatment showed efficacy rates below 17% and was totally ineffective from the 70th DAFT to the end of the study. In both the T03 (chemical treatment+ management) and T04 (management only) groups, a significant (P <= 0.05) reduction of oocyst shedding per gram of feces was observed in the animals from the 14th DAFT in comparison to the control group; however, an efficacy rate above 90% was observed from the 28th DAFT. Animals belonging to the T02, T03 and T04 groups presented with alterations in weight gain of 0.57 kg, 4.30 kg and 4.53 kg, respectively, in comparison with the control animals (T01) throughout the 91-day study period. Thus, it is possible to conclude that the two-dose sulfadoxine + trimethoprim treatment, given with a 14-day interval, had little no effect on the oocyst shedding. Moreover, the adopted management measures were enough to cause a significant decrease in the animal parasite loads. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Quantitative measures of lambs fed hydrolyzed sugarcane under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Behavioral measures to reduce non-adherence in renal transplant recipients: a prospective randomized controlled trial

Solid-organ transplant recipients present a high rate of non-adherence to drug treatment. Few interventional studies have included approaches aimed at increasing adherence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of an educational and behavioral strategy on treatment adherence of kidney transplant recipients. In a randomized prospective study, incident renal transplant patients (n = 111) were divided into two groups: control group (received usual transplant patient education) and treatment group (usual transplant patient education plus ten additional weekly 30-min education/counseling sessions about immunosuppressive drugs and behavioral changes). Treatment adherence was assessed using ITAS adherence questionnaire after 3 months. Renal function at 3, 6, and 12 months, and the incidence of transplant rejection were evaluated. The non-adherence rates were 46.4 and 14.5 % in the control and treatment groups (p = 0.001), respectively. The relative risk for non-adherence was 2.59 times (CI 1.38-4.88) higher in the control group. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a 5.84 times (CI 1.8-18.8, p = 0.003) higher risk of non-adherence in the control group. There were no differences in renal function and rejection rates between groups. A behavioral and educational strategy addressing the patient's perceptions and knowledge about the anti-rejection drugs significantly improved the short-term adherence to immunosuppressive therapy.

Knowledge of nursing undergraduate students about the use of contact precautions measures

To assess knowledge of nursing undergraduate students about the use of contact precautions. Methodology. There were 106 nursing undergraduate students from three universities within the state of Sao Paulo. The data collection was done between April and May 2012. A questionnaire was elaborated with questions assessing knowledge regarding contact precautions. The data were submitted to statistical procedures in the package MINITAB version 16. The knowledge were rated as adequate, partially adequate and inadequate. Results. There was a predominance of females (86%) and age group between 20 and 29 years (70%). Regarding the definition of contact precaution of diseases in which these measures are used, undergraduate’s knowledge was partially adequate (92% and 44%, respectively). The knowledge was considered adequate for the preventive measures used during assistance (86%). As difficulties mentioned in the use of these measures were discomfort, lack of material, personnel and time. Conclusion. Although undergraduate students know what measures to be used in contact precaution, they do not have adequate knowledge about which diseases they should use them. The three participating universities should reflect on the quality of training for nursing students regarding biosecurity and contact precautions.

Tobacco in adolescence: importance to knowledge the health hazards and preventive measures

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Anxiolytic-Like Property of Risperidone and Olanzapine as Examined in Multiple Measures of Fear in Rats

Atypical antipsychotics are also used in the treatment of anxiety-related disorders. Clinical and preclinical evidence regarding their intrinsic anxiolytic efficacy has been mixed. In this study, we examined the potential anxiolytic-like effects of risperidone and olanzapine, and compared them with haloperidol, chlordiazepoxide (a prototype of sedative–anxiolytic drug) or citalopram (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor). We used a composite of two-way avoidance conditioning and acoustic startle reflex model and examined the effects of drug treatments during the acquisition phase (Experiment 1) or extinction phase (Experiments 2 and 3) on multiple measures of conditioned and unconditioned fear/anxiety-like responses. In Experiment 4, we further compared risperidone, olanzapine, haloperidol, citalopram and chlordiazepoxide in a standard elevated plus maze test. Results revealed three distinct anxiolytic-like profiles associated with risperidone, olanzapine and chlordiazepoxide. Risperidone, especially at 1.0 mg/kg, significantly decreased the number of avoidance responses, 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalization, avoidance conditioning-induced hyperthermia and startle reactivity, but did not affect defecations or time spent on the open arms. Olanzapine (2.0 mg/kg, sc) significantly decreased the number of avoidance responses, 22 kHz vocalization and amount of defecations, but it did not inhibit startle reactivity and time spent on the open arms. Chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg, ip) significantly decreased the number of 22 kHz vocalization, avoidance conditioning-induced hyperthermia and amount of defecations, and increased time spent on the open arms, but did not decrease avoidance responses or startle reactivity. Haloperidol and citalopram did not display any anxiolytic-like property in these tests. The results highlight the importance of using multiple measures of fear-related responses to delineate behavioral profiles of psychotherapeutic drugs.

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE OF CATTLE EGRETS TO POPULATION CONTROL MEASURES IN HAWAII

We monitored behavior of cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) during a population control program to reduce egret-aircraft strike hazards from a small heronry near the Hilo, Hawaii, airport. Results verified that attempts to move egrets from undesirable roost sites should be undertaken before nesting begins. Although possibly compounded by previous treatments, our observations also indicate that 1) egrets may abandon a new roost in response to a few dead egrets placed in clear view around the roost, and 2) shooting at egrets as they attempt to land at a traditional feeding site causes long-term avoidance of the area. Rapid repopulation after control indicates that techniques to move roosts and prevent congregations are more likely than population control to resolve problems.