Antioxidant Properties of Bee Products of Plant- Origin Part 2. Propolis and Pollen

Over the last years, the hive products such as propolis and pollen have been highlighted due to their potential health benefits, including antioxidant abilities that have been correlated with their content in phenolic compounds. Regardless of the several factors that may affect propolis and pollen antioxidant activity, these products have been shown to possess, either through the use of in vitro or in vivo models, important features concerning the modulation of cellular oxidative stress caused by environmental factors (e.g. UV-light), metals, pesticides and other xenobiotics. This modulatory effect focus not only on the capture of radicals that these elements might eventually generate, but also by the activation of cellular antioxidant mechanisms such as enzymatic antioxidants or by modifying gene expression patterns. Although the mechanisms behind these responses are not fully known, it has been showed that caffeic acid phenethyl ester, pinocembrin and chrisin are some of the compounds responsible for some of these responses. Taking into account the gathered results, propolis and pollen can be viewed as potential agents in the re-stabilization of cellular oxidative imbalance and in the prevention of oxidative stress related diseases.

The ectoparasitic mite Tropilaelaps mercedesae reduces western honey bee, Apis mellifera, longevity and emergence weight, and promotes Deformed wing virus infections

Historically an ectoparasite of the native Giant honey bee Apis dorsata, the mite Tropilaelaps mercedesae has switched hosts to the introduced western honey bee Apis mellifera throughout much of Asia. Few data regarding lethal and sub-lethal effects of T. mercedesae on A. mellifera exist, despite its similarity to the devastating mite Varroa destructor. Here we artificially infested worker brood of A. mellifera with T. mercedesae to investigate lethal (longevity) and sub-lethal (emergence weight, Deformed wing virus (DWV) levels and clinical symptoms of DWV) effects of the mite on its new host. The data show that T. mercedesae infestation significantly reduced host longevity and emergence weight, and promoted both DWV levels and associated clinical symptoms. Our results suggest that T. mercedesae is a potentially important parasite to the economically important A. mellifera honey bee.

Insight into the evolution of the Solanaceae from the parental genomes of Petunia hybrida

Petunia hybrida is a popular bedding plant that has a long history as a genetic model system. We report the whole-genome sequencing and assembly of inbred derivatives of its two wild parents, P. axillaris N and P. inflata S6. The assemblies include 91.3% and 90.2% coverage of their diploid genomes (1.4 Gb; 2n = 14) containing 32,928 and 36,697 protein-coding genes, respectively. The genomes reveal that the Petunia lineage has experienced at least two rounds of hexaploidization: the older gamma event, which is shared with most Eudicots, and a more recent Solanaceae event that is shared with tomato and other solanaceous species. Transcription factors involved in the shift from bee to moth pollination reside in particularly dynamic regions of the genome, which may have been key to the remarkable diversity of floral colour patterns and pollination systems. The high-quality genome sequences will enhance the value of Petunia as a model system for research on unique biological phenomena such as small RNAs, symbiosis, self-incompatibility and circadian rhythms.

Mice deficient in interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-4 receptor alpha have higher resistance to sporozoite infection with Plasmodium berghei (ANKA) than do naive wild-type mice

BALB/c interleukin-4 (IL-4(-/-)) or IL-4 receptor-alpha (IL-4ralpha(-/-)) knockout (KO) mice were used to assess the roles of the IL-4 and IL-13 pathways during infections with the blood or liver stages of plasmodium in murine malaria. Intraperitoneal infection with the blood-stage erythrocytes of Plasmodium berghei (ANKA) resulted in 100% mortality within 24 days in BALB/c mice, as well as in the mutant mouse strains. However, when infected intravenously with the sporozoite liver stage, 60 to 80% of IL-4(-/-) and IL-4ralpha(-/-) mice survived, whereas all BALB/c mice succumbed with high parasitemia. Compared to infected BALB/c controls, the surviving KO mice showed increased NK cell numbers and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the liver and were able to eliminate parasites early during infection. In vivo blockade of NO resulted in 100% mortality of sporozoite-infected KO mice. In vivo depletion of NK cells also resulted in 80 to 100% mortality, with a significant reduction in gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in the liver. These results suggest that IFN-gamma-producing NK cells are critical in host resistance against the sporozoite liver stage by inducing NO production, an effective killing effector molecule against Plasmodium. The absence of IL-4-mediated functions increases the protective innate immune mechanism identified above, which results in immunity against P. berghei infection in these mice, with no major role for IL-13.

Appendix A. Gene identity within the cultivated species, and between the cultivated species and different wild species in tomato

High salinity is a severe constraint on tomato growth and productivity in many regions and situations. To obtain an ideal gene donor for improving the salt tolerance of tomato cultivars, the potential of tolerance response to salinity were evaluated for 14 tomato accessions including wild and cultivated species. By investigation of seed germination and seedling survival, a common cultivar, Solanum lycopersicum 'moneymaker', is evidenced significantly salt-tolerant among them and correspondingly, a wild accession, Solanum cheesmanniae 'LA0317', is most vulnerable to salinity. The performance of Moneymaker and LA0317 upon salinity was then compared in detail for their growth inhibition and some physiological changes. Complete dominance of Moneymaker and its high gene identity in tomato species lead us to use it in microarray experiment and apply it as gene donor for salt tolerance. The results indicated some mechanism differences between Moneymaker and LA0317 in salt response, proposed the potentially high salt tolerance of cultivated tomato and implied that Moneymaker is a valuable gene donor in this field, potentially minimizing the growth inhibition and yield reduction in transgenic plants.

Wild life of the world : a descriptive survey of the geographical distribution of animals /

Mode of access: Internet.

North Fork American River : wild and scenic river study report /

Errata sheet inserted.

The bee people /

Mode of access: Internet.

Wild animals I have known : and 200 drawings /

Mode of access: Internet.