Structure and representation of correlation functions and the density matrix for a statistical wave field in optics

A systematic structure analysis of the correlation functions of statistical quantum optics is carried out. From a suitably defined auxiliary two‐point function we are able to identify the excited modes in the wave field. The relative simplicity of the higher order correlation functions emerge as a byproduct and the conditions under which these are made pure are derived. These results depend in a crucial manner on the notion of coherence indices and of unimodular coherence indices. A new class of approximate expressions for the density operator of a statistical wave field is worked out based on discrete characteristic sets. These are even more economical than the diagonal coherent state representations. An appreciation of the subtleties of quantum theory obtains. Certain implications for the physics of light beams are cited.

Carbon Dioxide emissions from an Acacia plantation on peatland in Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Peat surface CO2 emission, groundwater table depth and peat temperature were monitored for two years along transects in an Acacia plantation on thick tropical peat (>4 m) in Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 2300 emission measurements were taken at 144 locations. The autotrophic root respiration component of the CO2 emission was separated from heterotrophic emissions caused by peat oxidation in three ways: (i) by comparing CO2 emissions within and beyond the tree rooting zone, (ii) by comparing CO2 emissions with and without peat trenching (i.e. cutting any roots remaining in the peat beyond the tree rooting zone), and (iii) by comparing CO2 emissions before and after Acacia tree harvesting. On average, the contribution of root respiration to daytime CO2 emission is 21 % along transects in mature tree stands. At locations 0.5 m from trees this is up to 80 % of the total emissions, but it is negligible at locations more than 1.3 m away. This means that CO2 emission measurements well away from trees are free of any root respiration contribution and thus represent only peat oxidation emission. We find daytime mean annual CO2 emission from peat oxidation alone of 94 t ha−1 yr−1 at a mean water table depth of 0.8 m, and a minimum emission value of 80 t ha−1 yr−1 after correction for the effect of diurnal temperature fluctuations, which resulted in a 14.5 % reduction of the daytime emission. There is a positive correlation between mean long-term water table depths and peat oxidation CO2 emission. However, no such relation is found for instantaneous emission/water table depth within transects and it is clear that factors other than water table depth also affect peat oxidation and total CO2 emissions. The increase in the temperature of the surface peat due to plantation development may explain over 50 % of peat oxidation emissions.

Sensitivity of wetland methane emissions to model assumptions: application and model testing against site observations

Abstract. Methane emissions from natural wetlands and rice paddies constitute a large proportion of atmospheric methane, but the magnitude and year-to-year variation of these methane sources is still unpredictable. Here we describe and evaluate the integration of a methane biogeochemical model (CLM4Me; Riley et al., 2011) into the Community Land Model 4.0 (CLM4CN) in order to better explain spatial and temporal variations in methane emissions. We test new functions for soil pH and redox potential that impact microbial methane production in soils. We also constrain aerenchyma in plants in always-inundated areas in order to better represent wetland vegetation. Satellite inundated fraction is explicitly prescribed in the model because there are large differences between simulated fractional inundation and satellite observations. A rice paddy module is also incorporated into the model, where the fraction of land used for rice production is explicitly prescribed. The model is evaluated at the site level with vegetation cover and water table prescribed from measurements. Explicit site level evaluations of simulated methane emissions are quite different than evaluating the grid cell averaged emissions against available measurements. Using a baseline set of parameter values, our model-estimated average global wetland emissions for the period 1993–2004 were 256 Tg CH4 yr−1, and rice paddy emissions in the year 2000 were 42 Tg CH4 yr−1. Tropical wetlands contributed 201 Tg CH4 yr−1, or 78 % of the global wetland flux. Northern latitude (>50 N) systems contributed 12 Tg CH4 yr−1. We expect this latter number may be an underestimate due to the low high-latitude inundated area captured by satellites and unrealistically low high-latitude productivity and soil carbon predicted by CLM4. Sensitivity analysis showed a large range (150–346 Tg CH4 yr−1) in predicted global methane emissions. The large range was sensitive to: (1) the amount of methane transported through aerenchyma, (2) soil pH (± 100 Tg CH4 yr−1), and (3) redox inhibition (± 45 Tg CH4 yr−1).

On the formation of poly(ethyleneoxide)-poly(vinylalcohol) blends

Poly(ethyleneoxide)-poly(vinylalcohol) blends were prepared and characterized using thermal, spectroscopic and structural methods, By all indications the blends appear to be microscopically inhomogeneous with no strong interpolymer bonding. The high degree of crystallinity in PEO regions induces a significant degree of ordering in neighbouring PVA regions, as evident from thermal properties. PVA obtained from solvent evaporation exhibits an irreversible endothermic transition which could be order-disorder type. Both IR and NMR spectroscopies also suggest the presence of subtle structural ordering influence of PEO on PVA. It is found to be possible to prepare self supporting films of the blends which consists of fine dispersion of PEO and PVA in each other. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Phase transitions in the anchored organic bilayers of long-chain alkylammonium lead iodides (CnH2n+1NH3)(2)PbI4; n=12, 16, 18

The single perovskite slab alkylammonium lead iodides (CnH2n+1NH3)(2)PbI4, n = 12, 16, 18, display two phase transitions, just above room temperature, associated with changes in the alkylammonium chains. We have followed these two phase transitions using scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, and IR and Raman spectroscopies. We find the first phase transition to be associated with symmetry changes arising from a dynamic rotational disordering of the ammonium headgroup of the chain whereas the second transition, the melting of the chains in two dimensions, is characterized by an increased conformational disorder of the methylene units of the alkyl chains. We examine these phase transitions in light of the interesting optical properties of these materials, as well as the relevance of these systems as models for phase transitions in lipid bilayers.

Ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopy (URLS): instrumentation and principle

In this paper, we report on the concept and the design principle of ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopy (URLS) as a structure-elucidating tool. URLS is an analogue of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) but more sensitive than SRS with better signal-to-noise ratio. It involves the interaction of two laser sources, namely, a picosecond (ps) Raman pump pulse and a white-light (WL) continuum, with a sample, leading to the generation of loss signals on the higher energy (blue) side with respect to the wavelength of the Raman pump unlike the gain signal observed on the lower energy (red) side in SRS. These loss signals are at least 1.5 times more intense than the SRS signals. An experimental study providing an insight into the origin of this extra intensity in URLS as compared to SRS is reported. Furthermore, the very requirement of the experimental protocol for the signal detection to be on the higher energy side by design eliminates the interference from fluorescence, which appears on the red side. Unlike CARS, URLS signals are not precluded by the non-resonant background and, being a self-phase-matched process, URLS is experimentally easier. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Thermo-physical and structural studies of sodium zinc borovanadate glasses in the region of high concentration of modifier oxides

This paper reports investigation of Na2O and ZnO modified borovanadate glasses in the highly modified regime of compositions. These glasses have been prepared by microwave route. Ultraviolet (UV) and visible, infrared (IR), Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS NMR) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopies have been used to characterize the speciation in the glasses. Together with the variation of properties such as molar volume and glass transition temperatures, spectroscopic data indicate that at high levels of modification, ZnO tends to behave like network former. It is proposed that the observed variation of all the properties can be reasonably well understood with a structural model. The model considers that the modification and speciation in glasses are strongly determined by the hierarchy of group electronegativities. Further, it is proposed that the width of the transitions of glasses obtained under same condition reflects the fragility of the glasses. An empirical expression has been suggested to quantify fragility on the basis of width of the transition regions. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dual Role of Acetate as a Nucleophile and as an Internal Base in Cycloplatination Reaction of sym-N,N `,N `'-Triarylguanidines

Reaction of cis-Cl2Pt(S(O)Me-2)(2)] with 1 equiv of sym-N,N',N `'-triarylguanidines, ArN=C(NHAr)(2) (sym = symmetrical; Ar = 2-MeC6H4 (LH22-tolyl), 2-(MeO)C6H4 (LH22-anisyl), 4-MeC6H4 (LH24-tolyl), 2,5-Me2C6H3 (LH22,5-xylyl), and 2,6-Me2C6H3 (LH22,6-xylyl)) in toluene under reflux condition for 3 h afforded cis- or trans-Cl2Pt(S(O)Me-2)(ArN=C(NHAr)(2))] (Ar = 2-MeC6H4 (1), 2-(MeO)C6H4 (2), 4-MeC6H4 (3), 2,5-h Me2C6H3 (4), and 2,6-Me2C6H3 (5), respectively) in 83-96% yield. Reaction of cis-Cl2Pt(S(O)Me-2)(2)] with 1 equiv of LH22-tolyl and LH24-tolyl in the presence of 1 equiv of NaOAc in methanol under reflux condition for 3 h afforded acetate-substituted products, cis-(AcO)ClPt(S(O)Me-2)(ArN=C(NHAr)(2))] (Ar = 2-MeC6H4 (6) and 4-MeC6H4 (7)) in 83% and 84% yields, respectively. Reaction of cis-Cl2Pt(S(O)Me-2)(2)] with 1 equiv of LH22-anisyl and LH22-tolyl in the presence of 1 equiv of NaOAc in methanol under reflux condition for 3 and 12 h afforded six-membered C,N] platinacycles, Pt{kappa(2)(C,N)-C6H3R-3(NHC(NHAr)(=NAr))-2}Cl(S(O)Me-2)] (Ar = 2-RC6H4; R = OMe (8) and Me (9)), in 92% and 79% yields, respectively. The new complexes have been characterized by analytical and spectroscopic techniques, and further the molecular structures of 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The platinum atom in 1, 4, and 5 exhibited the trans configuration, while that in 2, 6, and 8 exhibited the cis configuration. Complex 6 is shown to be the precursor for 9, and the former is suggested to transform to the latter possibly via an intramolecular C-H activation followed by elimination of AcOH. The solution behavior of new complexes has been studied by multinuclear NMR (H-1, Pt-195, and C-13) spectroscopy. The new complexes exist exclusively as a single isomer (trans (1 and 5) and cis (6 and 7)), a mixture of cis and trans isomers with the former isomer being predominant in the case of 2 and the latter isomer being predominant in the case of 3. Complex 5 in the trans form revealed the presence of one isomer at 0.007 mM concentration and two isomers in about 1.00:0.12 ratio at 0.154 mM concentration as revealed by H-1 NMR spectroscopy, and this has been ascribed to the restricted Pt-S bond rotation at higher concentration. Platinacycle 8 exists as one isomer, while 9 exists as a mixture of seven isomers in solution. The influence of steric factor, pi-acceptor property of the guanidine, subtle solid-state packing forces upon the configuration of the platinum atom, and the number of isomers in solution have been outlined. Factors that accelerate or slow down the cycloplatination reaction, the role of NaOAc, and a plausible mechanism of this reaction have been discussed.

Loss and gain signals in broadband stimulated-Raman spectra: Theoretical analysis

Stimulated optical signals obtained by subjecting the system to a narrow band and a broadband pulse show both gain and loss Raman features at the red and blue side of the narrow beam, respectively. Recently observed temperature-dependent asymmetry in these features Mallick et al., J. Raman Spectrosc. 42, 1883 (2011); Dang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 043001 (2011)] has been attributed to the Stokes and anti-Stokes components of the third-order susceptibility, chi((3)). By treating the setup as a steady state of an open system coupled to four quantum radiation field modes, we show that Stokes and anti-Stokes processes contribute to both the loss and gain resonances. chi((3)) predicts loss and gain signals with equal intensity for electronically off-resonant excitation. Some asymmetry may exist for resonant excitation. However, this is unrelated to the Stokes vs anti-Stokes processes. Any observed temperature-dependent asymmetry must thus originate from effects lying outside the chi((3)) regime.

Strain Rate Dependence of Plastic Flow in Ce-based Bulk Metallic Glass During Nanoindentation

The strain rate dependence of plastic deformation of Ce60Al15CU10Ni15 bulk metallic glass was studied by nanoindentation. Even though the ratio of room temperature to the glass transition temperature was very high (0.72) for this alloy, the plastic deformation was dominated by shear banding under nanoindentation. The alloy exhibited a critical loading rate dependent serrated flow feature. That is, with increasing loading rate, the alloy exhibited a transition from less prominent serrated flow to pronounced serrated flow during continuous loading but from serrated to smoother flow during stepped loading.

美国加州地区地震前加卸革响应比的时空演化特征及预测意义

对美国加州地区1976～ 1994 年6 级以上强震的加卸载响应比的时空演化过程进行了系统分析, 指出该地区强震前响应比在震前3～ 4 年开始大范围出现与该地区的区域构造走向一致的高Y 区, 高Y 区以每年数十公里的速率向震中附近地区收缩. 震中附近地区的响应比异常主要呈“升—降”型特征, 多数地震在震前1 年内响应比才升高, 并且上升曲线较陡.该区内正地震一般形成丛集区, 主震发生在正地震丛集区内或边缘. 在分析美国加州地区地震与中国大陆地区地震特征异同的基础上, 讨论了如何应用响应比的时空演变特征, 对美国加州地区强地震三要素(地点、时间、强度) 的中期预测进行估计的步骤与方法.

Comparaciones en los patrones de crecimiento de quince poblaciones de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) conservadas en fincas de agricultores (in situ) y ex situ

El presente estudió se llevó a cabo en la estación experimental “La compañía” con el propósito de comparar el patrón de crecimiento de 15 poblaciones locales de frijol común conservadas en fincas de agricultores y en Bancos de Germoplasma. Se consideraron tres factores de estudio con mediciones repetidas en el tiempo en un BCA con tres repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron: Longitud de tallo en centímetros (cm), área foliar total en centímetros cuadrados (cm2), materia seca de láminas foliares en gramos por planta (g.p- 1 ). materia seca de restos de componentes de la planta en gramos por planta (g.p-'), materia seca total en gramos por planta (g.p-1 ) , tasa media de crecimiento absoluto en gramos por día (g.dia- 1). tasa media de crecimiento relativo en gramos por gramo presente en la planta por día (g.g- 1 día•1 índice de cosecha, y rendimiento por parcela en gramos por parcela (g. parcela-1) Las poblaciones locales y los materiales de color de semilla crema (Gualiceño) mostraron patrones de crecimiento y valores estadísticamente superiores (P< O. O 1) para longitud de tallo, área foliar y materia seca de láminas foliares al compararlas con las poblaciones almacenadas ex situ del REGEN (Nicaragua) y del CIAT (Colombia) y de color de semilla rojo o café. Sin embargo, al evaluar la materia seca total, tasa media de crecimiento absoluto y tasa media de crecimiento relativo no se registraron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre ninguno de los factores bajo estudio. Por otro lado, se apreció una interacción color por tipo de conservación estadísticamente significativa para rendimiento por parcela e índice de cosecha (P

Una investigación sobre los principios económicos de Juan Bautista Alberdi y sus vinculaciones con la tradición de la escuela austríaca

Resumen: El Dr. Juan Bautista Alberdi, abogado, jurista, periodista, tratadista de derecho comparado, constitucionalista, economista, legislador y político, es considerado una figura insoslayable en la inspiración de las instituciones políticas, sociales y económicas de la organización nacional de la República Argentina durante el siglo XIX. De hecho se lo sindica como la fuente primaria, principal y casi excluyente de la constitución de la República Argentina que fuera aprobada por el Congreso de 1853, si se toma a sus trabajos de derecho comparado,. Complementariamente, concibió un tratado sobre “El sistema económico y rentístico” que aconsejaba adoptar a la Confederación, en el cual se encuentra una gran cantidad de puntos de vista económicos que se pueden considerar muy relevantes al sistema económico a adoptar por la nación. Con posterioridad, en diferentes fechas, e incluso en forma póstuma, se dieron a conocer más trabajos suyos en los que abordaba cuestiones económicas importantes. Dada su formación, que puede considerarse anterior a la del fundador de la Escuela Austriaca, (ya que, aunque en cierto aspectos fueron contemporáneos, la vida de Alberdi se inicia y termina unos 30 años antes que la de Menger), y considerando la barrera del idioma y otras cuestiones que pueden separarlos, la idea de este trabajo es tratar de investigar sobre los puntos de contacto entre ambas corrientes del pensamiento. La intención de esta investigación es doble: Por un lado, abrir un camino de estudio y dar a conocer a otros ámbitos, el pensamiento del Genial Tucumano, y su vigencia en el tiempo. Por otro lado, y ya, de una mayor complejidad y dando lugar a mayor controversia, analizar otro aspecto. Esto es, si dada la actual revalorización del pensamiento austriaco, especialmente en lo relativo a su teoría del ciclo económico, por un lado, y la proverbial inestabilidad mostrada por la economía argentina, al menos en los últimos 80 años, se puede intentar, retornando a los valores Alberdianos rescatar un ordenamiento institucional, que por encontrarse en la esencia de su pensamiento y por ende ser absolutamente compatible con el espíritu fundacional de nuestra constitución, permita además un fortalecimiento institucional del funcionamiento económico argentino.

Evaluación del crecimiento y rendimiento de seis poblaciones de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L) en la localidad de San Marcos, Carazo

El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar aspectos del crecimiento y desarrollo de seis materiales genéticos de fríjol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) y su relación con el rendimiento de grano de los mismos. El experimento consistió en un bifactorial en un diseño de bloques completamente al Azar (BCA). Se evaluaron las variables de crecimiento (área foliar, materia seca de hojas, materia seca de tallo, materia seca de órganos reproductivos y materia seca total de parte aérea), las que se determinaron semanalmente entre los 13 y 62 días después de la siembra, el rendimiento, componentes del rendimiento y el índice de cosecha. Los datos de las variables de crecimiento se sometieron al análisis de varianza de mediciones repetidas; en tanto que los datos de rendimiento, sus componentes y el índice de cosecha se analizaron mediante el análisis de varianza. Se utilizó el procedimiento de SAS Proc GLM (SAS Institute, 2001). Los resultados determinaron que el factor tiempo resultó altamente significativo, para todas las variables de crecimiento estudiadas. Únicamente se detectaron diferencia significativa entre material genético para la variable materia seca de órganos reproductivos. Se detectó una interacción tiempo por material genético altamente significativa para las variables área foliar y materia seca de hoja. La mayor capacidad de rendimiento de las variedades mejoradas estuvo asociada a su mayor capacidad en la retención de órganos reproductivos, en particular número de vainas por planta y en el mayor peso de 100 semillas. Esto pudo ser debido en parte a la mayor duración del período de llenado de grano asociado con la mayor capacidad del follaje de las variedades mejoradas de permanecer verdes por más tiempo durante la fase reproductiva, en comparación con las hojas de las variedades locales.

Representaciones del imaginario medieval en el siglo XIX : la mano de gloria según Nerval, Bertrand, Maupassant y Schwob

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula.