A Missense Mutation in PRPF6 Causes Impairment of pre-mRNA Splicing and Autosomal-Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited form of retinal degeneration that leads to progressive visual-field constriction and blindness. Although the disease manifests only in the retina, mutations in ubiquitously expressed genes associated with the tri-snRNP complex of the spliceosome have been identified in patients with dominantly inherited RP. We screened for mutations in PRPF6 (NM_012469.3), a gene on chromosome 20q13.33 encoding an essential protein for tri-snRNP assembly and stability, in 188 unrelated patients with autosomal-dominant RP and identified a missense mutation, c.2185C>T (p.Arg729Trp). This change affected a residue that is conserved from humans to yeast and cosegregated with the disease in the family in which it was identified. Lymphoblasts derived from patients with this mutation showed abnormal localization of endogenous PRPF6 within the nucleus. Specifically, this protein accumulated in the Cajal bodies, indicating a possible impairment in the tri-snRNP assembly or recycling. Expression of GFP-tagged PRPF6 in HeLa cells showed that this phenomenon depended exclusively on the mutated form of the protein. Furthermore, analysis of endogenous transcripts in cells from patients revealed intron retention for pre-mRNA bearing specific splicing signals, according to the same pattern displayed by lymphoblasts with mutations in other PRPF genes. Our results identify PRPF6 as the sixth gene involved in pre-mRNA splicing and dominant RP, corroborating the hypothesis that deficiencies in the spliceosome play an important role in the molecular pathology of this disease.

Nucleic acid-containing amyloid fibrils potently induce type I interferon and stimulate systemic autoimmunity.

The immunopathophysiologic development of systemic autoimmunity involves numerous factors through complex mechanisms that are not fully understood. In systemic lupus erythematosus, type I IFN (IFN-I) produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) critically promotes the autoimmunity through its pleiotropic effects on immune cells. However, the host-derived factors that enable abnormal IFN-I production and initial immune tolerance breakdown are largely unknown. Previously, we found that amyloid precursor proteins form amyloid fibrils in the presence of nucleic acids. Here we report that nucleic acid-containing amyloid fibrils can potently activate pDCs and enable IFN-I production in response to self-DNA, self-RNA, and dead cell debris. pDCs can take up DNA-containing amyloid fibrils, which are retained in the early endosomes to activate TLR9, leading to high IFNα/β production. In mice treated with DNA-containing amyloid fibrils, a rapid IFN response correlated with pDC infiltration and activation. Immunization of nonautoimmune mice with DNA-containing amyloid fibrils induced antinuclear serology against a panel of self-antigens. The mice exhibited positive proteinuria and deposited antibodies in their kidneys. Intriguingly, pDC depletion obstructed IFN-I response and selectively abolished autoantibody generation. Our study reveals an innate immune function of nucleic acid-containing amyloid fibrils and provides a potential link between compromised protein homeostasis and autoimmunity via a pDC-IFN axis.

Morphologic and electroretinographic phenotype of SR-BI knockout mice after a long-term atherogenic diet.

PURPOSE: To evaluate functional and ultrastructural changes in the retina of scavenger receptor B1 (SR-BI) knockout (KO) mice consuming a high fat cholate (HFC) diet. METHODS: Three-month-old male KO and wild-type (WT) mice were fed an HFC diet for 30 weeks. After diet supplementation, plasma cholesterol levels and electroretinograms were analyzed. Neutral lipids were detected with oil red O, and immunohistochemistry was performed on cryostat ocular tissue sections. The retina, Bruch's membrane (BM), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choriocapillaris (CC) were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Using the WT for reference, ultrastructural changes were recorded in HFC-fed SR-BI KO mice, including lipid inclusions, a patchy disorganization of the photoreceptor outer segment (POS) and the outer nuclear layer (ONL), and BM thickening with sparse sub-RPE deposits. Within the CC, there was abnormal disorganization of collagen fibers localized in ectopic sites with sparse and large vacuolization associated with infiltration of macrophages in the subretinal space, reflecting local inflammation. These lesions were associated with electroretinographic abnormalities, particularly increasing implicit time in a- and b-wave scotopic responses. Abnormal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) staining was detected in the outer nuclear layer. CONCLUSIONS: HFC-fed SR-BI KO mice thus presented sub-RPE lipid-rich deposits and functional and morphologic alterations similar to some features observed in dry AMD. The findings lend further support to the hypothesis that atherosclerosis causes retinal and subretinal damage that increases susceptibility to some forms of AMD.

Kartagener syndrome: an uncommon cause of neonatal respiratory distress?

We report a newborn with respiratory distress and situs inversus totalis. The diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia was confirmed by both ultrastructural and functional investigations. The immotile cilia syndrome was suspected because of respiratory distress, situs inversus, abnormal nasal discharge and hyperinflated chest X-ray. We suggest that ultrastructural and functional investigations of the respiratory mucosa should be done in any newborn with respiratory distress without explanation for the respiratory problems. Establishment of the correct diagnosis at an early stage may allow to improve the prognosis provided prophylactic physiotherapy, vaccinations, and aggressive antibiotic treatment of intercurrent respiratory infections are instituted. CONCLUSION Despite its rarity, primary ciliary dyskinesia should be considered in unexplained cases of neonatal distress.

Lethal skeletal dysplasia in mice and humans lacking the golgin GMAP-210.

BACKGROUND: Establishing the genetic basis of phenotypes such as skeletal dysplasia in model organisms can provide insights into biologic processes and their role in human disease. METHODS: We screened mutagenized mice and observed a neonatal lethal skeletal dysplasia with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. Through genetic mapping and positional cloning, we identified the causative mutation. RESULTS: Affected mice had a nonsense mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor interactor 11 gene (Trip11), which encodes the Golgi microtubule-associated protein 210 (GMAP-210); the affected mice lacked this protein. Golgi architecture was disturbed in multiple tissues, including cartilage. Skeletal development was severely impaired, with chondrocytes showing swelling and stress in the endoplasmic reticulum, abnormal cellular differentiation, and increased cell death. Golgi-mediated glycosylation events were altered in fibroblasts and chondrocytes lacking GMAP-210, and these chondrocytes had intracellular accumulation of perlecan, an extracellular matrix protein, but not of type II collagen or aggrecan, two other extracellular matrix proteins. The similarities between the skeletal and cellular phenotypes in these mice and those in patients with achondrogenesis type 1A, a neonatal lethal form of skeletal dysplasia in humans, suggested that achondrogenesis type 1A may be caused by GMAP-210 deficiency. Sequence analysis revealed loss-of-function mutations in the 10 unrelated patients with achondrogenesis type 1A whom we studied. CONCLUSIONS: GMAP-210 is required for the efficient glycosylation and cellular transport of multiple proteins. The identification of a mutation affecting GMAP-210 in mice, and then in humans, as the cause of a lethal skeletal dysplasia underscores the value of screening for abnormal phenotypes in model organisms and identifying the causative mutations.

Melanoma vaccines

Many vaccines have been very successful. They can protect from many different infectious diseases, and thus contribute enormously to public health. The majority of successful vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies, which are essential for protection from disease, by the inhibition of microbe invasion and spread through the body, via extracellular compartments, or by neutralization of toxins. In contrast to infectious diseases, the pathological process in cancer is primarily intracellular. Immunity to cancer depends mainly on T cells which are capable of identifying and eliminating abnormal cells, via recognition of peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex molecules at the cell surface. In some instances, tumor-specific antibodies can contribute to immune defense against cancer. Unfortunately, for many solid tumors (including melanoma), this mechanism is insufficient. Nevertheless, the search for cancer-neutralizing antibodies continues, similar to, e.g., HIV neutralizing antibodies. In this chapter, we focus on the development of T cell vaccines, a great challenge but also a promising approach as a new therapy for melanoma, other cancers, and intracellular pathogens

Low prevalence of behavioural and emotional problems among Swiss paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVES: Whether behavioural and emotional maladjustment is more prevalent in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than in healthy controls remains controversial. The aim of this study was to assess paediatric IBD patients for problems with emotional and behavioural adjustment and to examine associations with clinical and demographic variables. METHODS: Data from paediatric patients with IBD enrolled in the Swiss IBD Cohort Study and the results of both the parent-rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the self-reported Child Depression Inventory (CDI) were analysed. Of the 148 registered patients, 126 had at least one questionnaire completed and were included. RESULTS: The mean age of 71 patients with Crohn's disease (44 males, 27 females) was 13.4 years, and 12.8 years for the 55 patients with ulcerative or indeterminate colitis. The mean duration of disease was 1.2 and 2.7 years, respectively. The total score of the SDQ was abnormal in 11.4% of cases compared to 10% in the normal population. Abnormal sub-scores were found in 20.2% of subjects for the domain of emotional problems and in 17.1% for problems with peers. The total CDI T score indicated a significantly lower prevalence of clinical depression in IBD patients than in normal youth. No correlation between the total SDQ scores or the CDI T scores and gender, type or duration of IBD, inflammatory markers or disease scores was found. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of problems with behavioural and emotional adjustment among Swiss paediatric IBD patients is low and comparable to that of the normal population.

Mitotic functions for SNAP45, a subunit of the small nuclear RNA-activating protein complex SNAPc.

The small nuclear RNA-activating protein complex SNAP(c) is required for transcription of small nuclear RNA genes and binds to a proximal sequence element in their promoters. SNAP(c) contains five types of subunits stably associated with each other. Here we show that one of these polypeptides, SNAP45, also known as PTF delta, localizes to centrosomes during parts of mitosis, as well as to the spindle midzone during anaphase and the mid-body during telophase. Consistent with localization to these mitotic structures, both down- and up-regulation of SNAP45 lead to a G(2)/M arrest with cells displaying abnormal mitotic structures. In contrast, down-regulation of SNAP190, another SNAP(c) subunit, leads to an accumulation of cells with a G(0)/G(1) DNA content. These results are consistent with the proposal that SNAP45 plays two roles in the cell, one as a subunit of the transcription factor SNAP(c) and another as a factor required for proper mitotic progression.

Neonatal treatment with recombinant ectodysplasin prevents respiratory disease in dogs with X-linked ectodermal dysplasia.

Patients with defective ectodysplasin A (EDA) have X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED; OMIM#305100), a condition comprising hypotrichosis, inability to sweat, abnormal teeth, and frequent pulmonary infections. The XLHED dogs show the same clinical signs as humans with the disorder, including frequent respiratory infections that can be fatal. The respiratory disease in humans and dogs is thought to be due to the absence of tracheal and bronchial glands which are a vital part of the mucociliary clearance mechanism. In our XLHED model, the genetically missing EDA was replaced by postnatal intravenous administration of recombinant EDA resulting in long-term, durable corrective effect on adult, permanent dentition. After treatment with EDA, significant correction of the missing tracheal and bronchial glands was achieved in those dogs that received higher doses of EDA. Moreover, successful treatment resulted in the presence of esophageal glands, improved mucociliary clearance, and the absence of respiratory infection. These results demonstrate that a short-term treatment at a neonatal age with a recombinant protein can reverse a developmental disease and result in vastly improved quality of life.

Perineuronal nets protect fast-spiking interneurons against oxidative stress.

A hallmark of schizophrenia pathophysiology is the dysfunction of cortical inhibitory GABA neurons expressing parvalbumin, which are essential for coordinating neuronal synchrony during various sensory and cognitive tasks. The high metabolic requirements of these fast-spiking cells may render them susceptible to redox dysregulation and oxidative stress. Using mice carrying a genetic redox imbalance, we demonstrate that extracellular perineuronal nets, which constitute a specialized polyanionic matrix enwrapping most of these interneurons as they mature, play a critical role in the protection against oxidative stress. These nets limit the effect of genetically impaired antioxidant systems and/or excessive reactive oxygen species produced by severe environmental insults. We observe an inverse relationship between the robustness of the perineuronal nets around parvalbumin cells and the degree of intracellular oxidative stress they display. Enzymatic degradation of the perineuronal nets renders mature parvalbumin cells and fast rhythmic neuronal synchrony more susceptible to oxidative stress. In parallel, parvalbumin cells enwrapped with mature perineuronal nets are better protected than immature parvalbumin cells surrounded by less-condensed perineuronal nets. Although the perineuronal nets act as a protective shield, they are also themselves sensitive to excess oxidative stress. The protection might therefore reflect a balance between the oxidative burden on perineuronal net degradation and the capacity of the system to maintain the nets. Abnormal perineuronal nets, as observed in the postmortem patient brain, may thus underlie the vulnerability and functional impairment of pivotal inhibitory circuits in schizophrenia.

Redox dysregulation in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: insights from animal models.

Abstract Significance: Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are classified as two distinct diseases. However, accumulating evidence shows that both disorders share genetic, pathological, and epidemiological characteristics. Based on genetic and functional findings, redox dysregulation due to an imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidant defense mechanisms has been proposed as a risk factor contributing to their pathophysiology. Recent Advances: Altered antioxidant systems and signs of increased oxidative stress are observed in peripheral tissues and brains of SZ and BD patients, including abnormal prefrontal levels of glutathione (GSH), the major cellular redox regulator and antioxidant. Here we review experimental data from rodent models demonstrating that permanent as well as transient GSH deficit results in behavioral, morphological, electrophysiological, and neurochemical alterations analogous to pathologies observed in patients. Mice with GSH deficit display increased stress reactivity, altered social behavior, impaired prepulse inhibition, and exaggerated locomotor responses to psychostimulant injection. These behavioral changes are accompanied by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction, elevated glutamate levels, impairment of parvalbumin GABA interneurons, abnormal neuronal synchronization, altered dopamine neurotransmission, and deficient myelination. Critical Issues: Treatment with the GSH precursor and antioxidant N-acetylcysteine normalizes some of those deficits in mice, but also improves SZ and BD symptoms when given as adjunct to antipsychotic medication. Future Directions: These data demonstrate the usefulness of GSH-deficient rodent models to identify the mechanisms by which a redox imbalance could contribute to the development of SZ and BD pathophysiologies, and to develop novel therapeutic approaches based on antioxidant and redox regulator compounds. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 18, 1428-1443.

Evidence from glut2-null mice that glucose is a critical physiological regulator of feeding.

A role for glucose in the control of feeding has been proposed, but its precise physiological importance is unknown. Here, we evaluated feeding behavior in glut2-null mice, which express a transgenic glucose transporter in their beta-cells to rescue insulin secretion (ripglut1;glut2-/- mice). We showed that in the absence of GLUT2, daily food intake was increased and feeding initiation and termination following a fasting period were abnormal. This was accompanied by suppressed regulation of hypothalamic orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides expression during the fast-to-refed transition. In these conditions, however, there was normal regulation of the circulating levels of insulin, leptin, or glucose but a loss of regulation of plasma ghrelin concentrations. To evaluate whether the abnormal feeding behavior was due to suppressed glucose sensing, we evaluated feeding in response to intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular glucose or 2-deoxy-D-glucose injections. We showed that in GLUT2-null mice, feeding was no longer inhibited by glucose or activated by 2-deoxy-D-glucose injections and the regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide expression by intracerebroventricular glucose administration was lost. Together, these data demonstrate that absence of GLUT2 suppressed the function of central glucose sensors, which control feeding probably by regulating the hypothalamic melanocortin pathway. Furthermore, inactivation of these glucose sensors causes overeating.

Role of ATH5 in the specification of retinal ganglion cells and expression and cell compartmentalization of EFEMP1, a protein associated with Malattia Leventinese

ABSTRACT : The development of the retina is a very complex process, occurring through the progressive restriction of cell fates, from pluripotent cell populations to complex tissues and organs. In all vertebrate species analyzed so far, retinal differentiation starts with the generation of retinal ganglion cells (RGC)s. One of the documented key essential events in the specification of RGCs is the expression of ATHS, an atonal homolog encoding a bHLH transcription factor. Despite the putative role of master regulator of RGC differentiation, the mechanism of integrating its functions into a coherent program underlying the production of this subclass of retinal neurons has not yet been elucidated. By using chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with microarray (ChIP-on-chip) we have screened for ATH5 direct targets in the developing chick retina at two consecutive periods: E3.5 (stage HH22) and E6 (stage HH30), covering the stages of progenitor proliferation, neuroepithelium patterning, RGC specification, cell cycle exit and early neuronal differentiation. In parallel, complementary analysis with Affymetrix expression microarrays was conducted. We compared RGCs versus retina to see if the targets correspond to genes preferentially expressed in RGCs. We also precociously overexpressed ATH5 in the retina of individual embryo, and contralateral retina vas used as a control. Our integrated approach allowed us to establish a compendium of ATH5-targets and enabled us to position ATH5 in the transcription network underlying neurogenesis in the retina. Malattia Leventinese (ML) is an autosomal, dominant retinal dystrophy characterized by extracellular, amorphous deposits known as drusen, between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane. On the genetic level, it has been associated with a single missense mutation (R345W) in a widely expressed gene with unknown function called EFEMP1. We determined expression patterns of the EFEMP1 gene in normal and ML human retinas. Our data shown that the upregulation of EFEMP1 is not specific to ML eye, except for the region of the ciliary body. We also analyzed the cell compartmentalization of different versions of the protein (both wild type and mutant). Our studies indicate that both abnormal expression of the EFEMP1 gene and mutation and accumulation of EFEMP 1 protein (inside or outside the cells) might contribute to the ML pathology. Résumé : 1er partie : L'ontogenèse de la rétine est un processus complexe au cours duquel des cellules progénitrices sont engagée, par vagues successives, dans des lignées où elles vont d'abord être déterminées puis vont se différencier pour finalement construire un tissu rétinien composé de cinq classes de neurones (les photorécepteurs, les cellules horizontales, bipolaires, amacrines et ganglionnaires) et d'une seule de cellules gliales (les cellules de Muller). Chez tous les vertébrés, la neurogenèse rétinienne est d'abord marquée par la production des cellules ganglionnaires (RGCs). La production de cette classe de neurone est liée à l'expression du gène ATH5 qui est un homologue du gène atonal chez la Drosophile et qui code pour un facteur de transcription de la famille des protéines basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH). Malgré le rôle central que joue ATH5 dans la production des RGCs, le mécanisme qui intègre la fonction de cette protéine dans le programme de détermination neuronale et ceci en relation avec le développement de la rétine n'est pas encore élucidé. Grâce à une technologie qui permet de combiner la sélection de fragments de chromatine liant ATH5 et la recherche de séquences grâce à des puces d'ADN non-codants (ChIP-on-chip), nous avons recherché des cibles potentielles de la protéine ATH5 dans la rétine en développement. Nous avons conduit cette recherche à deux stades de développement de manière à englober la phase de prolifération cellulaire, la détermination des RGCs, la sortie du cycle cellulaire ainsi que les premières étapes de la différentiation de ces neurones. Des expériences complémentaires nous ont permis de définir les patrons d'expression des gènes sélectionnés ainsi que l'activité promotrice des éléments de régulation identifiés lors de notre criblage. Ces approches expérimentales diverses et complémentaires nous ont permis de répertorier des gènes cibles de la protéine ATH5 et d'établir ainsi des liens fonctionnels entre des voies métaboliques dont nous ne soupçonnions pas jusqu'alors qu'elles puissent être associées à la production d'une classe de neurones centraux. 2ème partie : Malattia Leventinese (ML) est une maladie génétique qui engendre une dystrophie de la rétine. Elle se caractérise par l'accumulation de dépôt amorphe entre l'épithélium pigmentaire et la membrane de Bruch et connu sous le nom de drusen. Cette maladie est liée à une simple mutation non-sens (R345W) dans un gène dénommé EFEMP1 qui est exprimé dans de nombreux tissus mais dont la fonction reste mal définie. Une étude détaillée de l'expression de ce gène dans des rétines humaines a révélé une expression à un niveau élevé du gène EFEMP1 dans divers tissus de l'oeil ML mais également dans des yeux contrôles. Alors que l'accumulation d'ARN messager EFEMP1 dans les cellules de l'épithélium pigmentaire n'est pas spécifique à ML, l'expression de ce gène dans le corps cilié n'a été observée que dans l'oeil ML. Nous avons également comparé la sécrétion de la protéine sauvage avec celle porteuse de la mutation. En résumé, notre étude révèle que le niveau élevé d'expression du gène EFEMP1 ainsi que l'accumulation de la protéine dans certains compartiments cellulaires pourraient contribuer au développement de pathologies rétiniennes liées à ML.

A new, automated, four-colour interphase FISH approach for the simultaneous detection of specific aneuploidies of diagnostic and prognostic significance in high hyperdiploid ALL

In hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), the simultaneous occurrence of specific aneuploidies confers a more favourable outcome than hyperdiploidy alone. Interphase (I) FISH complements conventional cytogenetics (CC) through its sensitivity and ability to detect chromosome aberrations in non-dividing cells. To overcome the limits of manual I-FISH, we developed an automated four-colour I-FISH approach and assessed its ability to detect concurrent aneuploidies in ALL. I-FISH was performed using centromeric probes for chromosomes 4, 6, 10 and 17. Parameters established for automatic nucleus selection and signal detection were evaluated (3 controls). Cut-off values were determined (10 controls, 1000 nuclei/case). Combinations of aneuploidies were considered relevant when each aneuploidy was individually significant. Results obtained in 10 ALL patients (1500 nuclei/patient) were compared with those by CC. Various combinations of aneuploidies were identified. All clones detected by CC were observed by I-FISH. I-FISH revealed numerous additional abnormal clones, ranging between 0.1% and 31.6%, based on the large number of nuclei evaluated. Four-colour automated I-FISH permits the identification of concurrent aneuploidies of prognostic significance in hyperdiploid ALL. Large numbers of cells can be analysed rapidly by this method. Owing to its high sensitivity, the method provides a powerful tool for the detection of small abnormal clones at diagnosis and during follow up. Compared to CC, it generates a more detailed cytogenetic picture, the biological and clinical significance of which merits further evaluation. Once optimised for a given set of probes, the system can be easily adapted for other probe combinations.

Cytokine mRNA profile of Epstein-Barr virus-stimulated highly differentiated T cells in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.

The reason why EBV-specific cellular immune responses are abnormal in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is still missing. In this exploratory pilot study, we assessed IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta1 and FOXP3 mRNA expression in EBV-stimulated highly differentiated T cells (T(HD)) of MS patients and healthy controls (HC). We found increased levels of IFN-gamma and IL-4 mRNA in CD8+ T(HD) cells of MS patients. All the other tested molecules were expressed similarly in MS patients and HC. Interestingly, increased IFN-gamma and IL-4 suggest that the control of EBV replication may be insufficient in MS patients.