Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de urucum armazenadas em diferentes ambientes e embalagens

Urucum (Bixa orellana L.) é uma cultura de grande interesse comercial, sendo o principal produto a semente, da qual se extrai os corantes bixina e norbixina, de valor nos mercados nacional e internacional. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de urucum, cultivar Bico de Pato, armazenadas por um período de 12 meses em quatro ambientes (condição ambiental, câmara fria, refrigerador e freezer) e acondicionadas nas embalagens (envelopes trifoliados de papel-alumínio-polietileno, embalagem plástica em condições de vácuo e polietileno preto). Após as determinações do grau de umidade, as sementes foram escarificadas mecanicamente. Foram realizadas avaliações da qualidade das sementes aos 90, 180, 270, 360 dias do armazenamento pelos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação. Concluiu-se que sementes de urucum com umidade de 7,0%, embaladas em condições de vácuo mantém sua qualidade fisiológica por até 270 dias e que as condições de armazenamento em freezer e refrigerador, em embalagens de alumínio e plástico em condições de vácuo proporcionam sementes de maior qualidade fisiológica.

Influência do tamanho da semente na qualidade fisiológica e na produtividade da cultura da soja

O tamanho da semente é uma característica cujos efeitos vêm sendo estudados por diversos autores, considerando os mais diferentes componentes do desempenho tanto da semente como da planta dela resultante. Para avaliar os efeitos do tamanho de semente sobre o crescimento inicial das plantas, a produtividade e a qualidade fisiológica foram testadas três cultivares de soja, BRSMG 752S, BRSMG 790A e BRSMG 750SRR originadas de três tamanhos de semente (peneiras 4,0 mm, 5,0 mm e 6,0 mm). A semeadura foi efetuada em 06/12/2007 em plantio direto e o desbaste aos 21 dias após a semeadura, deixando-se treze plantas por metro. A colheita manual foi realizada em 11/04/08. Após a colheita, as sementes foram classificadas em três tamanhos, usando-se peneiras manuais de 6,0 mm, 6,5 mm e 7,0 mm. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso para o experimento de campo e inteiramente casualizado para as análises de laboratório, ambos em esquema fatorial 3 (cultivar) x 3 (peneira), com quatro repetições. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Para as avaliações de campo, foram determinadas altura de plantas e produtividade. No laboratório, os tratamentos foram avaliados pelos testes de germinação e de vigor (envelhecimento acelerado, classificação do vigor da plântula, comprimento e massa seca de raiz). Foi verificado que sementes menores (peneira 4,0 mm) produzem plantas com menor altura na colheita e menor produtividade, em relação às sementes maiores (peneira 6,0 mm). As sementes classificadas em diferentes tamanhos apresentam diferenças em qualidade fisiológica. Sementes maiores (peneira 7,0 mm) apresentam maiores porcentagens de germinação e de vigor.

Desempenho fisiológico de sementes de algodoeiro tratadas com tiametoxam

Novos produtos para incorporação às sementes vêm sendo disponibilizados anualmente. Bioativadores, como o inseticida tiametoxam, são utilizados para aumentar o potencial produtivo das plantas, através de modificações no metabolismo vegetal. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos do tiametoxam na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de algodoeiro, particularmente no crescimento radicular de plântulas de algodoeiro e estabelecer concentrações do produto para pré-tratamento de sementes. Foram utilizados três lotes de sementes de algodoeiro, cultivar CD 408, tratadas com Cruiser® 350 FS contendo 35 gramas de ingrediente ativo (i.a.) de tiametoxam por litro, sendo, submetidas a seis doses: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 mL de Cruiser® 350 FS/kg de semente. As avaliações utilizadas foram: germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento e massa de matéria seca do sistema radicular, índice de velocidade de emergência e emergência final de plântulas. O tratamento de sementes de algodoeiro com tiametoxam favorece positivamente a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, e as doses de 5,0 a 7,0 mL de Cruiser® 350 FS/kg de semente mostram-se mais eficientes em melhorar o desempenho fisiológico das sementes de algodoeiro.

Oratio brevis naturae, artis atque exercitationis sciagraphiam exhibens, qvam, divina adspirante gratia, corona stipatus lectissimorum auditorum. In ludo Jacob-stadiensium literario, anno aerae christianae supra millesimum sexcentesimo nonagesimo: undecimo calend: novembr: e memoria recitavit Samuel Z. Julenius scholae Jacobstad. moderator

Arkit: 2 arkintunnuksetonta lehteä, A4.

Condicionamento fisiológico e vigor de sementes de maxixe

O condicionamento fisiológico é uma técnica para a embebição controlada das sementes que permite a ativação dos processos metabólicos da germinação, evitando a emissão da raiz primária, propiciando uniformização e melhor desempenho das plantas em campo. O objetivo nesta pesquisa foi verificar os efeitos do hidrocondicionamento sobre a germinação e vigor de sementes de maxixe. Para isso, duas cultivares Do Norte e Nordestino, representadas por três lotes, foram hidrocondicionadas em papel toalha, a 20 ºC, até atingirem 33,5% de água (Nordestino) ou 38,1% (Do Norte). Em seguida, parte das sementes foram secadas a temperatura ambiente (28-34 ºC) e umidade relativa do ar de 45-55%, até atingirem teores de água de 7,0 a 8,5%. O potencial fisiológico das sementes foi determinado em laboratório, avaliando-se percentagem e índice velocidade de germinação. Em casa de vegetação, determinou-se a percentagem e índice de velocidade de emergência, altura e massa seca das plântulas aos 14 dias após a semeadura. O hidrocondicionamento promove efeitos benéficos sobre as características de germinação e vigor nos lotes das duas cultivares avaliadas.

Potencial hídrico do substrato e teor de água das sementes na germinação do crambe

O estresse hídrico e o grau de umidade das sementes podem afetar as primeiras fases da germinação e prejudicar o pleno estabelecimento das culturas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de potenciais hídricos do substrato e do teor de água das sementes na germinação do crambe e verificar a ocorrência de possíveis danos por embebição nas sementes. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de sementes de crambe, cultivar FMS Brilhante, com teores de água de 7,0, 12,8, 18,4 e 21,9% e submetidos aos seguintes potenciais hídricos no substrato, simulados com soluções aquosas de polietilenoglicol 6000 (PEG 6000): 0,0 (controle); -0,1; -0,2 e -0,4 MPa. As sementes foram semeadas sobre duas folhas de papel para germinação e posicionadas dentro de caixas de plástico do tipo "gerbox" e mantidas aos 25 ºC. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada por meio da primeira contagem, porcentagem de germinação, comprimento de hipocótilo e de raiz primária, massa fresca e seca das plântulas. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 50 sementes para cada tratamento, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de regressão. À medida que a disponibilidade hídrica do substrato diminuiu, houve redução na germinabilidade das sementes em todos os teores de água testados, especialmente em sementes com 7,0 e 12,8% de teor de água, que apresentaram menos de 48% de plântulas normais sob -0,4 MPa. Apesar da redução das características avaliadas com a deficiência hídrica, a extensão dos danos em sementes de crambe é determinada pelo teor de água das sementes e pela severidade do estresse hídrico.

Functional genomics of O-glucosyltransferases from Concord grape (Vitis labrusca)

Grape (Vitis spp.) is a culturally and economically important crop plant that has been cultivated for thousands of years, primarily for the production of wine. Grape berries accumulate a myriad of phenylpropanoid secondary metabolites, many of which are glucosylated in plantae More than 90 O-glucosyltransferases have been cloned and biochemically characterized from plants, only two of which have been isolated from Vitis spp. The world-wide economic importance of grapes as a crop plant, the human health benefits associated with increased consumption of grape-derived metabolites, the biological relevance of glucosylation, and the lack of information about Vitis glucosyltransferases has inspired the identification, cloning and biochemical characterization of five novel "family 1" O-glucosyltransferases from Concord grape (Vitis labrusca cv. Concord). Protein purification and associated protein sequencIng led to the molecular cloning of UDP-glucose: resveratrollhydroxycinnamic acid O-glucosyltransferase (VLRSGT) from Vitis labrusca berry mesocarp tissue. In addition to being the first glucosyltransferase which accepts trans-resveratrol as a substrate to be characterized in vitro, the recombinant VLRSGT preferentially produces the glucose esters of hydroxycinnamic acids at pH 6.0, and the glucosides of trans-resveratrol and flavonols at 'pH 9.0; the first demonstration of pH-dependent bifunctional glucosylation for this class of enzymes. Gene expression and metabolite profiling support a role for this enzyme in the bifuncitonal glucosylation ofstilbenes and hydroxycinnamic acids in plantae A homology-based approach to cloning was used to identify three enzymes from the Vitis vinifera TIGR grape gene index which had high levels of protein sequence iii identity to previously characterized UDP-glucose: anthocyanin 5-0-glucosyltransferases. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization demonstrated that these enzymes (rVLOGTl, rVLOGT2, rVLOGT3) glucosylate the 7-0-position of flavonols and the xenobiotic 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP), but not anthocyanins. Variable gene expression throughout grape berry development and enzyme assays with native grape berry protein are consistent with a role for these enzymes in the glucosylation of flavonols; while the broad substrate specificity, the ability of these enzymes to glucosylate TCP and expression of these genes in tissues which are subject to pathogen attack (berry, flower, bud) is consistent with a role for these genes in the plant defense response. Additionally, the Vitis labrusca UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-0-glucosyltransferase (VL3GT) was identified, cloned and characterized. VL3GT has 96 % protein sequence identity to the previously characterized Vitis vinifera flavonoid 3-0-glucosyltransferase (VV3GT); and glucosylates the 3-0-position of anthocyanidins and flavonols in vitro. Despite high levels of protein sequence identity, VL3GT has distinct biochemical characteristics (as compared to VV3GT), including a preference for B-ring methylated flavonoids and the inability to use UDP-galactose as a donor substrate. RT-PCR analysis of VL3GT gene expression and enzyme assays with native grape protein is consistent with an in planta role for this enzyme in the glucosylation of anthocyanidins,but not flavonols. These studies reveal the power of combining several biochemistry- and molecular biology-based tools to identify, clone, biochemically characterize and elucidate the in planta function of several biologically relevant O-glucosyltransferases from Vitis spp.

An investigation of ethylene inhibition of growth in etiolated Avena sativa coleoptiles /

Growth rates of etiolated Avena sativa coleoptiles in pH 7.0 buffered medium are stimulated in a synergistic manner by IAA and 320 ~l/l carbon dioxide. The suggestion that carbon dioxide stimulated growth involves dark fixation is supported by the ability of 1 mM malate to replace carbon dioxide, with neither factor able to stimulate growth in the presence of the other (Bown, Dymock and Aung, 1974). The regulation of Avena coleoptile growth by ethylene has been investigated in the light of this data and the well documented antagonism between carbon dioxide and ethylene in the regulation of developmental processes. The influence of various permutations of ethylene, IAA, carbon dioxide and malate on the rates of growth, l4c-bicarbonate incorporation, l4C-bicarbonate fixation, and malate decarboxylation have been investigated. In the presence of 320 ~l/l carbon dioxide, 10.8 ~l/l ethylene inhibited growth both in the absence and presence of 20 ~M IAA with inhibition times, of 8-10 and 12-13 minutes respectively. In contrast ethylene inhibition of growth was not significant in the absence of growth stimulation by CO2 or 1 mM malate, and the normal growth increases in response to CO2 and malate were blocked by the simultaneous application of ethylene. The rates of incorporation and dark fixation of l4C-bicerbonate were not measurably. influenced by ethylene, IAA or malate, either prior to or during the changes in growth ,ates induced by these agents. The data does not support the hypothesis that ethylene inhibition of growth results from an inhibition of dark fixation, but suggests that ethylene may inhibit a process which is subsequent to fixation.

Diagenesis and geochemical stratigraphy of Upper Pennsylvanian madera brachiopods, New Mexico

Owing to the fact that low-Mg calcite fossil shells are so important in paleoceanographic research, 249 brachiopod, cement and matrix specimens from two neighboring localities (Jemez Springs and Battleship Rock), of the Upper Pennsylvanian Madera Formation were analyzed. Of which, about 86% of the Madera brachiopods are preserved in their pristine mineralogy, microstructure and geochemistry. Cement and matrix samples, in contrast, have been subjected to complete but variable post-deposition~1 alteration. It is confirmed that the stable isotope data of brachiopods are much better than that of matrix material in defining depositional parameters. Because there is no uniform or constant relationship between the two data bases (e.g., from 0.1 to 3.0%0 for 0180 and from 0.2 to 6.7%0 for 013C in this study), it is not possible to make corrections for the matrix data. Regarding the two stratigraphic sections, elemental and petrographic analyses suggest that Jemez Springs is closer to Penasco Uplift than Battleship Rock. Seawater at Jemez Springs is more aerobic, and the water chemistry is more influenced by continental sources than that at Battleship Rock. In addition, there is a relatively stronger dolomitization in the mid-section of the Battleship Rock. Results further suggest that no significant biogenic fractionation or vital effects occurred during their shell secretion, suggesting that the Madera brachiopods incorporated oxygen and carbon isotopes in equilibrium with the ambient seawater. This conclusion is not only drawn from the temporal and spatial analyses, but also supported by brachiopod inter-generic comparison (Composita and Neospirifer) and statistical analysis ( t-test).

The effects of static and diurnally-cycling temperature acclimations on thermal tolerances of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

:ofiedian lethal temperatures ( LT50' s ) were determined for rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii, acclimated for a minimum of 21 days at 5 c onstant temperatures between 4 and 20 0 C. and 2 diel temperature fluctuations ( sinewave curves of amplitudes ± 4 and ± 7 0 C. about a mean temperature of 12 0 C. ) . Twenty-four-, 48-, and 96-hour LT50 estimates were c alculated f ollowing standard flow-through aquatic bioassay techniques and probi t transformation of mortality data. The phenomenon of delayed thermal mortality was also investigated. Shifts in upper incipient lethal temperature occurred as a result of previous thermal conditioning. It was shown that increases in constant acclimation temperature result in proportional l inear increases in thermal tolerances. The increase i n estimated 96-hour LT50's was approximately 0.13 0 c. X 1 0 C:1 between 8 and 20 0 C. The effect of acclimation to both cyclic temperature regimes was an increase in LT50 to values between the mean and maximum constant equivalent daily temperatures of the cycles. Twenty-four-, 48-, and 96-hour LT50 estimates of both cycles corresponded approximately to the LT50 values of the 16 0 C. c onstant temperature equivalent . This increase i n thermal tolerance was further demonstrated by the delayed thermal mortality experiments . Cycle amplitudes appeared to i nfluence thermal resistance through alterations in initi al mortality since mortality patterns characteristic of base temperature acclimations re-appeared after approximately 68 hours exposure to test temperatures for the 12 + 4 0 C. group, whereas mortality patterns stabilized and remained constant for a period greater than 192 hours with the larger therma l cycle ( 12 + 7 0 C. ). NO s ignificant corre lations between s pecimen weight and time-to-death was apparent. Data are discussed in relation to the establishment of thermal criteria for important commercial and sport fishes , such as the salmonids , as is the question whether previously reported values on lethal temperature s may have been under estimated.

The regulation of oat coleoptile phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and malic enzyme by Hâ ½ and metabolites : kinetic evidence for and against a cytosolic pH-stat

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and malic enzyme activities in soluble protein extracts of Avena coleoptiles were investigated to determine whether their kinetics were consistent with a role in cytosol pH regulation. Malic enzyme activity was specific for NADP+ and Mn2+. Maximal labelled product formation from [14C]-substrates required the presence of all coenzymes, cofactors and substrates. Plots of rate versus malate concentration, and linear transformations there- 2 of, indicated typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics at non-saturating malate levels and substrate inhibition at higher malate levels. pH increases between 6.5 and 7.25 increased near-optimal activity, decreased the degree of substrate inhibition and the Kmapp(Mn2+) but did not affect the Vmax or Kmapp(malate). Transformed data of PEPC activity demonstrated non-linear plots indicative of non-Michaelian kinetics. pH increases between 7.0 and 7.6 increased the Vmax and decreased the Km app (Mg2+) but did not affect the Kmapp(PEP). Various carboxylic acids and phosphorylated sugars inhibited PEPC and malic enzyme activities, and these effects decreased with pH increases. Metabolite inhibited malic enzyme activity was non-competitive and resulted mainly from Mn2+ chelation. In contrast, metabolite inhibited PEPC activity was unique for each compound tested, being variously dependent on the PEP concentration and the pH employed. These results indicate that fluctuations in pH and metabolite levels affect PEPC and malic enzyme activities similarly and that 3 the in vitro properties of PEPC are consistent with its proposed role in a pH-stat, whereas the in vitro properties of the malic enzyme cannot be interpreted in terms of a role in pH regulation.

The impact of tobacco control policies on university students' smoking in Ontario

Objective. Despite steady declines in the prevalence of tobacco use among Canadians, young adult tobacco use has remained stubbornly high over the past two decades (CTUMS, 2005a). Currently in Ontario, young adults have the highest proportion of smokers of all age cohorts at 26%. A growing body of evidence shows that smoking restrictions and other tobacco control policies can reduce tobacco use and consumption among adults and deter initiation among youth; whether young adult university students' smoking participation is influenced by community smoking restrictions, campus tobacco control policies or both remains an empirical question. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among current smoking status of students on university campuses across Ontario and various tobacco control policies, 3including clean air bylaws of students' home towns, clean air by-laws of the community where the university is situated, and campus policies. Methods. Two data sets were used. The 200512006 Tobacco Use in a Representative Sample of Post-Secondary Students data set provides information about the tobacco use of 10,600 students from 23 universities and colleges across Ontario. Data screening for this study reduced the sample to 5,114 17-to-24 year old undergraduate students from nine universities. The second data set is researcher-generated and includes information about strength and duration of, and students' exposure to home town, local and campus tobacco control policies. Municipal by-laws (of students' home towns and university towns) were categorized as weak, moderate or strong based on criteria set out in the Ontario Municipal By-law Report; campus policies were categorized in a roughly parallel fashion. Durations of municipal and campus policies were calculated; and length of students' exposure to the policies was estimated (all in months). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between students' current smoking status (daily, less-than-daily, never-smokers) and the following policy measures: strength of, duration of, and students' exposure to campus policy; strength of, duration of, and students' exposure to the by-law in the university town; and, strength of, duration of, and students' exposure to the by-law in the home town they grew up in. Sociodemographic variables were controlled for. Results. Among the Ontario university students surveyed, 7.0% currently use tobacco daily and 15.4% use tobacco less-than-daily. The proportions of students experiencing strong tobacco control policies in their home town, the community in which their university is located and at their current university were 33.9%,64.1 %, and 31.3% respectively. However, 13.7% of students attended a university that had a weak campus policy. Multinomial logistic regressions suggested current smoking status was associated with university town by-law strength, home town by-law strength and the strength of the campus tobacco control policy. In the fmal model, after controlling for sociodemographic factors, a strong by-law in the university town and a strong by-law in students' home town were associated with reduced odds of being both a less-than-daily (OR = 0.64, 95%CI: 0.48-0.86; OR = 0.80, 95%CI: 0.66-0.95) and daily smoker (OR = 0.59, 95%CI: 0.39-0.89; OR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.58-0.99), while a weak campus tobacco control policy was associated with higher odds of being a daily smoker (OR = 2.08, 95%CI: 1.31-3.30) (but unrelated to less-than-daily smoking). Longer exposure to the municipal by-law (OR = 0.93; 95%CI: 0.90-0.96) was also related to smoking status. Conclusions. Students' smoking prevalence was associated with the strength of the restrictions in university, and with campus-specific tobacco control policies. Lessthan- daily smoking was not as strongly associated with policy measures as daily smoking was. University campuses may wish to adopt more progressive campus policies and support clean air restrictions in the broader community. More research is needed to determine the direction of influence between tobacco control policies and students' smoking.

Bone speed of sound in overweight and normal-weight girls and adolescents

Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity in the general population has been steadily increasing. Obesity is a major issue in scientific research because it is associated with many health problems, one of which is bone quality. In adult females, adiposity is associated with increased bone mineral density, suggesting that there is a protective effect of fat on bone. However, the association between adiposity and bone strength during childhood is not clear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare bone strength, as reflected by speed of sound (SOS), of overweight and obese girls and adolescents with normal-weight age-matched controls. Data from 75 females included normal-weight girls (G-NW; body fat:::; 25%; n = 21), overweight and obese girls (GOW; body fat ~ 28%; n = 19), normal-weight adolescents (A-NW, body fat:::; 25%; n = 13) and overweight and obese adolescents (A-OW; body fat ~ 28%; n = 22). Nutrition was assessed with a 24-hour recall questionnaire and habitual physical activity was measured for one week using accelerometry. Using quantitative ultrasound (QUS; Sunlight Omnisense™), bone SOS was measured at the distal radius and mid-tibia. No differences were found between groups in daily total energy, calcium or vitamin D intake. However, all groups were below the recommended daily calcium intake of 1300 mg (Osteoporosis Canada, 2008). Adolescents were significantly less active than girls (14.7 ± 0.6 vs. 6.3 ± 0.6% active for G and A, respectively). OW accumulated significantly less minutes of moderate-to-very vigorous physical activity per day (MVPA) than NW in both age groups (114 ± 6 vs. 57 ± 5 min/day for NW and OW, i respectively). Girls had significantly lower radial SOS (3794 ± 87 vs. 3964 ± 64 mls for G-NW and A-NW, respectively), and tibial SOS (3678 ± 86 vs. 3878 ± 52 mls for G-NW and A-NW, respectively) than adolescents. Radial SOS was similar in the two adiposity groups within each age group. However, tibial SOS was lower in the two overweight groups (3601 ± 75 mls vs. 3739 ± 134 mls for G-OW and A-OW, respectively) compared with the age-matched normal-weight controls. Body fat percentage negatively correlated with tibial SOS in the study sample as a whole (r = -0.30). However, when split into groups, percent bo~y fat correlated with tibial SOS only in the A-OW group (r = -0.53). MVPA correlated with tibial SOS (r = 0.40), once age was partialed out. In conclusion, in contrast withthe higher bone strength characteristic of obese adult women, overweight and obese girls and adolescents are characterized by low tibial bone strength, as assessed with QUS. The differences between adiposity groups in tibial SOS may be at least partially due to the reduced weight-bearing physical activity levels in the overweight girls and adolescents. However, other factors, such as hormonal influences associated with high body fat may also playa role in reducing bone strength in overweight girls. Further research is required to reveal the mechanisms causing low bone strength in overweight and obese children and adolescents.

Analyse fonctionnelle de deux nouvelles mutations récessives de l’AQP2 impliquées dans le diabète insipide néphrogénique par expression dans les ovocytes de Xenopus laevis

Le diabète insipide néphrogénique (DIN) autosomal peut être causé par les mutations du gène codant pour le canal à eau aquaporine-2 (AQP2). Un modèle couramment utilisé pour l’étude des protéines membranaires telle l’AQP2 est l’expression hétérologue dans les ovocytes de Xenopus laevis. Malheureusement, les techniques déjà existantes de purification de membranes plasmiques sont soit trop longues, trop difficiles ou demandent trop de matériel, ne permettent pas l’analyse adéquate du ciblage des formes sauvage comme mutantes, un élément crucial de ce type d’étude. Nous avons donc dans un premier temps mis au point une technique rapide et efficace de purification de membranes plasmiques qui combine la digestion partielle de la membrane vitelline, sa polymérisation à la membrane plasmique suivi de centrifugations à basse vitesse pour récolter les membranes purifiées. Nous avons utilisé cette technique dans l’étude de deux nouveaux cas familiaux de patients hétérozygotes possédant les mutations V24A et R187C dans un cas et K228E et R187C dans le second cas. Pour chaque mutation, nous avons analysé autant les éléments de fonctionnalité que les paramètres d’expression des protéines mutantes. Les expériences de perméabilité membranaire démontrent que les ovocytes exprimant AQP2-V24A (Pf = 16.3 ± 3.5 x 10-4 cm/s, 10 ng) et AQP2- K228E (Pf = 19.9 ± 7.0 x 10-4 cm/s, 10 ng) ont des activités similaires à celle exprimant la forme native (Pf = 14.4 ± 5.5 x 10-4 cm/s, 1 ng), tandis que AQP2- R187C (Pf = 2.6 ± 0.6 x 10-4 cm/s, 10 ng) ne semble avoir aucune activité comme ce qui est observé chez les ovocytes non-injectés (Pf = 2.8 ± 1.0 x 10-4 cm/s). Les études de co-expression ont démontré un effet d’additivité lorsque AQP2-V24A et -K228E sont injectées avec la forme native et un effet s’apparentant à la dominance négative lorsque AQP2-R187C est injecté avec la forme native, avec AQP2-V24A ou avec –K228E. Les résultats obtenus par immunobuvardage représente bien ce qui a été démontré précédemment, on remarque la présence des mutations K228E, V24A et la forme sauvage à la membrane plasmique, contrairement à la mutation R187C. Cependant, lorsque les mutations sont exprimées dans des cellules mIMCD-3, il n’y a qu’une faible expression à la membrane de la forme –K228E et une absence totale des formes –V24A et –R187C à la membrane plasmique, contrairement à la forme native. Les résultats de nos études démontrent que tout dépendant du système d’expression les formes –K228E et –V24A peuvent être utiles dans l’étude des problèmes d’adressage à la membrane à l’aide de chaperonne chimique. De plus, la forme –R187C démontre des difficultés d’adressage qui devront être étudiées afin de mieux comprendre la synthèse des formes natives.

Analyse de l’activité en ondes lentes et des oscillations lentes précédant le somnambulisme

Diverses études se sont penchées sur les paramètres EEG du sommeil en ondes lentes, y compris l’activité en ondes lentes en lien avec le somnambulisme, mais les résultats se révèlent inconsistants et contradictoires. Le premier objectif de la présente étude était d’analyser quantitativement l’EEG en sommeil en mesurant les fluctuations de puissance spectrale en delta (1-4 Hz) et delta lent (0.5-1 Hz) avant des épisodes de somnambulisme. Le second était de détecter les oscillations lentes (> 75 μV, fréquence d'environ 0.7-0.8 Hz) et très lentes (> 140 μV, fréquence d'environ 0.7-0.8 Hz) afin d'examiner leur changement d'amplitude et de densité avant de tels épisodes. Suite à une privation de sommeil de 25 heures, les enregistrements polysomnographiques de 22 adultes atteints de somnambulisme ont été scrutés. L’analyse des 200 secondes avant les épisodes révèle que ceux-ci ne sont pas précédés d’une augmentation graduelle de puissance spectrale en delta ni en delta lent, tant sur les dérivations frontale, centrale que pariétale. Toutefois, une hausse statistiquement significative de la densité des oscillations lentes et des oscillations très lentes a été observée au cours des 20 sec immédiatement avant le début des épisodes. Reste à déterminer le rôle exact de ces paramètres de l’EEG en sommeil par rapport à la manifestation et au diagnostic des parasomnies en sommeil lent.