Sistemas nacionales de inversión pública en América Latina y el Caribe: balance de dos décadas: compendio general

Al terminar la década de 1990, el balance sobre la planificación económica y social es heterogéneo. Dependiendo de lo que entendamos por proceso o sistema de planificación en cada país, los resultados son dispares. Del balance se desprende, sin embargo, la necesidad de que el Estado cuente con una agencia o figura que le permita cumplir tareas básica e insustituibles de gestión, cualquiera que sea el estilo de desarrollo o reforma que se adopte. Se trata de recoger las experiencias, consolidar lo avanzado, enmendar lo que se considere inconveniente y adoptar los cambios necesarios. Estas tareas básicas serían: En primer lugar, un esfuerzo de prospectiva para incorporar previsión, coherencia, unidad y reducción de la incertidumbre. En segundo lugar, la coordinación intersectorial, con la consecuente compatibilización entre presupuesto y programas y la regulación de los mercados, a fin de darle dirección al proceso social y orientación coherente al cambio. En tercer lugar, el seguimiento y evaluación de planes, programas y proyectos como labor fundamental de un modelo de gestión pública orientado a resultados, y el establecimiento de un sistema de indicadores de desempeño. Esta publicación compila todos los trabajos y ponencias presentados por los países en el Seminario internacional sobre Los sistemas nacionales de inversión pública en América Latina y el Caribe, llevado a cabo en Santiago de Chile entre el 5 y 6 de noviembre de 2001. También se incluyen las memorias de dos seminarios similares realizados en Centroamérica."

Structural budget balance: methodology and estimation for the Chilean central government 1987-2001

Includes bibliography

Effects of acute normovolemic anemia on hemodynamic parameters and acid-base balance in dogs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and acid-base status of dogs subjected to acute normovolemic anemia. The dogs (n = 10) were evaluated 15 minutes and 24 hours after induction of anemia (hematocrit below 18) with blood withdrawal and simultaneously replacement of same volume of Ringer's lactate solution and hydroxyethyl starch-based solution in a 2:1 ratio. The cardiac output was measured by Doppler echocardiography and blood pressure by oscillometric device, and posteriorly hemodynamic parameters were calculated. The anemic groups had increase in cardiac index (P <.05) (3.82 ± 1.05 to 5.86 ± 1.49 and 5.81 ± 1.63 L/min m) and decreases (P <.05) in the indices of total peripheral resistance (6797.81 ± 3060.22 to 3220.14 ± 1275.02 and 3887.74 ± 1394.89 dinaseg/cm 5× m2) and oxygen delivery (7942.84 ± 3344.00 to 4021.68 ± 1627.00 and 4430.82 ± 1402.61 mL/min× m 2), respectively. There were no significant changes in pH, but PaO2 and SaO2 values were increased, and PaCO2 reduced in anemic dogs (P <.05). Therefore, acute normovolemic anemia can create significant hemodynamic changes and despite some hemogasometric changes, there were no changes in the acid-base status in dogs. Copyright © 2011 Tatiana Champion et al.

Balance y perspectiva de la inmigración latinoamericana a España

Incluye Bibliografía

La experiencia del CIRAD: balance del trabajo de dos décadas (1992-2011)

Incluye Bibliografía

Postural control under visual and proprioceptive perturbations during double and single limb stances: Insights for balance training

Single Limb Stance under visual and proprioceptive disturbances is largely used in clinical settings in order to improve balance in a wide range of functional disabilities. However, the proper role of vision and proprioception in SLS is not completely understood. The objectives of this study were to test the hypotheses that when ankle proprioception is perturbed, the role of vision in postural control increases according to the difficulty of the standing task. And to test the effect of vision during postural adaptation after withdrawal of the somesthetic perturbation during double and single limb stance. Eleven males were submitted to double (DLS) and single limb (SLS) stances under conditions of normal or reduced vision, both with normal and perturbed proprioception. Center of pressure parameters were analyzed across conditions. Vision had a main effect in SLS, whereas proprioception perturbation showed effects only during DLS. Baseline stability was promptly achieved independently of visual input after proprioception reintegration. In conclusion, the role of vision increases in SLS. After proprioception reintegration, vision does not affect postural recovery. Balance training programs must take that into account. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Balance del comercio internacional de manufacturas de Argentina: las tendencias al incremento del comercio intrasectorial 1974-1990

Incluye Bibliografía

Application of landsat images for quantifying the energy balance under conditions of land use changes in the semi-arid region of Brazil

In the Nilo Coelho irrigation scheme, Brazil, the natural vegetation has been replaced by irrigated agriculture, bringing importance for the quantification of the effects on the energy exchanges between the mixed vegetated surfaces and the lower atmosphere. Landsat satellite images and agro-meteorological stations from 1992 to 2011 were used together, for modelling these exchanges. Surface albedo (α0), NDVI and surface temperature (T0) were the basic remote sensing retrieving parameters necessary to calculate the latent heat flux (λE) and the surface resistance to evapotranspiration (rs) on a large scale. The daily net radiation (Rn) was obtained from α0, air temperature (Ta) and short-wave transmissivity (τsw) throughout the slob equation, allowing the quantification of the daily sensible heat flux (H) by residual in the energy balance equation. With a threshold value for rs, it was possible to separate the energy fluxes from crops and natural vegetation. The averaged fractions of Rn partitioned as H and λE, were in average 39 and 67%, respectively. It was observed an increase of the energy used for the evapotranspiration process inside irrigated areas from 51% in 1992 to 80% in 2011, with the ratio λE/Rn presenting an increase of 3 % per year. The tools and models applied in the current research, can subsidize the monitoring of the coupled climate and land use changes effects in irrigation perimeters, being valuable when aiming the sustainability of the irrigated agriculture in the future, avoiding conflicts among different water users. © 2012 SPIE.

Balance of pH of chicks from eggs injected with ascorbic acid and subjected to thermal stress

This study aimed to verify that chicks from eggs injected with ascorbic acid and subjected to heat stress would have changes in acid-base balance, compared to chicks incubated at thermoneutral without injection of ascorbic acid. The parameters evaluated were blood pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen, base excess, total carbon dioxide, concentration of sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, bicarbonate and pH of newly hatched male chicks, hatched from eggs injected with acid ascorbic acid (AA) and subjected to heat stress during incubation. The experimental design was completely randomized in factorial scheme 5 (application levels of ascorbic acid) x 2 (incubation temperatures). The data were subjected to analysis of variance using the General Linear Model procedure (GLM) of SAS ®. For the blood pH was observed significant interaction (p <0.05) between treatments with application in eggs and incubation temperatures. For the other parameters were not significant effects (p< 0.05) of AA level and neither temperature of incubation. Analyzing the unfolding of the interaction to pH was observed that chicks from eggs injected with 6% ascorbic acid and subjected to heat stress during incubation had a higher pH value compared with the thermoneutral temperature incubated (p <0.05). Therefore, it is suggested that the incubation of eggs in high temperature (39°C) can alter the metabolic rate of these embryos.

La política económica colombiana en un año de desequilibrio del balance de pagos = Colombia's economic policy in a year of balance-of-payments disequilibrium

Incluye Bibliografía

Agricultural development and macroeconomic balance in Latin America: an overview of some basic policy issues

Includes bibliography

Balance preliminar de la economía latinoamericana durante 1983

Incluye Bibliografía

La economía latinoamericana durante 1984: un balance preliminar

Incluye Bibliografía

Brazil: structural change and balance-of-payments-constrained growth

Includes bibliography

Nuevas orientaciones para la planificación: un balance interpretativo

Efectúa un balance interpretativo de algunos de los trabajos presentados en el Coloquio, con el objeto de extraer orientaciones para el programa de investigaciones en planificación del ILPES.